Applied Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Pre-Processing Event Logs by Chaotic Filtering Approaches Based on the Direct Following Relationship","authors":"Tengzi Lv, Xiugang Gong, Na Gong, Kaiyu Li","doi":"10.3390/app14166994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166994","url":null,"abstract":"Process discovery aims to discover process models from event logs to describe actual business processes. The quality of event logs has an impact on the quality of process models, so preprocessing methods can be used to improve the quality of event logs. Chaotic activities may exist in real business scenarios, and the occurrence of chaotic activities is independent of other activities in the process and can occur at any location in the event log at any frequency. Therefore, chaotic activities seriously affect the model quality of process discovery. Filtering chaotic activities in event logs can effectively improve the quality of event logs and thus improve the quality of process models. The traditional chaotic activity filtering algorithm makes it difficult to balance accuracy and time performance. Therefore, a direct method for filtering chaotic activities is proposed in this paper. By analyzing the relationship between activities, chaotic activities are identified in the log according to the characteristics of chaotic activities and the direct following relationship of activities as the judgment condition, and the filtering of chaotic activities in the event log is realized. In addition, this paper proposes an indirect chaotic activity filtering method, which identifies and filters chaotic activities in the log by analyzing the influence of the existence of different activities on the overall chaos degree of the log. The proposed method is compared with the traditional chaotic activity filtering method on several simulation/real data sets, and the accuracy and running time between the multi-group event logs and the process models generated before and after chaotic activity filtering are analyzed, further verifying the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method. By summarizing the experimental results, it is found that the accuracy of the proposed chaotic activity filtering methods is greater than that of the frequency-based filtering method and is close to that of the entropy-based chaotic activity filtering methods. Moreover, compared with other filtering methods used in the experiment, the chaotic activity filtering method proposed in this paper can improve the efficiency by 23.4% on average for simulation logs, and by 84.25% on average for real event logs. It is concluded that compared with other filtering methods, the proposed chaotic activity filtering methods have higher accuracy and can effectively improve the time performance of chaotic activity filtering. Therefore, the chaotic activity filtering method proposed in this paper can balance the accuracy and time performance, and can ensure the integrity of the filtered event log to a certain extent.","PeriodicalId":502388,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"57 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141922827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Muscle Activation Equation: 3D Scoliosis-Specific Exercises and Muscle Response in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis","authors":"B. Haksever, Ç. Soylu, Pervin Demir, N. U. Yıldırım","doi":"10.3390/app14166984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166984","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to analyze both thoracic and lumbar erector spinae muscle activations during three different types of 3-dimensional elongation exercises in individuals with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Participants included 24 adolescents with AIS with a double curve (S type scoliosis), meeting specific criteria, such as a Cobb angle between 10° and 20° and not having undergone surgical or brace treatments. Electromyography (EMG) data were collected to evaluate muscle activation. Three-dimensional scoliosis-specific exercises were applied as 3 different exercise types with TheraBand resistance, manual stimulation, and breathing inducement from convex side to concave side until a symmetric position was maintained with self-correction. Different exercise types significantly affected muscle activity, with the highest activations in TheraBand resistance, followed by manual and just breathing inducement conditions for the convex and concave sides of the thoracic and lumbar regions. This suggests that exercise type significantly impacts muscle engagement in AIS patients, providing valuable insights for targeted exercise program design. Specially, the muscle activation of TheraBand resistive exercise can be an alternative with more muscle activation and motivational effects during a 3D scoliosis-specific exercise program.","PeriodicalId":502388,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"60 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Fundamental Study on Circularly Polarized Double-Loop Antennas with Quasi-Two Sources","authors":"K. Hirose, Mitsuki Hirose, Shintaro Mita, Hisamatsu Nakano","doi":"10.3390/app14166997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166997","url":null,"abstract":"Two concentric double-loop antennas were analyzed using the moment method to increase the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth. Each antenna has a driven loop connected to a branched feedline that is vertical to the ground plane. First, a parasitic loop was added outside of the driven one with a spacing of S. It was found that the axial ratio bandwidth has a maximum value of 23% for S = 0.02 wavelengths. Next, we moved a parasitic loop inside of the driven one. It was revealed that the antenna shows an axial ratio bandwidth of 40%, which is three times as wide as that of a single-loop antenna. The analysis results were verified with experimental work.","PeriodicalId":502388,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-Optimized 3D Path Planning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","authors":"Istvan Nagy, Edit Laufer","doi":"10.3390/app14166988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166988","url":null,"abstract":"Drone technology has undoubtedly become an integral part of our everyday life in recent years. The business and industrial use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can provide advantageous solutions in many areas of life, and they are also optimal for emergency situations and for accessing hard-to-reach places. However, their application poses numerous technological and regulatory challenges to be overcome. One of the weak links in the operation of UAVs is the limited availability of energy. In order to address this issue, the authors developed a novel trajectory planning method for UAVs to optimize energy consumption during flight. First, an “energy map” was created, which was the basis for trajectory planning, i.e., determining the energy consumption of the individual components. This was followed by configuring the 3D environment including partitioning of the work space (WS), i.e., defining the free spaces, occupied spaces (obstacles), and semi-occupied/free spaces. Then, the corresponding graph-like path(s) were generated on the basis of the partitioned space, where a graph search-based heuristic trajectory planning was initiated, taking into account the most important wind conditions including velocity and direction. Finally, in order to test the theoretical results, some sample environments were created to test and analyze the proposed path generations. The method eventually proposed was able to determine the optimal path in terms of energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":502388,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"48 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation and Catastrophe Detection of Spontaneous Combustion Processes in Sulfide Ores","authors":"Wei Pan, Shuo Wang, Ruge Yi, Youqing Kang","doi":"10.3390/app14166979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166979","url":null,"abstract":"Spontaneous combustion of sulfide ores during mining can lead to severe fires. To explore the transformation of state in the whole process of spontaneous combustion of sulfide ores, the simulation experiment of the whole unsteady process of spontaneous combustion of sulfide ore heap was carried out, and the most appropriate wavelet function was selected, combined with catastrophe detection and other methods for data mining and processing. The results indicate spatial differences in the response of the ore heap to environmental temperature changes during the whole unsteady process of spontaneous combustion of the sulfide ore heap. The reaction in the area near the surface of the heap is more prominent and faster, and the response in the area near the center of the heap is longer in duration. Moreover, there must be at least one catastrophe point in this process, and the catastrophe temperature must be between 108.2 °C and 113.9 °C. Finally, the whole unsteady process of the spontaneous combustion of the sulfide ore heap can be divided into four regions. Among them, region (II) is in a stage of obvious self-heating/near spontaneous combustion, and it is the catastrophe stage.","PeriodicalId":502388,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"24 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed Growth in Immature Male Rats Exposed to 900 MHz Radiofrequency","authors":"Raphaël Bodin, Franck Robidel, Stéphanie Rodrigues, A. Lecomte, A. Villégier","doi":"10.3390/app14166978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166978","url":null,"abstract":"People have been exposed to the 900 MHz mobile phone electromagnetic field for approximately 30 years. There is still no conclusion from immature rodent experiments regarding the potential effects of nonthermal radiofrequency (RF) 900 MHz continuous wave exposure during biological development. Here, we test the hypothesis that mother rats exposed at a whole-body specific absorption rate (wbSAR) occupational (Oc) limit of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection for humans (0.4 W/kg) will show impairments in development, with less effect at the public (Pu) limit (0.08 W/kg). The wbSAR was estimated at 0.4 W/kg to mimic working mothers (OcM exposure) and 0.08 W/kg for non-working mothers, i.e., public (PuM exposure). This pre- and postnatal study is the first to compare public and occupational exposure limits on rat pup physical development. Litter endpoints and the descendants’ body weights and lengths were recorded regularly from birth concomitantly with the age of developmental landmarks. Male neonates showed earlier pinna ear detachment and earlier eye opening in both the OcM and PuM groups, but earlier incisor eruption only in the PuM group. The OcM-exposed males showed lower body weight as juveniles until adolescence. The OcM- and PuM-exposed descendant females showed earlier pinna ear detachment and eye opening with similar body weight. These data suggest variations in the development time of descendant rats when the mother rats received daily 900 MHz continuous waves at human limits for workers and non-workers (public).","PeriodicalId":502388,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"45 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Effectiveness of Regional Risk Prioritisation in Reinforced Concrete Structures after Earthquakes","authors":"Ercan Işık, M. Hadzima-Nyarko, D. Radu, B. Bulajić","doi":"10.3390/app14166992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166992","url":null,"abstract":"Depending on the characteristics of the existing buildings, earthquakes can cause damage at different levels and have a significant impact on the environment. The structural damages after the earthquakes have shown the importance of analysing both the existing and the damaged buildings. In this study, the Turkish rapid seismic assessment method, which was used for the existing building stock before a possible earthquake, was applied to the damaged reinforced concrete (RC) buildings after the 6 February earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye). The building data were used as a result of field observations in the provinces of Adıyaman, Hatay, and Kahramanmaraş, where the greatest destruction was caused by these earthquakes. Five RC buildings from each province were considered. The rapid assessment method was applied to a total of 15 buildings with different levels of damage. For this purpose, pre-earthquake images of the buildings were obtained, and an earthquake performance score was obtained for each building, taking into account the sustained damage during the earthquake. The primary aim of this study is to show the effects of structural irregularities on earthquake behaviour and to demonstrate the applicability of the rapid assessment methods used before the earthquake. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of rapid evaluation methods for existing building stock. Structural analyses were also carried out in this study to address the fact that the height of the ground storey is higher than the other storeys, which is one of the factors leading to a soft storey.","PeriodicalId":502388,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"57 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Corrosion Inhibition Effect of Xanthium sibiricum on Reinforced Steel and the Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Performance under a Stray Current and Chloride Environment","authors":"Qi Liu, Min Yuan, Jiaming Zhang, Sheng Qiang","doi":"10.3390/app14166986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166986","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined a newly developed environmentally friendly plant-based corrosion inhibitor (Xanthium sibiricum). The natural potential method, linear polarization method, steel weight loss method, and corrosion area method were employed to verify the inhibitor’s effectiveness in chloride-containing concrete. The results indicated that Xanthium sibiricum elevated the natural potential of reinforcing steel in concrete, increased its self-corrosion potential, and reduced the self-corrosion current. After three months of curing, the corrosion rate of steel without an inhibitor was approximately 47.5% faster than the experimental group, with the steel loss rate about 40% more severe. The effectiveness of the inhibitor was influenced by increased chloride content in concrete. A two-dimensional multiphase ion transport model of reinforced concrete with realistic aggregate distribution was established using the finite element method (FEM). This model simulated chloride ion transport under typical civil engineering service environments—the coupled effects of a stray current and chloride environment. A predictive formula for the residual compressive strength of reinforced concrete was derived after corrosion under various voltages and chloride ion concentrations for a specific duration. In conjunction with a pump station project operating in a similar environment, the optimal dosage of the Xanthium sibiricum inhibitor for practical engineering was determined to be 2 g/L. At this dosage, the strength of reinforced concrete specimens increased by approximately 31.1%. Finally, a predictive formula for the residual compressive strength of reinforced concrete with an added inhibitor was obtained after corrosion under various voltages and chloride ion concentrations for a specific duration. The conclusions can enhance the durability and safety of concrete structures in similar projects, showing promising application prospects.","PeriodicalId":502388,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propagation Mechanism of Pressure Waves during Pulse Hydraulic Fracturing in Horizontal Wells","authors":"Yao Zhang, Jiye Zuo, Xinyu Fei, S. Dong","doi":"10.3390/app14166982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166982","url":null,"abstract":"Hydraulic fracturing, especially pulse hydraulic fracturing, is an important method for extracting oil and gas from low-permeability reservoirs, improving recovery rates significantly. Pulse hydraulic fracturing, which involves varying injection rates to create pressure waves, outperforms traditional constant-flow fracturing methods significantly. However, during pulse hydraulic fracturing operations, the flow properties of the fluid in the column change from moment to moment. Furthermore, current research on pulse hydraulic fracturing primarily focuses on vertical wells, while horizontal wells have become a common operational strategy. Therefore, a transient flow model of fluid within a horizontal well, considering variable-flow injection and unsteady friction conditions, is established in this paper. The model is solved using both the characteristic line method and the finite difference method. The hydrodynamic properties of the fracturing fluid were analyzed, and the propagation mechanisms of pressure waves within horizontal wells under various fluid injection schemes and well depths are analyzed to provide a reference for selecting appropriate fluid injection schemes in engineering practice. The study highlights the impact of fluid viscosity and injection flow amplitude on bottomhole pressure fluctuations, advancing the efficient development of low-permeability oilfields.","PeriodicalId":502388,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"49 38","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Exergaming Platform for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Using Surface Electromyography","authors":"Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos, Sofia Lampropoulou, Nikolaos Avouris, Athanassios Skodras","doi":"10.3390/app14166987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166987","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the development and pilot testing of an exergame designed for the rehabilitation of individuals with upper limb deficits. While traditional physiotherapy is effective, it often fails to fully engage patients due to its repetitive nature. This research integrates a novel exergame into physiotherapy regimens, aiming to enhance patient motivation through a gaming experience that complements conventional sessions. The exergame is structured around a narrative-driven adventure, with exercises embedded in gameplay that mirror adjustable physiotherapy routines. It utilizes the Myo armband, a wearable electromyography device, to capture muscle activity and movement. The system, part of a web-based platform, is easily deployable in various settings, including home environments. Comprehensive evaluations with health professionals and neurological patients indicate that the exergame significantly improves patient engagement. This study not only demonstrates the potential of exergames in enhancing traditional therapy but also underscores the importance of patient-centered therapeutic tools.","PeriodicalId":502388,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"57 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}