Journal of Archaeological Science最新文献

{"title":"Phytoliths on Fire – Experimental production of heated phytoliths for analysis of archaeological sediments","authors":"Dagmar Fritzsch ,&nbsp;Astrid Röpke","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In thin sections from archaeological sediments, slag-like glassy components are very common. They can refer to differently heated materials, but most of them are considered to be phytoliths (amorphous, biogenic silicon dioxide (SiO₂)) of grasses. In order to gain more detailed knowledge about the combustion conditions of phytoliths, we carried out burning experiments with four typical cereals that are frequently found in archaeological contexts. The segmented plant parts leaf, husk and stem were burnt from 250 °C up to 800 °C. The main recognized heat-induced alterations are colouration, deformation, glassy phytolith slags and pseudo-crystallisation. Our results indicate that high temperatures are not necessarily required to produce heat-altered phytoliths from cereals, as they form at around 450 °C or, in some cases, even at lower temperatures. Glassy phytolith slags already occur at 600 °C. This temperature is typical for fireplaces, which are very common at archaeological sites. They could therefore be an important source for the frequent occurrence of glassy phytolith slags. At 800 °C pseudo-crystallisation occurs, but according to Raman spectroscopy silica remains amorphous. Furthermore, the plant parts stem, leaf and husk react differently to heat. The stem, particularly the parenchyma, shows first alterations at 250 °C and distinct deformations at 450 °C. In contrast, most phytoliths of leaves and husks are still identifiable at 600 °C. This implies that stems are more sensitive to heat and might be underrepresented in the archaeological record. As this part of the plant, commonly referred to as straw, was used extensively as building material, matting and fuel, their under-representation could be relevant to the reconstruction of archaeological sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From periphery to borderland: Yelang metallurgy and Han imperial governance of Southwest China","authors":"Dongyi Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaotong Wu ,&nbsp;Herong Zhang ,&nbsp;Kui Li ,&nbsp;Li Tao ,&nbsp;Xingxiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Bronze Age cultures of Southwest China were marked by remarkable diversity and vibrancy. As the Han Empire (202 BCE–220 CE) expanded into the region and established governance, indigenous polities gradually disintegrated. Existing research paradigms that interpret archaeological materials primarily through historical texts are limited in explanatory power. Studies on the interactions between the Han Empire and its southwestern periphery must now prioritize the cultural agency of indigenous groups. By integrating archaeometallurgical data with historical textual evidence, this study explores the subtle process by which the Han Empire gradually infiltrated Guizhou.</div><div>Metallurgical analyses indicate that western Guizhou, the core of the Yelang culture, experienced a technological evolution from unalloyed copper to tin bronze and then to lead-tin bronze between the 5th and 1st centuries BCE. Lead isotope data from Hezhang suggest four distinct lead sources. Copper and Type B lead were likely local to the Yunnan–Guizhou region. Type C lead may have come from northern China, and Type D appears to be a mixture of common local lead and highly radiogenic lead from northeastern Yunnan. Type A lead, matching isotopic signatures from Xiaoqinling in western Henan, was introduced into northwestern Guizhou under Han cultural influence.</div><div>These findings suggest that Han influence reached northwestern Guizhou before the mid-Western Han. Even prior to Emperor Wu's campaigns, Han artifacts, technologies, and mineral resources had already permeated the region. Resource exploitation drove Han expansion into the southwest, while both local and external forces shaped the integration of Yelang. Subjected to multifaceted cultural influences, Yelang underwent gradual transformation, accelerating the Sinicization process in the Guizhou region. In its early engagement with the Southwest, the Han empire adopted a low resistance strategy of infiltration and control rather than outright replacement. Through the gradual introduction of goods, technology, and raw materials, it steadily penetrated Guizhou, reflecting the power structure when the Han Empire initially encountered the highlands of Southwest China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A thousand years of Nubian supply of sub-Saharan ivory to the Southern Levant, ca. 1600–600 BCE","authors":"Harel Shochat ,&nbsp;Cheryl A. Makarewicz ,&nbsp;Guy Bar-Oz ,&nbsp;Michael Buckley ,&nbsp;Linda M. Reynard ,&nbsp;Ayelet Gilboa","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Finely crafted ivory objects were highly valued prestige commodities in the Levant and more generally throughout the ancient Near East, wielded as symbols of authority, rulership, and participation in trans-regional trade networks. Our research aims to trace the networks and agents involved in the trade of ivory to the Southern Levant over a period of a thousand years (1600 BCE–600 BCE) by identifying its biological and geographical sources. This timespan encompassed major shifts in the geopolitical landscape of this region, from Late Bronze Age Canaanite city-states under Egyptian hegemony to autochthonous Iron Age territorial polities. Proteomic analyses reveal that ivories were harvested mostly from African elephants, while multi-stable isotope analyses indicate that these animals generally inhabited woodland mosaic habitats, probably located in the upper White Nile tributary. Elephant ivories were probably acquired by Nubian traders via small-scale exchange with local hunters who harvested elephants from diverse ecological niches within that broader ecoregion. The persistence of ivory sourced from this region despite the political disintegration of Dynastic Egypt, the widely recognized mediator of ivory exchange networks, suggests that Nubians actively asserted their monopoly over the procurement and distribution of lucrative ivory independent of Egyptian control and prestige economies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106366"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neolithic cordage-making implements at La Draga, Spain (5292-4729 cal BC): Analysis and experiment","authors":"Miriam de Diego ,&nbsp;Ignacio Clemente-Conte ,&nbsp;Raquel Piqué ,&nbsp;Xavier Terradas ,&nbsp;Millán Mozota ,&nbsp;Antoni Palomo","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The finds of several remains of cordage in waterlogged conditions at the early Neolithic site of La Draga (5292-4729 cal BC) have conclusively shown that ropes were made with plant fibres there. Tools made from wood, bone, stone and even shells linked with the processing of plant fibres for their use in cordage and/or textiles, or for working with animal skins, have also been found. The present study focuses on a category of implement made from bovid bones that display two or three holes. We propose the hypothesis of a possible use of this type of implement as a tensioner to make cordage by twisting plant fibres. A morphometric study of the different specimens has been carried out and an experimental programme with replicas of the archaeological objects has been undertaken to produce a cord of similar attributes to one documented at La Draga. A use-wear analysis of the best preserved artefact has also been performed. The experimental study has enabled a better understanding of the cordage manufacturing process and provided evidence supporting the hypothesis of the function of those implements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient DNA from lentils (Lens culinaris) illuminates human - plant - culture interactions in the Canary Islands","authors":"Jenny Hagenblad ,&nbsp;Jacob Morales ,&nbsp;Rosa Fregel ,&nbsp;Pedro Henríquez-Valido ,&nbsp;Matti W. Leino ,&nbsp;Amelia C. Rodríguez-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Jonathan Santana","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intimate relationship between humans and crop plants means that traces of human cultural practices become embedded in the crop genome. Genetic analyses of archaeological crop remains thus allow cultural consequences of societal change to be studied. The Canary Islands have a unique cultural history where the Hispanic colonization in the 15th century led to eradication of the indigenous culture, partial replacement of the human gene pool and a rapid transformation of the islands into a globalization hub between the Old and the New World. Although many aspects of these events are well known, the interconnections between the cultural turnover and cultivated crops have rarely been studied.</div><div>In this study full genome sequencing and KASP genotyping have, for the first time, been successfully carried out on millennium old seeds of lentil (<em>Lens culinaris</em>). Comparisons with present day lentils reveal that indigenous lentils were kept in continuous cultivation on the Canary Islands until the present. We suggest that this was facilitated by a gendered division of agricultural responsibilities and inheritance as well as adaptation to the local climate. We confirm a previously suggested long-term inter-island isolation prior to the arrival of Europeans and demonstrate continuous lentil cultivation also on islands where they were believed lost prior to the arrival of Europeans. The results furthermore hint to a role of Canarian lentils in the cultivation and consumption of lentils on the European mainland. To conclude, this first analysis of ancient lentil DNA show how understudied archaeological plant remains can reveal aspects of past cultures not documented in written records.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing redundancy and multiplicity in starch assemblages: A multivariate statistical analysis of native plants from the Batuco wetland (Central Chile)","authors":"Horacio Ramirez Funes ,&nbsp;Carolina Belmar ,&nbsp;Esteban Arroyo ,&nbsp;Isidora Ojeda ,&nbsp;Felipe Urrutia ,&nbsp;Paloma Verdugo","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In paleoethnobotanical studies, reference collections of bio-particles play a crucial role in the taxonomic identification of plants, and starch grains are among the most widely used. Specifically, the issues of redundancy, multiplicity, and inter-individual variation in starch production have led us to propose a statistical method to identify specific morphotypes and inter-species morphological redundancies for six native wild plants of the Batuco lagoon-wetlands. The reference collection was applied to a residue analysis of ceramic sherds from the BAT01 site in the same area, successfully identifying four of the six species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interindividual variation in infant and child feeding behavior at Đurđevac-Sošice, medieval Croatia: Exploring life course through incremental analysis of dentin","authors":"Camille Cronkhite ,&nbsp;Daniel H. Temple ,&nbsp;Anna Osterholtz ,&nbsp;Ivan Valent ,&nbsp;Christine A.M. France","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study uses incremental sectioning of dentin to understand patterns of diet and metabolic stress in human remains from the Saint George Catholic Church at the medieval Đurđevac-Sošice site in Croatia. Mesiobuccal thin sections were produced from the permanent first molars of 12 individuals and collagen was extracted using 1 mm biopsy punches. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Age at weaning completion was estimated using curvilinear models of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C relative to age. Opposing δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C patterning was explored to identify evidence for metabolic stress. Weaning completion was estimated at 2.9 years, with animal source protein gradually increasing following the weaning process. Weaning foods were diverse and include a combination of C3/C4 plant foods or animal source foods that were foddered on C3/C4 plants. Interindividual variation in maternal nursing and weaning practices was observed, with one individual lacking evidence for nitrogen enrichment and one individual continuing the weaning process until approximately 5.0 years. Opposing δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C were identified in two individuals, one between 6.6 and 10.0 years, and another between 5.0 and 7.0 years of age. These findings are consistent with age at weaning completion observed across medieval Eastern Europe and further emphasizes diversity in maternal nursing and weaning practices. Opposing δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C is associated with metabolic stress during childhood and is consistent with bioarchaeological research that reports widespread evidence for growth disruption during infancy and childhood in this region. Overall, this work emphasizes the value of incremental isotopic sections in understanding the early life environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival strategy selection and adaptation in the Northern Loess Plateau during the Longshan period: Insights from arable land reconstruction","authors":"Xinyuan Kong ,&nbsp;Jianxin Cui ,&nbsp;Ruimin Su ,&nbsp;Xin Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stable food resources constitute the material foundation for the long-term sustainability of large prehistoric settlements (cities). Building on this premise, this study employs a arable land reconstruction model, integrating paleoclimate, zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical evidence, to comprehensively analyze food procurement strategies at Shimao—a central settlement during the Longshan (LS) period in the Northern Loess Plateau (NLP). Herein, our research revealed that the arable land resources surrounding Shimao were insufficient to meet its internal demands, suggesting potential intra-regional mobilization of food resources, with the nearest sources likely located in the lower reaches of the Tuwei River. Furthermore, in the sandy-grassland area of the northwestern study region, where ecological conditions were relatively harsh, ancient inhabitants enhanced their environmental adaptability through broomcorn millet (<em>Panicum miliaceum</em>) cultivation and intensified utilization of cattle and sheep.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The lost-butter technique: A possible alternative to beeswax for constructing complex copper-casting moulds in the Late Chalcolithic period of the southern Levant","authors":"Boaz Gershtein,&nbsp;Danny Rosenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Late Chalcolithic metallurgy developed in the southern Levant alongside the emergence of new social institutions, the rapid growth of other crafts and technologies, and the introduction of secondary products. While found throughout the southern Levant, most copper items were recovered in the Negev, the Judean Desert, and the Jordan Valley, manifesting two technologies: The casting of pure copper from Feinan or Timmna in open moulds to produce simple objects (e.g. axes, chisels, and awls) and the casting of non-local, polymetallic alloyed copper in closed moulds to produce relatively complex objects (e.g., maceheads, standards, vessels, and crowns). The latter technology is often dubbed the lost-wax technique, and Late Chalcolithic artisans are widely assumed to have used beeswax to construct the moulds. However, while beeswax might have been used, we should also consider other possibilities. We suggest that ash butter is likely to have served this purpose. Unlike beeswax, butter was an everyday, accessible substance during the Late Chalcolithic period, and we demonstrate through a series of experiments that by mixing it with water and fire wood ash, the Late Chalcolithic artisans could produce a cheap and available material highly suitable for making the complex moulds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The advent of complex metallurgy","authors":"Yuval Goren ,&nbsp;Yotam Asscher ,&nbsp;Sariel Shalev ,&nbsp;Magda Batiashvili ,&nbsp;Gunel Nabisoy ,&nbsp;Yarden Pagelson ,&nbsp;Sonia Pinsky ,&nbsp;Danny Rosenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the origins of extractive metallurgy in the southern Levant. It explores the beginnings of extractive metallurgy during the Ghassulian culture of the Chalcolithic period (approximately 4700/4500–3800 BCE), providing evidence that the production of complex alloys began earlier than previously believed. Utilizing a new radiocarbon sampling method that focuses on the production dates of metal objects rather than when they were discarded, the research examines artifacts from the famous Naḫal Mishmar hoard and their ritual context in Israel's Judean Desert. The study highlights the impact of the evolution of long-distance trade in copper alloys over time. The contrast between sophisticated objects made using the lost-wax technique with metal alloys from distant sources and simpler copper tools of local origin emphasizes the technological and socio-economic complexity of early metallurgy and trade in West Asia during the Chalcolithic era. Recent excavations at the Chalcolithic shrine in Ein Gedi provide valuable new insights that enhance our understanding of the chronology of Ghassulian culture. These findings can also help clarify the long-discussed relationship between the Ein Gedi shrine and the Naḫal Mishmar hoard.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}