Øystein Lunde Holla, Mari Ann Kulseth, Knut Erik Berge, Trond Paul Leren, Trine Ranheim
{"title":"Nonsense-mediated decay of human LDL receptor mRNA.","authors":"Øystein Lunde Holla, Mari Ann Kulseth, Knut Erik Berge, Trond Paul Leren, Trine Ranheim","doi":"10.1080/00365510802707163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802707163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this project was to determine whether nonsense mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) induces nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Four known nonsense mutations (W23X, S78X, E207X and W541X) in the LDLR gene, which are found in Norwegian familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) patients, were investigated. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed lymphocytes from patients heterozygous for these mutations in the LDLR gene were analysed. Flow cytometric analysis was used to determine the amount and function of the cell surface LDLRs. The expression of LDLR mRNA in lymphocytes was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of NMD was tested using the inhibitors gentamicin, emetine or cycloheximide.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cells from heterozygous FH patients with nonsense mutations in the LDLR gene contained significantly less LDLR protein (p<0.05). In addition, flow cytometric analysis revealed that these patients had a reduced LDL-uptake compared to controls (p<0.005). Cells from heterozygous FH patients with nonsense mutations W23X, S78X or W541X in the LDLR gene showed significantly decreased levels of LDLR mRNA (p<0.005). LDLR mRNA was reduced in the mutant lymphocyte S78X prior to treatment with pharmacological inhibitors, and after treatment the level of LDLR mRNA increased to the same level as that of normal cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the present study, NMD was confirmed in the LDLR gene. Translation inhibitors showed reduced NMD caused by nonsense mutated LDLR transcripts. Knowledge of NMD might have an important impact in clinical medicine as genetic intervention develops.</p>","PeriodicalId":501634,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"409-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802707163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39996891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S Mariucci, B Rovati, S Chatzileontiadou, K Bencardino, M Manzoni, S Delfanti, M Danova
{"title":"A six-colour flow cytometric method for simultaneous detection of cell phenotype and apoptosis of circulating endothelial cells.","authors":"S Mariucci, B Rovati, S Chatzileontiadou, K Bencardino, M Manzoni, S Delfanti, M Danova","doi":"10.1080/00365510802673175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802673175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood circulating endothelial cells (CECs), with their resting and activated subsets, (rCECs and aCECs) and circulating progenitors cells (CEPs) are two extremely rare cell populations that are important in tissue vascularization. Their number and function are modulated in diseases involving vascular injury, such as human tumours. Although a consensus on the phenotypic definition of endothelial cells, as well as on the optimal enumeration technique, is still lacking, the number of clinical studies based on assessment of these cells is rapidly expanding, as well as the analytical methods employed. The present study aimed to develop a rapid and sensitive flow cytometric method of quantifying and characterizing CECs (with both their subsets and the apoptotic fraction) and CEPs. We analysed peripheral blood samples from 21 subjects with a six-colour flow cytometric approach allowing detection of the cell phenotype of CECs and CEPs using a monoclonal antibodies panel and a dedicated gating strategy. Apoptotic CECs were detected with Annexin V and dead cells with 7-amino-actinomycin D staining. The described technique proved to be a new, reliable, tool increasing our knowledge of the biology of CECs and CEPs and can readily be applied in the study of many pathological conditions characterized by endothelial damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":501634,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"433-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802673175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39988309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Increased levels of an apoptotic product in the sera from women with pre-eclampsia.","authors":"R Rafik Hamad, K Bremme, A Kallner, M Sten-Linder","doi":"10.1080/00365510802474384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802474384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pre-eclampsia is associated with both maternal and foetal complications. Several studies have shown increased trophoblast apoptosis in the placenta of women with this condition. The aim of this study was to investigate whether increased apoptosis can be detected as elevated levels of an apoptotic product in serum samples from women with pre-eclampsia. For this purpose, we used the M30-Apoptosense ELISA assay, which measures a neo-epitope of cytokeratin 18 that is exposed after cleavage by caspases during apoptosis of epithelial cells (M30 antigen). The M30-antigen concentrations were measured in the sera of 15 healthy pregnant women and 15 patients with pre-eclampsia (gestation weeks 24-34). Patients with pre-eclampsia had significantly higher serum M30-antigen concentrations, median 120 U/L, compared to 15 healthy pregnant women matched for pregnancy length, median 104 U/L (p = 0.01). This is consistent with previous findings of increased trophoblast apoptosis in women with pre-eclampsia and raises the possibility that M30-antigen can be used as a serum marker for the severeness of this condition for the mother and child.</p>","PeriodicalId":501634,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"204-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802474384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39996892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Determination of testosterone in serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"U Turpeinen, S Linko, O Itkonen, E Hämäläinen","doi":"10.1080/00365510701496496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510701496496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Commercial direct immunoassays for serum testosterone sometimes result in inaccuracies in samples from women and children, leading to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. The diagnosis of male hypogonadism also requires an accurate testosterone assay method. We therefore developed a sensitive and specific stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for serum testosterone at the concentrations encountered in women and children. Testosterone was extracted with ether-ethyl acetate from 250 microL or 500 microL of serum. Instrumental analysis was performed on an API 2000 tandem mass spectrometer in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode after separation on a reversed-phase column. The MRM transitions (m/z) were 289/97 for testosterone and 291/99 for d(2) testosterone. The calibration curves exhibited consistent linearity and repeatability in the range 0.2-100 nmol/L. Interassay CVs were 4.2-7.6 % at mean concentrations of testosterone of 3.3-45 nmol/L. Total measurement uncertainty (U, k = 2) was 12.9 % and 13.4 % at testosterone levels of 2.0 nmol/L and 20 nmol/L, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.05 nmol/L (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) and the overall method recovery of testosterone was 95 %. Correlation (r) with our in-house extraction RIA was 0.98 and with a commercial RIA 0.92. Reference intervals for adult males and females in age groups 18-30, 31-50, 51-70 and over 70 years were established. Sensitivity and specificity of the LC-MS/MS method offer advantages over immunoassay and make it suitable for use as a high-throughput assay in routine clinical laboratories. The high equipment costs are balanced by higher throughput together with shorter chromatographic run times.</p>","PeriodicalId":501634,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"50-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510701496496","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40959663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Elevated serum erythropoietin concentration is associated with coordinated changes in red blood cell and reticulocyte indices of pregnant women at term.","authors":"M Ervasti, S Kotisaari, S Heinonen, K Punnonen","doi":"10.1080/00365510701550102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510701550102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the erythropoietin (EPO) concentration and both the advanced cellular indices reflecting the haemoglobin contents of red blood cells and reticulocytes and the serum markers of iron status. The study population comprised pregnant women at term (n = 210). The serum EPO, transferrin receptor (TfR), ferritin, the percentages of hypochromic red blood cells (%HYPOm) or reticulocytes (%HYPOr) and the cellular haemoglobin in mature red blood cells (CHm) or in reticulocytes (CHr) were measured in maternal blood before delivery. The EPO concentration was elevated above the reference limit (>31.5 mIU/mL) in 16 % of all pregnant women, and appeared to correlate in a linear fashion, especially with %HYPOm (r = 0.52, p<0.001), %HYPOr (r = 0.57, p<0.001) and CHr (r = -0.45, p<0.001). The significant (p<0.05) predictors of EPO in the multivariate stepwise regression analysis were %HYPOr, Hb, %HYPOm and MCV. In general, the lower the cellular haemoglobin content, the higher the overall maternal EPO production. In conclusion, elevated %HYPOm and %HYPOr reflecting iron-deficient erythropoiesis are associated with an increase in EPO concentration in maternal blood. This could be explained by subclinical iron deficiency being accompanied by a compensatory EPO response.</p>","PeriodicalId":501634,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"160-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510701550102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40960548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S Buchbinder, J Kratzsch, G M Fiedler, V Yar, M Brügel, A Leichtle, W Weber, H Alexander, G Matthes, J Thiery
{"title":"Body weight and oral contraceptives are the most important modulators of serum CRP levels.","authors":"S Buchbinder, J Kratzsch, G M Fiedler, V Yar, M Brügel, A Leichtle, W Weber, H Alexander, G Matthes, J Thiery","doi":"10.1080/00365510701487727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510701487727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are modulated by endogenous and exogenous factors independently of inflammation. The present study investigated the impact of oral contraceptives, endogenous oestrogens, age, gender, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and lipid levels on CRP concentrations in a healthy collective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Highly sensitive CRP, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were measured in 850 blood donors (438 M, 412 F); 227 women in this group used oral contraceptive formulations (OC). Additionally, serum samples from 58 women undergoing in vitro fertilization cycles (IVF) were tested for CRP. Results. The 97.5th percentile of CRP levels of the blood donors was 4.91 mg/L in men, 7.52 mg/L in OC non-users and 11.95 mg/L in OC users. Overweight gives a 2-fold increase of median CRP levels in men and women. The combination of overweight and OC use in women resulted in 6-fold median CRP levels. Age, smoking and lipid levels were influencing factors of lower significance. In IVF patients the elevated oestradiol levels had no influence on CRP concentrations in multivariance analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The diagnostic and predictive value of CRP levels is most affected by BMI and oral contraceptive use, which suggests the need for further investigations into the role of CRP modulating factors in monitoring infectious diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":501634,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"140-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510701487727","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40960602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J Koskela, J Laiho, M KäHönen, R Rontu, R Lehtinen, J Viik, M Niemi, K Niemelä, T Kööbi, V Turjanmaa, I Pörsti, T Lehtimäki, T Nieminen
{"title":"Potassium channel KCNH2 K897T polymorphism and cardiac repolarization during exercise test: The Finnish Cardiovascular Study.","authors":"J Koskela, J Laiho, M KäHönen, R Rontu, R Lehtinen, J Viik, M Niemi, K Niemelä, T Kööbi, V Turjanmaa, I Pörsti, T Lehtimäki, T Nieminen","doi":"10.1080/00365510701496488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510701496488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cardiac repolarization is regulated, in part, by the KCNH2 gene, which encodes a rapidly activating component of the delayed rectifier potassium channel. The gene expresses a functional single nucleotide polymorphism, K897T, which changes the biophysical properties of the channel. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether this polymorphism influences two indices of repolarization--the QT interval and T-wave alternans (TWA)--during different phases of a physical exercise test.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The cohort consisted of 1,975 patients undergoing an exercise test during which on-line electrocardiographic data were registered. Information on coronary risk factors and medication was recorded. The 2690A>C nucleotide variation in the KCNH2 gene corresponding to the K897T amino acid change was analysed after polymerase chain reaction with allele-specific TaqMan probes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among all subjects, the QTc intervals did not differ between the three genotype groups (p> or =0.31, RANOVA). Women with the CC genotype tended to have longer QT intervals during the exercise test, but the difference was statistically significant only at rest (p = 0.011, ANOVA). This difference was also detected when the analysis was adjusted for several factors influencing the QT interval. No statistically significant effects of the K897T polymorphism on TWA were observed among all subjects (p = 0.16, RANOVA), nor in men and women separately.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The K897T polymorphism of the KCNH2 gene may not be a major genetic determinant for the TWA, but the influence of the CC genotype on QT interval deserves further research among women.</p>","PeriodicalId":501634,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"31-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510701496488","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40959661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T A Vestergaard, S L Nielsen, J F Dahlerup, N Hornung
{"title":"Fecal calprotectin: assessment of a rapid test.","authors":"T A Vestergaard, S L Nielsen, J F Dahlerup, N Hornung","doi":"10.1080/00365510701576198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510701576198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Calprotectin, a protein found mainly in neutrophil granulocytes, is used as an inflammatory marker, while the fecal concentration of the protein is used to detect gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Fecal calprotectin in 100 stool samples was measured by the ELISA method and by a new rapid test. Eighty-two patients had fecal calprotectin measured for clinical reasons and delivered 95 stool samples. The rest were delivered by healthy volunteers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The association between the two tests was statistically significant (p<0.0001, chi(2) test). With calprotectin values <15 microg/g, the sensitivity and specificity of the new rapid test was 96 % (95 % confidence interval (CI), 87-100 %) and 70 % (CI, 55-83 %), respectively, with a negative predictive value of 94 % (CI, 81-99 %). With values >15 microg/g, the rapid test was less accurate, thus rendering results in this range difficult to interpret.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The new rapid test is useful as a screening test for excluding GI inflammation when the cut-off of 15 microg/g is used. With fecal calprotectin concentrations >15 microg/g, the rapid test should be supplemented by quantitative measurement.</p>","PeriodicalId":501634,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"343-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510701576198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40960450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M Haack-Sorensen, T Friis, L Bindslev, S Mortensen, H E Johnsen, J Kastrup
{"title":"Comparison of different culture conditions for human mesenchymal stromal cells for clinical stem cell therapy.","authors":"M Haack-Sorensen, T Friis, L Bindslev, S Mortensen, H E Johnsen, J Kastrup","doi":"10.1080/00365510701601681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510701601681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from adult bone marrow (BM) are considered potential candidates for therapeutic neovascularization in cardiovascular disease. When implementing results from animal trials in clinical treatment, it is essential to isolate and expand the MSCs under conditions following good manufacturing practice (GMP). The aims of the study were first to establish culture conditions following GMP quality demands for human MSC expansion and differentiation for use in clinical trials, and second to compare these MSCs with MSCs derived from culture in four media commonly used for MSC cultivation in animal studies simulating clinical stem cell therapy.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Human mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated from BM aspirates by density gradient centrifugation and cultivated in a GMP-accepted medium (EMEA medium) or in one of four other media.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FACS analysis showed that the plastic-adherent MSCs cultured in EMEA medium or in the other four media were identically negative for the haematopoietic surface markers CD45 and CD34 and positive for CD105, CD73, CD90, CD166 and CD13, which in combined expression is characteristic of MSCs. MSC stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increased expression of the characteristic endothelial genes KDR and von Willebrand factor; the von Willebrand factor and CD31 at protein level as well as the capacity to develop capillary-like structures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We established culture conditions with a GMP compliant medium for MSC cultivation, expansion and differentiation. The expanded and differentiated MSCs can be used in autologous mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in patients with ischaemic heart disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":501634,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"192-203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510701601681","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40960547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decreased serum endoglin level in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a preliminary report.","authors":"J Iłzecka","doi":"10.1080/00365510701604628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510701604628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Angiogenic mechanisms may have a role to play in the neurodegeneration observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The aim of the present study was to measure serum angiogenic factor endoglin (ENG) levels in patients with ALS.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study involved 25 ALS patients and 25 controls. Concentrations of ENG in serum samples were measured using a human Endoglin/CD105 ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn., USA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum ENG concentrations were 14 % lower in the patients with ALS compared to controls (4.57 versus 3.97 ng/mL; p<0.05). There was no significant difference in serum ENG levels between subgroups of patients with ALS subdivided depending on clinical state, type of ALS onset and duration of the disease (p>0.05). The correlation between serum ENG levels and clinical parameters of ALS was not significant either (p>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results indicate that ENG may be implicated in the pathomechanism of ALS. A decrease in ENG levels, as observed in this study, may accelerate neurodegeneration of motor neurons in ALS through chronic ischaemia caused by impaired perfusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":501634,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"348-51"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510701604628","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40960448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}