Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology最新文献

{"title":"The Blood Calcium In `Idiopathic' Epilepsy.","authors":"R L Minchin","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.314","url":null,"abstract":"IN view of the suggestions 1 2 that the convulsions of epilepsy may be due to pathological variations in the blood calcium level it was decided to investigate the blood calcium of a series of epileptics and at the same time examine the evidence in recent literature that might throw light on the possibility of hypocalcaemia being an oetiological factor in this condition. The close resemblance between the convulsions seen in spasmophilia and after parathyroidectomy in experimental animals, and that type of epileptic fit which Collier 3 and others have described as ' myoclonic ' is so obvious that it was natural that observations in the variations of blood calcium in epilepsy should be made. In favour of the hypothesis of a hypocalcaemic factor in fit-causation has been the known fact that bouts of fits are particularly common in females at the time of menstruation, when it has been shown that there are marked variations in the blood calcium level.4 5 6 7 Pathological findings have also been in favour of the hypothesis, for Schon and Susman 8 have reported abnormalities in the histological structure of the parathyroids of epileptics, and areas of hypofunction associated with sclerosis have been noted by Schmiergeld.9 From the experimental aspect support has also been given to the hypothesis by the work of Brodski,10 who reported beneficial results in certain cases of epilepsy from transplanting parathyroid gland tissue into the patients. From the comparative aspect the work of Dryerre and Greig 11 on the convulsions of milk fever in cattle, and of Greig 12 on the lambing sickness in sheep-both conditions in which a definite hypocalaesmia has been demonstrated--naturally again has suggested the possibility of a low blood calcium being of importance in the fits of 'idiopathic' epilepsy. On the other hand, the convulsions of eclampsia 13 and in beriberi 14 have been shown conclusively to be unassociated with a low concentration of calcium in the blood. The largest series of epileptics subjected to calcium investigations was that reported by Lennox and Allen,15 who examined 77 cases and found the blood calcium level to be normal, though the calcium level in the cerebrospinal fluid was slightly low. Armstrong and Hood 16 reported normal blood figures, and normal figures in smaller numbers of cases have also been ruled 814","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29899862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loneliness and the Paranoid Syndrome.","authors":"D N Parfitt","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.318","url":null,"abstract":"PARANOID reactions of various types are commonly found in women of late middle age or early senility. Baugh 1 described the prognosis of such cases as hopeless. He found that the patients had previously been indecisive, anxious, impressionable, touchy, scrupulous, introspective, self-satisfied and reticent before the first and final attack of insanity, and he believed that heredity was present in all. They were described as a special group of completely chronic cases by Smith, Macalister and Grimsdale,2 while Goodall and Craig 3 had previously commented on their incidence and poor prognosis. More recently Jones andMinogue 4 had 6 per cent. discharges in this group, which they described as consisting of paraphrenia, paranoia and severe delusional states, while Riddoch 5 considered the prognosis very grave. It is as yet impossible to divide these cases into completely separate groups. Riddoch describes them generally as marked by persistent ideas of reference, sexual discord and persecutory delusions with some mental deterioration. Maranon 6 states that such psychoses vary and are not particular to the age, but that they appear in women with previous morbid nervous predisposition, even if only expressed as suspicious psychic peculiarities, and that heredity is often manifest. Jacobi 7 believes that involution leads to increased observation of one's own body, to an inclination to anxiety, melancholy, suspicion and a general paranoic state of mind, that clinmacteric and involution are not the cause of disease, but only favourable soil for the development of disease. Farrar and Franks 8 describe the group as includinig several varieties, such as cases with aggravationl of constitutional personality trends, involutional paranoids, late cases of dementia praecox, and they remark on the difficulty of separating the involutional forms from those due to senescence, pointing out that other psychoses may be coloured by involutional and senile changes as well as the psychoses of this group. Funfgeld 9 has described organic psychoses in two women of 60 and 61 respectivel y with symptoms strongly resembling those of late schizophrenic disease. Stevenson and Montgomery 10 have attempted to describe as a clinical subentity a paranoid reaction occurring in women of middle age, with persecutory delusions but without intellectual deterioration, the psychosis becoming gradually apparent during the fifth and sixth decades and having 318","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29899863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEUROSES AND PSYCHONEUROSES","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.363","url":null,"abstract":"means of studying blood distribution during various mental circumstances as was suggested by Mosso. Further, the position of the subject upon the balance has in no circumstances any effect upon the direction of the deflection produced, as was suggested by WVeber. Finally, it is demonstrated that certain fairly definite mental states are accompanied by characteristic combinations of shift of the centre of gravity of the subject upon the balance. This shift is evidenced by the movements of the apparatus. The most characteristic of these is the movement towards the left side and head end during periods of relaxation, and towards the right side and foot during periods of purposeful mental activity. C. S. R.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63914121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROGNOSIS AND TREATMENT","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.377","url":null,"abstract":"WITH the aim of estimating the protein equilibrium in some groups of mental disease, the author has carried out the estimation of tryptophane in the plasma where it furnishes an indirect index of the albumin-globulin ratio. In amentia and above all in paresis he has found an increase in blood tryptophane, and in regard to the latter he believes that it may be referred to a particular state of lability in the equilibrium of the serum proteins. The increase in tryptophane is not in agreement with the degree of severity of the disease or with the confusional picture which accompanied it. In senile dementia, especially when accompanied by cerebral or diffuse arteriosclerosis, a conspicuous increase in blood tryptophane was noted. In other groups of mental disease (dementia praecox, epilepsy, brain disease, alcoholism, etc.) the blood tryptophane is normal or shows slight oscillations such as occur in healthy people. R. G. G.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63913847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PSYCHOPATHOLOGY","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.373","url":null,"abstract":"revealed that the greater number of these cases have suffered from psychoses which have had unfavourable outcomes. The concept of benign stupor, according to Hoch, represents a phase of manic-depressive psychosis. Obviouslysuch a classification cannot be applied to those showing unfavourable results. It is noted that there are many types of stupor and that this symptom occurs in numerous diseases. The actual diagnosis would depend upon other accompanying signs and symptoms plus an analysis of the causative factors. The benign stupor of Hoch was established on the presence of four cardinal symptoms; apathy, inactivity, thinking disorders, and an absorbing interest in death. The writer cannot accept these as distinguishing benign stupor from catatonia, for they are also commonly present in schizophrenia. There seems little reason to believe that Hoch's stupor is fundamentally different from catatonic stupors and benign stupor should not be regarded as a diseaseentity. In the past periodicity and recoverability were considered pathognomonic for manic-depressive psychoses. To-day these are not considered characteristic of the cyclothymic group alone. They occur in schizophrenia as well. The rigid theory of Kraepelin that schizophrenia is a progressively deteriorating disease is true only if we consider the case over its entire life-span. C. S. RI.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.373","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63914217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Enquiry into the Causes of Mescal Visions.","authors":"C R Marshall","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.289","url":null,"abstract":"MESCAL hallucinations have recently been investigated in the hope that their elucidation might help to unravel other hallucinatory phenomena. Zucker 1 administered mescaline to patients with hallucinations. From the protocols given many of the effects obtained (coloured lights, tapestry patterns, visions of snakes and other animals) appear to have been similar to those induced by mescaline in normal persons. He concludes with the noncommittal statement that the hallucinatory experiences of mescaline are not essentially identical with other hallucinations. The hallucinations produced by mescal have been frequently described, most recently by Guttmann.2 They are predominantly visual. They vary somewhat in different individuals, but show common features which have not been explained, but which in a search for causes seem worthy of study. Knauer and Maloney 3 state that 'it was characteristic of practically all the poisonings that to wavy lines succeeded mosaics; carpets; floral designs; ornaments; wood carvings; windmills; monuments; mausoleums; panoramic landscapes; statuesque men and animals, frequently of unnatural doll-like forms; and finally complete scenes which changed so as to unfold episodes in a connected manner.' Rouhier4 divides the hallucinations experienced into four conventional classes, but the sequence, fundamentally, is much the same as that described by Knauer and Maloney. Most of Beringer's 5 experimenters experienced a similar succession.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29899860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paroxysmal Trigeminal Pain with Tumours of the Nervus Acusticus.","authors":"H L Parker","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.256","url":null,"abstract":"IN 1910 Weisenburg 1 published a communication Vnder the title ' Cerebellopontine tumour diagnosed for six years as tic douloureux.' This was the first recorded case of a particular type of pain associated with acoustic neurofibroma. The next important phase in the study of this particular tumour was Cushing's 2 book Tumours of the Nervus Acusticus in 1917. In the series Cushing reported including 80 cases of the disease there were only four cases where there was any complaint of pain at all. In none of them was pain conspicuous, persistent, or in any way like that associated with tic douloureux. In 1928 I3 made a study of 53 cases of tumours of the acoustic nerve. Only those cases were taken in which the diagnosis had been established by microscopic study of tumour tissue obtained either at operation or at necropsy. In each case there had been a neurological examination and a careful study to determine the degree of involvement of the fifth nerve. In only four cases in the entire series was there any disturbance of sensation which could be described as pain. In only one of these four was the pain a dominant and persistent symptom and one which played the major part in the patient's complaint of symptoms. In the remaining three pain was only transitory and not conspicuous during the course of illness. In the case of the one patient who had .persistent pain the interesting feature was that the type of pain corresponded exactly to the syndrome known as tic douloureux. The earlier signs of deafness and nystagmus were inconspicuous, and of more interest still was the fact that the pain became relieved by the usual treatment for tic douloureux, namely, injection of the nerve with alcohol. It was only later with the advent of vomiting, ataxia and vertigo, that the true nature of the patient's condition was appreciated. To this experience, two more examples may be added.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29899857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurology","authors":"S. W. Ranson","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.275","url":null,"abstract":"WITII the aid of the Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic instrument, lesions were placed in various parts of the hypothalamus in 40 adult cats. In 10 instances prolonged and permanent polyuria developed, while in two cats transient polyuria was observed. In seven of the cats with permanent polyuria transient diuresis which preceded the onset of the permanent phase occurred. The transient polyuria was followed by an interval during which normal conditions of water exchange prevailed. In six instances the interval between the day of operation and the onset of the permanent polyuria varied from eight to 12 days. This interval has been called the latent period. The transient polyuria has been found to differ from the permanent polyuria in the following respects. It develops much more rapidly and reaches a peak much sooner than does the permanent polyuria; the polyuria is primary to the polydipsia during the permanent phase, while the intake of fluid usually exceeds the output of urine on the first day of the transient phase; during the transient phase the output of urine and the intake of fluid may reach proportions never observed in the permanent phase. The polyuria and polydipsia in the 10 diabetic cats lasted from two to nine months and appeared to be permanent. The output of urine and the intake of fluid for the animals with the most severe diabetes insipidus were five or six times greater than the values for the control animals. As the polyuria increased in intensity the specific gravity of the urine became correspondingly lower. Deprivation of water for several days brought about a reduction in the output of urine to a normal level and deprivation of food resulted in a reduction of the output of urine to about one-half the previous level. During the course of the experiments on the deprivation of water. the animals lost considerable fluid and a negative water balance developed, suggesting that the polyuria is primary. Repeated small doses of pitressin injected subcutaneously caused a reduction in the urine output and the fluid intake to normal levels. Permanent polyuria was found to occur only in the cases in which there was bilateral injury to the supraoptico-hypophyseal system. Such","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63913841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychopathology","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.282","url":null,"abstract":"section. When the cerebrum is cut the anterior portion of the corpus callosum is seen to be rather sharply divided into three lamin.T, of which the dorsal and ventral are normal in colour and consistency, while the middle is softer and pinkish or greyislh in colour. This condition of the middle layer is sometimes present throughout the corpus callosum. In many cases, in the posterior parts of the corpus callosum the abnormal area disappears in the region of the midline, leavilng symmetrical lesions on the two sides, extending backwards for varyinig distances. The abnormal area usually stops abruptly at or near the lateral margins of the corpus callosum. The soft, pinkish lamina ordinarily occupies about two-thirds of the dorsoventral extent of the corpus callosum. As regards aetiology, whenever the clinical history has been obtained it has been noted that the patient was a heavy drinker, either of wine or of wi11e and distilled liquor. 1R. -M. S.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63913900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SENSORIMOTOR NEUROLOGY","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.279","url":null,"abstract":"positive result. The patient had been given sodium iodide, and the urine also showed lead. Of 12 other cases of various conditions, in only one, a case of lead initoxication, were abundant crystals found in the cerebrospinal fluid. In this case there was 0-2 mg. of lead per litre of urine. Taking all three studies into consideration, there is no adequate proof for, and ample evidence against, the theory that lead is an aetiological agent in cases of multiple sclerosis. R. M. S.","PeriodicalId":50117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63913892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}