Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology最新文献

{"title":"A Gap in Neuropsychiatric Knowledge.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1039152/pdf/jnpsycho00003-0080.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29899859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviews and Notices of Books","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.283","url":null,"abstract":"THIE aimii of the writer of this book has been to present to his readers, chiefly perhaps to students and members of the profession, an account of the nature and causes of personality disorders. What might be termed the anatomy and physiology of personality are first discussed; that is to say, its relation to constitution is examined, and the effects on its working of heredity and environment. Therefore the author is concerned with the debatable ground, the no-man's-land (or should we say every-man's-land ?) of the marches between the physiological and the psychological. Mental mechanismis, current methods of examination and some clinical syndromes are discussed in a later section. In his studies the author has sought to follow objective lines, is temperate in his conclusions, and has produced a volume which will not alienate the neurologist by its neglect of the nervous system or disappoint the psychopathologist by under-emphasis of the side of the subject that appeals to him.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63913910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associated Facial, Vocal and Respiratory Components of Emotional Expression: An Experimental Study.","authors":"H W Magoun, D Atlas, E H Ingersoll, S W Ranson","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.241","url":null,"abstract":"AMONG the topics which Kinnier Wilson 1 has selected as representing some modern problems in neurology is that presented by the clinical picture of dissociation of the voluntary and emotional innervation of the facial muscles. It has long been known that patients suffering a paralysis of volitional movement of the facial musculature, as a result of supranuclear cortical or capsular lesions, may retain an activity of these muscles in the expression of emotion. Conversely, cases have been reported in which voluntary activation of the facial muscles has been unimpaired, while emotional excitement failed to produce the appropriate facial expression. In his review of this subject, Kinnier Wilson 2 has suggested in explanation that the voluntary and emotional innervations of the facial nuclei are effected by different systems within the brain. Enlarging upon this suggestion, Wilson has postulated a brainstem mechanism which subserves the synkinesis of the facial, vocal and respiratory activity observed in emotional behaviour. Further elucidation has been provided by Bard 3 in a consideration of facial and vocal activity from the point of view of his 4' 5 recent studies of the brainstem mechanisms involved in the expression of emotion. Our interest in this problem has developed from a series of investigations of these brainstem mechanisms (Ranson et al.6-13), in the course of which we have repeatedly observed coordinated facial and vocal responses obtained as specific reactions to stimulation of localized areas within the brainstem of experimental animals. It seemed desirable to make a special study of these effects, and we wish now to report the results of an investigation of such responses obtained from systematic electrical stimulation of the brainstem of the lightly anaesthetized cat and monkey and of the acutely decerebrate cat. METHODS","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29899856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Diagnosis of Chronic Subdural HæMatoma of Traumatic Origin.","authors":"G S Hall","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.262","url":null,"abstract":"WITHrI recenIt tillle there has been a considerable increase of the literature on chronic sujbduiral hilematoma. The personal observation of sev.eral cases recently withlin the spaee of a year is evidence of its clinical importance and is perhaps sufficient justification for redrawing attention to this not uncommon condition. Examiniatioii of the literature suggests that certain aspects of the synmptomatology are not receiving the recognition they deserve; the cases helrc recor(led are important in that they illustrate those aspects to which it is desired to draw attention. Failure to bear in mind the possibility of the condition may result not only in valuable time being lost before the correct treatment is instituted, but may prove fatal to the patient. No useful purpose is served by distinguishing between the more acute and the more chronic types of subdural hwmatoma. There is, however, a type of case in which severe and sometimes rapidly fatal symptoms of intracranial heemorrhage develop immediately after trauma. Operation or autopsy show%s that the lesion in some of these cases is an acute subdural h,emorrhage. In the author's opiniioIn such cases should iiot be regarded as examples of chronic subdural hxmatoma. There is sometimes a tendeicv to conlfuse these two states; it is felt that case 6 reported by Kaplan is essentially an example of an acute subdural hoemorrhage. In chronic subdural hwmatoma the latent interval which elapses between the occurrence of trauma and the onset of symptoms varies considerably, and in those cases where symptoms develop immediately after trauma the initial lesion is presumablv a small subdural hemorrhage which passes unrecognized as such and gradually develops into a true hoimatoma; in cases where the latent period is long, it seems probable that the slowly leaking blood collects and does not give rise to symptoms until after a definite hematoma is formed. It is proposed in this paper to give a clinical description of the cases observed anid to linmit subsequent discussion to a conisideration of the occurrence of raised intracranial pressure.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.262","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29899858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Gap in Neuropsychiatric Knowledge","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.270","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63913831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cerebral Circulation: Some New Points in its Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology.","authors":"T J Putnam","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.193","url":null,"abstract":"IT is not many years since the current teaching in regard to the cerebral circulation might be summed up in the anatomical doctrine that the vessels were ' end-arteries,' without anastomoses distal to the circle of Willis; the physiological doctrine that the cerebral vessels were without vasomotor supply, and changed their calibre only passively as a result of changes in the systemic blood pressure; and the pathological doctrine that thrombosis in the brain caused softening, and rupture of a vessel caused apoplexy. During the last two decades, a large number of investigators have approached the subject afresh along many different avenues, and have established a body of data which places the whole matter in an entirely new light. To review all of the work which has been done during this period would require far more than an evening's lecture, but although it is obvious that additional facts mean additional complications, certain broad principles stand out which have won general acceptance, and it is these that I should like to present here. Not only have the structure and function of the cerebral circulation a great theoretical importance, but they possess a considerable practical importance for diagnosis and treatment as well, and promise even more for the future.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29899853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation of the Absorption of Ultraviolet Light by Cerebrospinal Fluid in Various Disease States.","authors":"E F Skinner","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.213","url":null,"abstract":"THE examination of cerebrospinal fluid in various diseased states has become a matter of routine investigation and at times yields information of great value in particular cases-for instance, the presence of a cellular content of over 3 per c.mm. leads to a suspicion of some infective process involving the central nervous system, and the preponderance of a mononuclear type of cell suggests the probability of such infection being of a granulomatous nature, syphilis or tuberculosis. Further, an increase in the protein content of the fluid is indicative of chronic infection, while reduction in the amount of sodium chloride present below 06 per cent. is almost pathognomonic of tuberculous meningitis. Of the more recent tests used in the examination of cerebrospinal fluid the precipitation of gold from a colloidal suspension of gold chloride is of peculiar interest. It appears to be an extremely sensitive test and to possess a definite diagnostic value. It is not necessary to refer in detail to this test; suffice it to say that it appears to depend on the upset of the balance of electric charges on the colloid particles in the gold solution with consequent precipitation of metallic gold. Lange's work at first seemed to suggest that in this method was to be found a specific test for neurosyphilis, since the highly albuminous fluids of general paralysis and tabes caused precipitation of gold in a manner which could be expressed as a simple curve. Other workers confirmed Lange's observations, but as the test became more widely recognized it was soon found that cerebrospinal fluids from cases other than neurosyphilis caused a similar precipitation, notably disseminated sclerosis. The test lost its specificity as a touchstone for neurosyphilis, but none the less the curves obtained are so characteristic that in association with other tests it is possible to say with considerable certainty whether a particular type of curve is caused by a fluid from a case of neurosyphilis or of disseminated sclerosis. PERSONAL INVESTIGATIONS","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29899855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral Atrophic Lobar Sclerosis following Thrombosis of the Superior Longitudinal Sinus.","authors":"R M Norman","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.66.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.66.135","url":null,"abstract":"IsN the category of atrophic lobar sclerosis it is customary to group a number of degenerative affections of the cerebral cortex having a differing and often obscure pathogenesis but a comparatively uniform morphology. Macroscopically, the cortex in these cases shows a shrinkage of the gyri with a corresponding widening of the intervening sulci. Apart from the changes produced by these distorting factors, the general convolutional patterning of the hemispheres is normal, so that usually it is possible to distinguish by naked-eye inspection this type of abnormality from true microgyria of developmental origin. The name ' ulegyria ' is often used to describe this condition of atrophy of the convolutions. Microscopically, it is apparent that the neurones of the affected gyri have degenerated to a greater or less degree and that an extravagant proliferation of the fibrous neuroglia is present in those areas where neuronal destruction has been most complete. This gliosis tends to vary according to the time of onset of the primary cortical lesion, being densest and most widespread when the disease has started during foetal or infantile life and being less pronounced in the more mature brains.15 In the latter class of case there is evidence both from the clinical and pathological standpoints that a progressive degeneration of the cortex may occur. In this type of progressive cortical atrophy the lesions are essentially laminar in distribution and affect chiefly the third or pyramidal cell-layer. As Hallevorden 8 has pointed out, the similarity of the histopathological findings in cases of lobar sclerosis is no proof of an uniform aetiology. This observation is particularly pertinent when an attempt is being made to evaluate the part played by birth injury in the actiology of a given case. Although the extensive investigations of Schwartz 13 have shown that atrophic sclerosis may follow multiple small intracerebral haemorrhages or softenings, it is clearly unjustifiable to classify all cases of lobar sclerosis with a clinical history of ' difficult labour 'as the result of vascular lesions sustained during birth. Moreover, the precise mechanism by which these haemorrhages are produced is not yet fully understood. According to Schwartz, they 1 3.1","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1936-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.66.135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40108384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychopathology","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.66.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.66.189","url":null,"abstract":"MYERSON has established for himself the following guiding principles: first, that wherever a psychosis is mainly of constitutional origin, and where medical science is yet unable to find any direct environmental relationship, he is reluctant to state that any environmental event is a probable exciting or precipitating or aggravating cause. If, however, an environmental event occurs which is of serious nature, such as severe trauma, or of great emotional significance, and if it can be shown that the psychosis occurred within a very short period, he is willing to admit some relationship. This is true, however,. mainly of manic-depressive psychosis. He is willing to admit a psychological event as a probable cause for the occurrence of this psychosis. Manicdepressive is mainly an affective psychosis. It is therefore logical to assume that a serious emotional situation may, if immediately followed by a manicdepressive state, be a precipitating or aggravating cause. He is unwilling to admit that there is any reason to assume that this is a factor in the precipitation of dementia prtecox, largely because the schizophrenic state is not, as. far as we know, emotional in origin, and because the personality alteration is of more profound nature than the change which takes place in manicdepressive psychosis. C. S. R.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1936-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.66.189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63914262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Needed Reforms in Psychiatry and Neurology.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1936-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1039136/pdf/jnpsycho00002-0082.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40108386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}