Materials最新文献

{"title":"Simulations of Femtosecond-Laser Near-Field Ablation Using Nanosphere under Dynamic Excitation","authors":"Jiaxin Sun, Lan Jiang, Mingle Guan, Jiangfeng Liu, Sumei Wang, Weihua Zhu","doi":"10.3390/ma17153626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153626","url":null,"abstract":"Femtosecond lasers have garnered widespread attention owing to their subdiffraction processing capabilities. However, their intricate natures, involving intrapulse feedbacks between transient material excitation and laser propagation, often present significant challenges for near-field ablation predictions and simulations. To address these challenges, the current study introduces an improved finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD)–plasma model (plasma)–two-temperature model (TTM) framework for simulating the ablation processes of various nanospheres on diverse substrates, particularly in scenarios wherein dynamic and heterogeneous excitations significantly influence optical-field distributions. Initially, FDTD simulations of a single Au nanosphere on a Si substrate reveal that, with transitions in the excitation states of the substrate, the field-intensity distribution transforms from a profile with a single central peak to a bimodal structure, consistent with experimental reports. Subsequently, simulations of a polystyrene nanosphere array on a SiO2 substrate reveal that different excitation states of the nanospheres yield two distinct modes, namely near-field enhancement and masking. These modes cannot be adequately modeled in the FDTD simulations. Our combined model also considers the intrapulse feedback between the electromagnetic-field distribution resulting from near-field effects and material excitations. Furthermore, the model can quantitatively analyze subsequent electron–phonon coupling and material removal processes resulting from thermal-phase transitions. Consequently, our model facilitates predictions of the femtosecond-laser ablation of single nanospheres or nanosphere arrays with varying sizes and materials placed on substrates subjected to near-field effects.","PeriodicalId":503043,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"55 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141813413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Gene–Property Mapping of Cementitious Materials from the Perspective of Material Genome Approach","authors":"Fei Li, Yan Zhong","doi":"10.3390/ma17153640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153640","url":null,"abstract":"As an important gelling material, cementitious materials are widely used in civil engineering construction. Currently, research on these materials is conducted using experimental and numerical image processing methods, which enable the observation and analysis of structural changes and mechanical properties. These methods are instrumental in designing cementitious materials with specific performance criteria, despite their resource-intensive nature. The material genome approach represents a novel trend in material research and development. The establishment of a material gene database facilitates the rapid and precise determination of relationships between characteristic genes and performance, enabling the bidirectional design of cementitious materials’ composition and properties. This paper reviews the characteristic genes of cementitious materials from nano-, micro-, and macro-scale perspectives. It summarizes the characteristic genes, analyzes expression parameters at various scales, and concludes regarding their relationship to mechanical properties. On the nanoscale, calcium hydrated silicate (C-S-H) is identified as the most important characteristic gene, with the calcium–silicon ratio being the key parameter describing its structure. On the microscale, the pore structure and bubble system are key characteristics, with parameters such as porosity, pore size distribution, pore shape, air content, and the bubble spacing coefficient directly affecting properties like frost resistance, permeability, and compressive strength. On the macroscale, the aggregate emerges as the most important component of cementitious materials. Its shape, angularity, surface texture (grain), crushing index, and water absorption are the main characteristics influencing properties such as chloride ion penetration resistance, viscosity, fluidity, and strength. By analyzing and mapping the relationship between these genes and properties across different scales, this paper offers new insights and establishes a reference framework for the targeted design of cementitious material properties.","PeriodicalId":503043,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Countersample Coatings on the Friction Behaviour of DC01 Steel Sheets in Bending-under-Tension Friction Tests","authors":"Tomasz Trzepieciński, K. Szwajka, Marek Szewczyk, M. Barlak, J. Zielińska-Szwajka","doi":"10.3390/ma17153631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153631","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to provide an analysis of the influence of the type of hard anti-wear coatings on the friction behaviour of DC01 deep-drawing steel sheets. DC01 steel sheets exhibit high formability, and they are widely used in sheet metal forming operations. The tribological properties of the tool surface, especially the coating used, determine the friction conditions in sheet metal forming. In order to carry out the research, this study developed and manufactured a special bending-under-tension (BUT) friction tribometer that models the friction phenomenon on the rounded edges of tools in the deep-drawing process. The rationale for building the tribotester was that there are no commercial tribotesters available that can be used to model the phenomenon of friction on the rounded edges of tools in sheet forming processes. The influence of the type of coating and sheet deformation on the coefficient of friction (CoF) and the change in the topography of the sheet surface were analysed. Countersamples with surfaces prepared using titanium + nitrogen ion implantation, nitrogen ion implantation and electron beam remelting were tested. The tests were carried out in conditions of dry friction and lubrication with oils with different kinematic viscosities. Under dry friction conditions, a clear increase in the CoF value, with the elongation of the samples for all analysed types of countersamples, was observed. Under lubricated conditions, the uncoated countersample showed the most favourable friction conditions. Furthermore, oil with a lower viscosity provided more favourable conditions for reducing the coefficient of friction. Within the entire range of sample elongation, the most favourable conditions for reducing the CoF were provided by uncoated samples and lubrication with S100+ oil. During the friction process, the average roughness decreased as a result of flattening the phenomenon. Under dry friction conditions, the value of the Sa parameter during the BUT test decreased by 20.3–30.2%, depending on the type of countersample. As a result of the friction process, the kurtosis and skewness increased and decreased, respectively, compared to as-received sheet metal.","PeriodicalId":503043,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141809942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Detailed Properties Comparison of an Automotive Sealant Nozzle Produced Using Three Metal Additive Manufacturing Technologies","authors":"Jaime Ortiz-Cañavate, Santiago Ferrandiz, Carlos A. Bloem, Javier Igual, Jose Ramon Blasco","doi":"10.3390/ma17153637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153637","url":null,"abstract":"Choosing the right metal AM equipment and material is a highly intricate process that forms a crucial part of every manufacturing company’s strategic plan. This study undertakes a comprehensive comparison of the performance and material properties of three Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies: Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), Metal Filament Deposition Modeling (MFDM), and Bound Metal Deposition (BMD). An automotive nozzle was selected and manufactured using all three technologies and three metallic materials to understand their respective advantages and disadvantages. The samples were then subjected to a series of tests and evaluations, including dimensional accuracy, mechanical properties, microstructure, defects, manufacturability, and cost efficiency. The nozzle combinations were PBF in aluminum, MFDM in stainless steel, and BMD in hard tool steel. The results underscore significant differences in functionality, material characteristics, product quality, lead time, and cost efficiency, all of which are crucial factors in making equipment investment decisions. The conclusions drawn in this paper aim to assist automotive industry equipment experts in making informed decisions about the technology and materials to use for parts with characteristics like these. Future studies will delve into other technologies, automotive components, and materials to further enhance our understanding of the application of metal AM in manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":503043,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"82 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic Welding of Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene Thermoplastics without Energy Directors","authors":"Qian Zhi, Yongbing Li, Xinrong Tan, Yuhang Hu, Yunwu Ma","doi":"10.3390/ma17153638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153638","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic welding (USW) of thermoplastics plays a significant role in the automobile industry. In this study, the effect of the welding time on the joint strength of ultrasonically welded acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and the weld formation mechanism were investigated. The results showed that the peak load firstly increased to a maximum value of 3.4 kN and then dropped with further extension of the welding time, whereas the weld area increased continuously until reaching a plateau. The optimal welding variables for the USW of ABS were a welding time of 1.3 s with a welding pressure of 0.13 MPa. Interfacial failure and workpiece breakage were the main failure modes of the joints. The application of real-time horn displacement into a finite element model could improve the simulation accuracy of weld formation. The simulated results were close to the experimental results, and the welding process of the USW of ABS made with a 1.7 s welding time can be divided into five phases based on the amplitude and horn displacement change: weld initiation (Phase I), horn retraction (Phase II), melt-and-flow equilibrium (Phase III), horn indentation and squeeze out (Phase IV) and weld solidification (Phase V). Obvious pores emerged during Phase IV, owing to the thermal decomposition of the ABS. This study yielded a fundamental understanding of the USW of ABS and provides a theoretical basis and technological support for further application and promotion of other ultrasonically welded thermoplastic composites.","PeriodicalId":503043,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"58 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141813211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thickness Effect of 2195 Al–Li Alloy Friction Stir Weld Fracture Toughness","authors":"Kejin Song, Peichen Liang, Xuesong Fu, Zhenggen Hu, Guoqing Chen, Wenlong Zhou","doi":"10.3390/ma17153639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153639","url":null,"abstract":"For damage tolerance design in engineering components, the fracture toughness value, KIC, of the material is essential. However, obtaining specimens of sufficient thickness from stir friction welded plates is challenging, and often, the experimental test values do not meet the necessary criteria, preventing the experimental fracture toughness, Kq, from being recognized as plane strain fracture toughness KIC. The fracture toughness Kq of 2195 Al–Li alloy welding seams with different thicknesses was measured on the forward and backward sides. Microstructure characterization was conducted by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated minimal significant differences in grain size between the advancing and retreating sides of the weld nugget zone. In specimens of the same thickness, fracture toughness measurements along the normal direction of the joint cross-section showed a high similarity between the advancing and retreating sides of the weld nugget zone. Utilizing the quantitative relationships between fracture toughness and sample thickness derived from both the fracture K and G criteria, it is possible to predict the fracture toughness of thick plates using thin plates. This study employs these relationships to calculate the fracture toughness KIC of 2195 aluminum–lithium alloy friction stir welds. The KIC values obtained are 41.65 MPa·m1/2 from the fracture K criterion and 43.54 MPa·m1/2 from the fracture G criterion.","PeriodicalId":503043,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"72 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Packaging Method and Storage Environment on Activity of Magnesium Oxide and Mechanical Properties of Basic Magnesium Sulfate Cement","authors":"Yuxiao Wu, Peini Shi, Qingsong Yang, Na Zhang","doi":"10.3390/ma17153628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153628","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the raw materials of basic magnesium sulfate cement (BMSC), the activity of light-burned magnesium oxide (MgO) has an important effect on the hydration rate, hydration products, and mechanical properties of BMSC. To reveal the influence of packaging method, storage environment, and storage time on the activity of MgO and the mechanical properties of BMSC, an experiment was conducted by using ordinary woven bags, peritoneal woven bags, and plastic and paper compound bags to store the finished BMSC and the raw materials (light-burned MgO, MgSO4·7H2O, fly ash, and a chemical additive) under the conditions of natural environment, sealed environment, and wet environment, respectively. Comparative analysis of the effects of packaging method, storage conditions, and storage time on the activity of MgO and the mechanical properties of BMSC was performed through the mechanical strength test of mortar specimens. The results showed that in a sealed environment, the loss of a-MgO content in light-burned MgO was minimized, which was more conducive to keeping the mechanical properties of BMSC stable. In the wet environment, the mechanical strength of BMSC was significantly reduced in the early stage (1 day) due to the significant reduction in the activity of MgO, and the mechanical strength of the finished BMSC and prepared BMSC after 120 days of storage was still lost, regardless of the packaging method. However, the storage environment and packaging method had relatively little effect on the late mechanical strength (28 days) of BMSC. It is advisable to use ordinary woven bags for packaging in natural and sealed environments as this is more economical for engineering applications. Plastic and paper compound bags are superior to ordinary woven bags and peritoneal woven bags in wet environments.","PeriodicalId":503043,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on Force-Fields for Interstitial Diffusion in α-Zr and Zr Alloys","authors":"Jing Li, Tan Shi, Chen Zhang, Ping Zhang, Shehu Adam Ibrahim, Zhipeng Sun, Yuanming Li, Chuanbao Tang, Qing Peng, Chenyang Lu","doi":"10.3390/ma17153634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153634","url":null,"abstract":"Interstitial diffusion is important for radiation defect evolution in zirconium alloys. This study employed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate interstitial diffusion in α-Zr and its alloys with 1.0 at.% Nb and 1.0 at.% Sn using a variety of interatomic potentials. Pronounced differences in diffusion anisotropy were observed in pure Zr among the employed potentials. This was attributed to the considerable differences in migration barriers among the various interstitial configurations. The introduction of small concentrations of Nb and Sn solute atoms was found to significantly influence diffusion anisotropy by either directly participating in the diffusion process or altering the chemical environment around the diffusing species. Based on the moderate agreement of interstitial energetics in pure Zr, accurately describing interstitial diffusion in Zr alloys is expected to be more complex. This work underscores the importance of the careful validation and selection of interatomic potentials and highlights the need to understand the effects of solute atoms on interstitial diffusion.","PeriodicalId":503043,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"33 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141814319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromagnetic Characterization of EAC-1A and JSC-2A Lunar Regolith Simulants","authors":"David Ramos Somolinos, Borja Plaza Gallardo, José Cidrás Estévez, Narek Stepanyan, Aidan Cowley, Alicia Auñón Marugán, David Poyatos Martínez","doi":"10.3390/ma17153633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153633","url":null,"abstract":"The development of devices for the in situ resource utilization (ISRU) of lunar surface powder (regolith) by means of microwaves needs regolith simulants with electromagnetic properties similar to the lunar regolith. This document deals with the measurement of complex permittivity and dielectric loss tangent of the aforementioned simulants at ambient temperature from 400 MHz to 20 GHz, performing measurements using two lunar dust simulants, EAC-1A and JSC-2A, resulting, on the one hand, in permittivity values of ε′=−0.0432f+4.0397 for the EAC-1A lunar dust simulant and ε′=−0.0432f+4.0397 for the JSC-2A simulant, and on the other hand, in loss tangent values of tanδe=−0.0015f+0.0659 for the EAC-1A powder and tanδe=−0.0039f+0.1429 for the JSC-2A powder. In addition, further studies are carried out taking into account the humidity of the samples and their densities at room temperature. The obtained results are applicable for comparing the measured values of EAC-1A and JSC-2A between them and with other previously measured simulants and real samples. The measurements are carried out by applying two different nonresonant techniques: Open-Ended Coaxial Probe (OECP) and transmission line. For this purpose, the DAK and EpsiMu commercial kits are used, respectively.","PeriodicalId":503043,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"43 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141813104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles and Methods for Improving the Thermoelectric Performance of SiC: A Potential High-Temperature Thermoelectric Material","authors":"Yun Xing, Bo Ren, Bin Li, Junhong Chen, Shu Yin, Huan Lin, Jie Liu, Haiyang Chen","doi":"10.3390/ma17153636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153636","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoelectric materials that can convert thermal energy to electrical energy are stable and long-lasting and do not emit greenhouse gases; these properties render them useful in novel power generation devices that can conserve and utilize lost heat. SiC exhibits good mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature stability, non-toxicity, and environmental friendliness. It can withstand elevated temperatures and thermal shock and is well suited for thermoelectric conversions in high-temperature and harsh environments, such as supersonic vehicles and rockets. This paper reviews the potential of SiC as a high-temperature thermoelectric and third-generation wide-bandgap semiconductor material. Recent research on SiC thermoelectric materials is reviewed, and the principles and methods for optimizing the thermoelectric properties of SiC are discussed. Thus, this paper may contribute to increasing the application potential of SiC for thermoelectric energy conversion at high temperatures.","PeriodicalId":503043,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}