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Combatting online hate: Crowd moderation and the public goods problem 打击网络仇恨：人群节制和公益问题
Communications Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1515/commun-2023-0109
Tanja Marie Hansen, Lasse Lindekilde, Simon Tobias Karg, Michael Bang Petersen, Stig Hebbelstrup Rye Rasmussen
{"title":"Combatting online hate: Crowd moderation and the public goods problem","authors":"Tanja Marie Hansen, Lasse Lindekilde, Simon Tobias Karg, Michael Bang Petersen, Stig Hebbelstrup Rye Rasmussen","doi":"10.1515/commun-2023-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2023-0109","url":null,"abstract":"Hate is widespread online, hits everyone, and carries negative consequences. Crowd moderation—user-assisted moderation through, e. g., reporting or counter-speech—is heralded as a potential remedy. We explore this potential by linking insights on online bystander interventions to the analogy of crowd moderation as a (lost) public good. We argue that the distribution of costs and benefits of engaging in crowd moderation forecasts a collective action problem. If the individual crowd member has limited incentive to react when witnessing hate, crowd moderation is unlikely to manifest. We explore this argument empirically, investigating several preregistered hypotheses about the distribution of individual-level costs and benefits of response options to online hate using a large, nationally representative survey of Danish social media users (N = 24,996). In line with expectations, we find that bystander reactions, especially costly reactions, are rare. Furthermore, we find a positive correlation between exposure to online hate and withdrawal motivations, and a negative (n-shaped) correlation with bystander reactions.","PeriodicalId":501361,"journal":{"name":"Communications","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142191026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
“An image hurts more than 1000 words?” "一张图片胜过千言万语"？
Communications Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1515/commun-2023-0117
Franziska Oehmer-Pedrazzi, Stefano Pedrazzi
{"title":"“An image hurts more than 1000 words?”","authors":"Franziska Oehmer-Pedrazzi, Stefano Pedrazzi","doi":"10.1515/commun-2023-0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2023-0117","url":null,"abstract":"Visual content captures attention, is easy to understand, and is more likely to be remembered. However, it is not limited to conveying informative content; it can also be used to propagate hate. While existing research has predominantly focused on textual hate speech, this study aims to address a research gap by analyzing the characteristics of visual hate, including its channels, intensity, sources, and targets, through a standardized manual content analysis. The hate images were collected through the citizen science approach of data donation. Findings highlight that transgender individuals and migrants are the primary targets of visual hate. It reveals a presence of hate images not only on communication platforms but also in various intermediaries and journalistic media. Half of these images use factual or humorous methods to discriminate against individuals or groups, while an equal number adopt a highly aggressive tone. The study suggests governance measures to combat this issue effectively.","PeriodicalId":501361,"journal":{"name":"Communications","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142191028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Anti-immigrant rhetoric of populist radical right leaders on social media platforms 民粹主义激进右翼领导人在社交媒体平台上的反移民言论
Communications Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1515/commun-2023-0113
Ofra Klein
{"title":"Anti-immigrant rhetoric of populist radical right leaders on social media platforms","authors":"Ofra Klein","doi":"10.1515/commun-2023-0113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2023-0113","url":null,"abstract":"Social media platforms have become crucial channels for radical right populist leaders to broadcast anti-immigrant views. These politicians employ various rhetorical appeals, such as pathos (emotional language), logos (logical arguments), and ethos (speaker credibility), to sway public opinion. This study considers the anti-immigrant rhetoric of prominent European populist radical right leaders across X, Instagram, and Facebook, analysing the prevalence of these rhetorical strategies across different platforms. From the perspective of mediatization theory, politicians can adjust their messages to fit with the design and formats of various social media platforms. Party leaders often resort to emotional appeals on X, with its limited space for communication, as well as on Facebook, where emotional interaction buttons and discussion features can encourage emotional rhetoric as well. Logical appeals (logos) are common on platforms such as Facebook and X, which offer options to easily share information in the form of texts and links. Additionally, ethos, associated with speaker’s credibility, is common in posts on platforms that facilitate closer engagement with the party leaders’ constituents, such as Facebook and Instagram. These findings underscore the importance of considering platform design when shaping political communication strategies.","PeriodicalId":501361,"journal":{"name":"Communications","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142191027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Four eyes, two truths: Explaining heterogeneity in perceived severity of digital hate against immigrants 四只眼睛，两个真相：解释针对移民的数字仇恨严重程度的异质性
Communications Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1515/commun-2023-0133
Thomas Kirchmair, Kevin Koban, Jörg Matthes
{"title":"Four eyes, two truths: Explaining heterogeneity in perceived severity of digital hate against immigrants","authors":"Thomas Kirchmair, Kevin Koban, Jörg Matthes","doi":"10.1515/commun-2023-0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2023-0133","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on theories related to interpersonal and intergroup behavior, this study investigated effects of personality traits (i.e., empathy and identity insecurity) and attitudes (i.e., anti-migration attitudes and social dominance orientation) on the perceived severity of digital hate against immigrants in Austria. Findings of autoregressive path modeling using two-wave panel data revealed that empathic suffering and egalitarianism positively predicted perceived severity, while anti-migrant attitudes exhibited a negative prediction. In terms of interactions between personality and attitudes, we observed that the prediction of empathic suffering becomes less relevant for egalitarian individuals, which indicates an overwriting process that might be a promising way to counteract socially harmful digital hate perceptions. Implications for research on annotation tasks and hate interventions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":501361,"journal":{"name":"Communications","volume":"356 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142191029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Living hated: Everyday experiences of hate speech across online and offline contexts 活在仇恨中：网上和网下仇恨言论的日常经历
Communications Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1515/commun-2023-0110
Bob Kuřík, Marie Heřmanová, Jan Charvát
{"title":"Living hated: Everyday experiences of hate speech across online and offline contexts","authors":"Bob Kuřík, Marie Heřmanová, Jan Charvát","doi":"10.1515/commun-2023-0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2023-0110","url":null,"abstract":"The article builds on current research into the effects and harms of hate speech in the lives of its victims. It introduces the anthropological concept of everyday violence to focus on hate speech as an everyday experience as opposed to a sequence of separate hate speech acts. Methodologically, the study is based on a qualitative approach and analyses data collected via semi-structured interviews (N=33) with people who have experienced hate speech in four EU member states (Italy, Germany, the Czech Republic and Portugal). The analysis documents four overlapping themes of how hate speech manifests as the everyday experience of “living hated”—hate speech as a flow; its spatial dimension of moving across online and offline contexts; its long-term effects, leading to what we call “cumulative desensitization” (aggravated during the COVID-19 pandemic); and the role of support systems and their (in)effectiveness. The article concludes by suggesting possible applications as well as avenues for future research that could provide a deeper understanding of hate speech as the daily life experience of its targets.","PeriodicalId":501361,"journal":{"name":"Communications","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142191025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quality and conflicts of communication consulting: Demystifying the concept and current practices based on a study of consultants and clients across Europe 传播咨询的质量与冲突：基于对欧洲顾问和客户的研究，揭开概念和现行做法的神秘面纱
Communications Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1515/commun-2023-0049
Daniel Ziegele, Sabrina Doberts, Ansgar Zerfass, Dejan Verčič
{"title":"Quality and conflicts of communication consulting: Demystifying the concept and current practices based on a study of consultants and clients across Europe","authors":"Daniel Ziegele, Sabrina Doberts, Ansgar Zerfass, Dejan Verčič","doi":"10.1515/commun-2023-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2023-0049","url":null,"abstract":"Major changes in the technological, societal, political, and economic environment have forced organizations across Europe to reshape and expand their strategic communication activities. However, knowledge of the future viability of public relations, employee and consumer communication, public affairs, or investor relations is often scarce. This has led to an increased demand for external consulting in the field. The quality of such intangible services is difficult to assess; this is a challenge for clients and consultants alike, and often results in conflict. Communication research has rarely addressed this topic to date. This article expands the body of knowledge by introducing the key concepts, exploring drivers for quality assurance, and identifying sources of conflict in an empirical study of 1,558 communication practitioners in 43 European countries. The findings provide insights into current practices, indicate ways to secure quality and avoid conflict, and suggest directions for future research in an area of growing importance.","PeriodicalId":501361,"journal":{"name":"Communications","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142191030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Media and policy legitimacy: A study of news coverage of the Flemish Human Rights Institute 媒体与政策合法性：弗拉芒人权研究所新闻报道研究
Communications Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1515/commun-2023-0155
Lise-Lore Steeman, Leen d’Haenens, Ellen Fobé
{"title":"Media and policy legitimacy: A study of news coverage of the Flemish Human Rights Institute","authors":"Lise-Lore Steeman, Leen d’Haenens, Ellen Fobé","doi":"10.1515/commun-2023-0155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2023-0155","url":null,"abstract":"European countries are required to establish equality bodies to combat discrimination. For the success of such bodies, informing citizens about their existence and functioning is essential. Therefore, this study conducts a thematic content analysis of news coverage (N = 129 Flemish news articles) pertaining to the recently established Flemish Human Rights Institute (FHRI) in Belgium. The analysis focuses on the subjects addressed in the news articles, the individuals or groups involved, and the interpretation of the three components of the responsiveness triangle (policy system, social perspectives, and policy environment), which collectively determine the perception of a legitimate policy. The study’s findings reveal that the articles extensively feature varying viewpoints from politicians and civil society organizations regarding the FHRI’s policy system, including its competences, institutional formation, and operation, as well as its role in protecting citizens’ rights. However, the news articles refrain from offering a conclusive assessment of the institution’s legitimacy.","PeriodicalId":501361,"journal":{"name":"Communications","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142191032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From the Syrian to Ukrainian refugee crisis: Tracing the changes in the Italian Twitter discussions through network analysis 从叙利亚难民危机到乌克兰难民危机：通过网络分析追踪意大利推特讨论的变化
Communications Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1515/commun-2024-0023
Sercan Kiyak, David De Coninck, Stefan Mertens, Leen d’Haenens
{"title":"From the Syrian to Ukrainian refugee crisis: Tracing the changes in the Italian Twitter discussions through network analysis","authors":"Sercan Kiyak, David De Coninck, Stefan Mertens, Leen d’Haenens","doi":"10.1515/commun-2024-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2024-0023","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the Italian Twitter landscape during the 2015 Syrian and 2022 Ukrainian refugee crises, with a focus on the evolution of anti-refugee discourse. Through the analysis of 400,000 tweets, we sought to identify attitudinal communities, track changes in user positions, and evaluate the trending potential of the communities. Our findings indicate a shift in opinion leaders within the anti-refugee community from 2015, alongside a persistent ability to influence public discourse. Additionally, while the pro-Ukrainian refugee community has grown, incorporating previously neutral users, it remains loosely connected. Finally, the shifts in attitudes of Italian populist leaders regarding Syrian and Ukrainian refugees are interpreted in light of the changes in user attitudes as observed in the communication networks. This research highlights the importance of computational communication methods for investigating fringe groups absent from mainstream discourse, and underscores the necessity of content moderation and proactive digital activism to counter anti-refugee sentiment online.","PeriodicalId":501361,"journal":{"name":"Communications","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142191031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Periods of upheaval and their effect on mediatized ways of life: Changes in media use in the wake of separation, new partnership, children leaving the parental home, and relocation 动荡时期及其对媒体化生活方式的影响：分居、建立新伴侣关系、子女离开父母家和搬迁后媒体使用的变化
Communications Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1515/commun-2023-0064
Stephan Niemand
{"title":"Periods of upheaval and their effect on mediatized ways of life: Changes in media use in the wake of separation, new partnership, children leaving the parental home, and relocation","authors":"Stephan Niemand","doi":"10.1515/commun-2023-0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2023-0064","url":null,"abstract":"Media use is always embedded in real everyday contexts, which would suggest that a profound change in everyday structure also brings about a change in the media repertoire. To explore the relationship between everyday structure and media use we present selected empirical findings from a qualitative panel study with couples on how they change their media repertoire in the wake of separation, new partnership, children leaving the parental home, and relocation. For analyzing the effects of these periods of upheaval we differentiate the mediatized ways of life into various dimensions: temporal, spatial, content-related, social, meaning-related, material, emotional, and physical. The findings tell us which changes in everyday structure bring about dynamics in the media repertoire, for example, more or less control over time (temporal), distance from family and friends (spatial), or emotional crises (emotional), and which factors are relevant for people when they renegotiate their media use within the new life situation.","PeriodicalId":501361,"journal":{"name":"Communications","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From “minimalists” to “professional all-rounders”: Typologizing Swiss universities’ communication practices and structures 从 "极简主义者 "到 "专业全能者"：瑞士大学传播实践和结构的类型化
Communications Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1515/commun-2023-0147
Silke Fürst, Daniel Vogler, Mike S. Schäfer, Isabel Sörensen
{"title":"From “minimalists” to “professional all-rounders”: Typologizing Swiss universities’ communication practices and structures","authors":"Silke Fürst, Daniel Vogler, Mike S. Schäfer, Isabel Sörensen","doi":"10.1515/commun-2023-0147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2023-0147","url":null,"abstract":"In the past two decades, the public communication of universities has become more important and received increased scholarly attention. While many studies have focused on individual university communicators (micro level) or all such practitioners in one country (macro level), our study analyzes organizational differences. It is the first-ever study to typologize universities’ communication practices and structures at the organizational level across an entire country. Based on a survey of communication practitioners in the central communication offices at all universities in Switzerland and using hierarchical cluster analysis, we classify 37 universities into four types of communicating universities: minimalists, well-resourced competitors, specialized strategists, and professional all-rounders. Those types are further characterized on the basis of official statistics. The analysis shows that the four types of universities differ considerably in their communication patterns and organizational characteristics and that the amount of resources available for communication is only loosely coupled with professional and strategic communication practices.","PeriodicalId":501361,"journal":{"name":"Communications","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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