{"title":"The transcription factors RIN and NOR have both redundant and specific roles in the initiation and progression of fruit ripening.","authors":"Ying Gao,Yujing Lin,Ting Yang,Hanxiao Bian,Jingyu Wang,Shan Li,Hanqing Wang,Min Xu,Zhedong Zhan,Da-Qi Fu,Benzhong Zhu,Jianghua Cai,Zhengguo Li,Kunsong Chen,Donald Grierson,Mondher Bouzayen,Zhaobo Lang,Bo Zhang","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koag126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koag126","url":null,"abstract":"The transcription factors (TFs) RIPENING-INHIBITOR (RIN) and NON-RIPENING (NOR) are key regulators of fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening. However, the spontaneous rin and nor alleles that were first described were demonstrated to be gain-of-function mutants, prompting a re-evaluation of the roles of RIN and NOR in tomato fruit ripening. Here, we show that the slnor slrin double mutant (a double homozygous loss-of-function mutant of NOR and RIN) exhibits a complete cessation of fruit ripening, revealing that NOR and RIN redundantly but differentially regulate fruit ripening. Besides serving as activators, NOR and RIN are essential in suppressing genes related to photosynthesis. Additionally, at the initiation of ripening, NOR activates RIN expression by binding to its promoter. Following climacteric ethylene production, RIN represses NOR expression. This temporal interaction is crucial for the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening. Interestingly, NOR and RIN do not form a transcriptional complex. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the regulatory network involving NOR and RIN in fruit ripening and uncover their roles in the crosstalk between the ripening hormones ethylene and ABA.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Plant CellPub Date : 2026-04-28DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koag125
Zhou Zhou,Xuan-Ru Yin,Yu-Yi Wang,Jing-Jing Ren,Jun-Yuan Cao,Wei Lv,Marisa S Otegui,Feng Xiong,Xiu-Ling Wang
{"title":"The conserved spliceosomal protein AtSF3B2 controls the floral transition by regulating transcription and splicing in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Zhou Zhou,Xuan-Ru Yin,Yu-Yi Wang,Jing-Jing Ren,Jun-Yuan Cao,Wei Lv,Marisa S Otegui,Feng Xiong,Xiu-Ling Wang","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koag125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koag125","url":null,"abstract":"Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing occurs co-transcriptionally and is coupled to transcription through the coordinated assembly of the splicing and transcription machineries. Splicing factor 3B subunit 2 (SF3B2) plays a critical role in pre-mRNA splicing and facilitates spliceosome assembly in humans, but its function in plants remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the Arabidopsis thaliana SF3B2 homolog AtSF3B2, interacts with the splicing factors AtU2AF65B and AtSYF2 via its conserved DUF382 domain. As a negative regulator of floral transition, AtSF3B2 binds to pre-mRNAs and modulates the splicing of its target genes, including the central floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), its antisense transcript COOLAIR, and their regulator WRKY63. Furthermore, AtSF3B2 promotes the transcription of these genes by interacting with the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) subunit NRPB12, and by binding directly to DNA to influence Pol II enrichment. RNA sequencing analyses reveal that the AtSF3B2 mutation predominantly results in intron retention and exon skipping, especially for shorter exons with a lower GC content. A subset of flowering regulators, including FLM, was identified as an AtSF3B2 target. Additionally, AtSF3B2 functions in high temperature-dependent flowering by modulating transcription and splicing of FLM. Together, our findings reveal transcriptional and post-transcriptional roles for AtSF3B2 in the flowering transition.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147754745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The transcription factor OsWRKY36 regulates leaf angle in rice by modulating brassinosteroid signalling.","authors":"Lirong Zhao,Jianyuan Yu,Shidie Chen,Lei Liu,Xia Li,Wanqin Chen,Zhiyu Xu,Xingchen Pan,Wenyi Zhou,Ligang Chen,Diqiu Yu,Houping Wang","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koag118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koag118","url":null,"abstract":"WRKY transcription factors orchestrate diverse responses to environmental stimuli in plants. Although considerable research has been conducted on the stress resistance mechanisms associated with WRKYs, little is known about the roles of WRKYs in regulating plant growth and development. Here, we identified OsWRKY36, a key regulator of rice (Oryza sativa) leaf angle and plant architecture, from a rice oswrky mutant library. OsWRKY36 is strongly expressed in the leaf lamina joint and promotes cell growth and expansion in adaxial parenchyma cells, leading to an increased leaf angle. A mechanistic investigation revealed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase OsPUB24, a negative component of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, interacts with OsWRKY36 and facilitates its ubiquitination and degradation. Genetic evidence indicated that OsWRKY36 acts downstream of OsPUB24 to regulate the BR-induced increase in leaf angle. Furthermore, OsWRKY36 physically interacts with DWARF AND LOW-TILLERING (DLT), a positive regulator of BR, and cooperatively activates the expression of the BR-responsive gene OsBZR4. BR signaling stabilizes OsWRKY36 by inhibiting OsPUB24, allowing accumulated OsWRKY36 to interact with DLT and drive OsBZR4 expression, thereby positively regulating leaf inclination. Collectively, our study elucidates the mechanism underlying the regulation of leaf inclination and plant architecture by the BR-OsPUB24-OsWRKY36 and DLT-OsWRKY36-OsBZR4 modules. These findings not only advance the understanding of BR-mediated growth regulation but also offer a potential strategy for optimizing crop architecture through modulation of BR signaling.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147731361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The SDR1-OsDSK2a-EUI1 module orchestrates plant height and multi-stress resilience in rice.","authors":"Gongwen Li,Ting Zou,Xu Zhang,Shangyu Yang,Nan Ma,Ji Wang,Xin Zhang,Linjuan Xiao,Ganrui Qian,Mujia Liu,Yun Chen,Kun Peng,Weiliang Yuan,Dan Zhou,Jinghua Jin,Jun Zhu,Qiming Deng,Shiquan Wang,Yueyang Liang,Ping Li,Shuangcheng Li","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koag119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koag119","url":null,"abstract":"Optimal plant height is critical for yield performance and lodging resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, genetic resources available for optimizing yield and lodging resistance in breeding programs are currently limited. Here, we report the identification of SEMI-DWARF RICE 1 (SDR1), a semi-dwarf gene encoding a RING-H2 type E3 ubiquitin ligase preferentially expressed in stem internodes. Mechanistically, SDR1 directly targets the key gibberellin (GA)-deactivating enzyme ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE 1 (EUI1) for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), thereby fine-tuning GA homeostasis. Furthermore, SDR1 collaborates with the ubiquitin-like-ubiquitin-associated (UBL-UBA) protein DOMINANT SUPPRESSOR OF KAR 2 (OsDSK2a) for EUI1 turnover. Genetic disruption of SDR1 consequently decreases endogenous GA levels, resulting in semi-dwarfism with enhanced lodging resistance and improved tolerance to salt and disease. Notably, knockout of SDR1 in rice cultivar Zhonghua 11 simultaneously boosts lodging resistance and grain yield under high-density and high-fertility cultivation conditions. Our study thus reveals an SDR1-OsDSK2a-EUI1 module that fine-tunes rice plant architecture and multi-stress resilience via regulation of GA homeostasis, providing a promising target for modern rice breeding.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147731365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TaSRO1 recruits the histone deacetylase TaHIS1 to repress TaABI5 and fine-tune ABA signaling during seed dormancy release in wheat.","authors":"Shupeng Liu,Fengxiang Yin,Tairan Zhang,Jiawang Song,Li Li,Wenlong Wang,Xiao Chang,Cheng Liu,Wenjing Xu,Kai Wang,Guangmin Xia,Shuwei Liu","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koag121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koag121","url":null,"abstract":"Seed dormancy and germination represent an intricately linked yet biologically antagonistic relationship, which balances seed development progression with pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from dormancy to germination remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the regulatory role of SIMILAR TO RCD 1 (SRO1), which cooperates with HISTONE DEACETYLASE INTERACTING WITH SRO1 (HIS1) to fine-tune this transition in wheat (Triticum aestivum). TaSRO1 functions as an enhancer of germination through interacting with ABA INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5), suppressing its transcription capacity to dormancy-promoting targets. Epistatic analysis indicates that TaABI5 positively regulates seed dormancy in a copy number-dependent manner, whereas TaSRO1 functions through ABA signaling by acting upstream of TaABI5. Furthermore, TaSRO1 recruits TaHIS1 to the promoters of TaABI5 target genes, leading to epigenetic erasure of histone acetylation marks and subsequent suppression of TaABI5-mediated transactivation. These findings uncover an epigenetic mechanism wherein TaSRO1 precisely orchestrates the developmental phase transition from dormancy to germination, thereby offering potential targets for enhancing PHS resistance in wheat.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"283 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147731363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Plant CellPub Date : 2026-04-21DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koag124
Duncan Coleman, Akira Iwase, Ayako Kawamura, Arika Takebayashi, Yu Chen, Max Minne, Katja E Jager, Maolin Peng, Yutaka Kodama, David S Favero, Tatsuya Takahashi, Momoko Ikeuchi, Takamasa Suzuki, Naohiko Ohama, Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, Philip A Wigge, Lieven De Veylder, Keiko Sugimoto
{"title":"Wounding activates the HSFA1 transcription factors to promote cellular reprogramming in Arabidopsis","authors":"Duncan Coleman, Akira Iwase, Ayako Kawamura, Arika Takebayashi, Yu Chen, Max Minne, Katja E Jager, Maolin Peng, Yutaka Kodama, David S Favero, Tatsuya Takahashi, Momoko Ikeuchi, Takamasa Suzuki, Naohiko Ohama, Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, Philip A Wigge, Lieven De Veylder, Keiko Sugimoto","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koag124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koag124","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanical injury is a primary trigger for cellular reprogramming during organ regeneration, yet the molecular mechanisms that link wounding to reprogramming remain poorly understood. In this study we identify the Arabidopsis HEAT SHOCK FACTOR A1 (HSFA1) class of transcription factors, which are key regulators of the heat stress response, as central players in wound-induced callus formation and shoot regeneration. Loss of HSFA1 function in the hsfa1abd triple or hsfa1abde quadruple mutants severely impairs cellular reprogramming, reducing callus formation from wounded hypocotyls, as well as shoot regeneration from explants. Conversely, overexpression of the HSFA1d gain-of-function variant markedly enhances regeneration. Time-series RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses revealed that HSFA1 directly activates the key reprogramming regulators WOUND-INDUCED DEDIFFERENTIATION 1 (WIND1), PLETHORA 3 (PLT3) and ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 6 (ZAT6). Furthermore, we demonstrate that HSFA1d activity is attenuated by SAP AND MIZ1 DOMAIN- CONTAINING LIGASE1 (SIZ1)-mediated SMALL UBIQUITIN-LIKE MODIFIER (SUMO)ylation, linking post-translational modification to the regulation of wound responses. Our findings establish HSFA1 as an early transcriptional hub that integrates wound signals with the activation of a broad gene network that drives cellular reprogramming, thereby providing a mechanistic framework for understanding how stress-responsive transcription factors control regeneration.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Plant CellPub Date : 2026-04-21DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koag120
Marta Peirats-Llobet,Zorana Staka,Xiujuan Yang,Yanqiao Zhu,Cunman He,Bhavna Hurgobin,Felipe Ayora,Maria Sofia L Yangzon,Monika W Murcha,Valencia Marisa,Ghazanfar Abbas Khan,Runxuan Zhang,Iain Milne,Huixia Shou,Matthew R Tucker,Mathew G Lewsey,James Whelan
{"title":"A four-dimensional spatial transcriptome atlas of barley caryopsis development and germination.","authors":"Marta Peirats-Llobet,Zorana Staka,Xiujuan Yang,Yanqiao Zhu,Cunman He,Bhavna Hurgobin,Felipe Ayora,Maria Sofia L Yangzon,Monika W Murcha,Valencia Marisa,Ghazanfar Abbas Khan,Runxuan Zhang,Iain Milne,Huixia Shou,Matthew R Tucker,Mathew G Lewsey,James Whelan","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koag120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koag120","url":null,"abstract":"A four-dimensional spatial gene expression atlas of Hordeum vulgare (barley) grain development and germination was generated using spatial transcriptomic analysis of serial sections to reconstruct transcript abundance in three physical dimensions and with temporal kinetics. We investigated the sub-tissue localisations of specific biological activities, using energy biology as an example, including genes encoding proteins involved in starch synthesis and degradation, sugar transport, mitochondrial and chloroplast activity. This atlas revealed different patterns in gene expression across tissues and developmental stages. Heterogeneity in gene expression was observed between clusters, within domains of the individual clusters, across two-dimensional (xy, 55 μm resolution) and three-dimensional (xyz, 8 μm resolution in z-plane) axes. Yet, other genes including typical housekeeping genes such as Actin, Tubulin and others, displayed homogeneous expression patterns. Expression of several genes matched previous gene-specific studies in different barley varieties verifying the robustness of the approach, and indicating that patterns of gene expression are conserved at least for some categories of genes between varieties. Trajectory analysis of aleurone tissue spanning from early development to the completion of germination, provided a comprehensive roadmap of tissue development in terms of processes and identified transcription factors with spatial specificity that play roles in seed development and germination. A public visualization browser is available to view two- and three-dimensional transcription abundance profiles at https://barley-4d.latrobe.edu.au/or https://barley-4d-gene-atlas.hutton.ac.uk/.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147731364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nodulin cleavage by the cysteine protease CYP35 promotes soybean root nodule senescence","authors":"Jiashan Wu, Weiyun Wang, Yuxin Guan, Ru Dong, Yan Duan, Aifang Xiao, Haoxing Li, Bingfu Guo, Xiaoli Guo, Hui Zhu, Yangrong Cao","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koag123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koag123","url":null,"abstract":"In legumes, symbiotic root nodules undergo senescence in response to developmental or environmental cues. This process determines the maintenance and nitrogen-fixing capacity of the root nodules, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its initiation are poorly understood. The cysteine protease CYP35 is a positive regulator of nodule senescence in soybean (Glycine max), but its substrates remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CYP35 promotes nodule senescence by cleaving a subset of Nodule-Enriched Nodulin proteins (NENs). Sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicate that CYP35 is a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease, with Cys149 as a key catalytic residue. CYP35 physically interacts with a distinct subfamily of eight NENs, NEN1–8. Soybean quadruple and quintuple nen mutants obtained by multiplex gene editing develop nodules with accelerated senescence and reduced nitrogenase activity, whereas over-expression of NEN2 or NEN5 delays senescence and enhances nodule function. CYP35 proteolyzes NEN2, NEN5, NEN6, and NEN7 in vitro and cleaves NEN2 in vivo in a Cys149-dependent manner. Our findings establish a direct molecular link between cysteine protease–mediated Nodulin cleavage and the onset of nodule senescence in soybean, providing insights into the regulation of nodule lifespan and nitrogen fixation.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Plant CellPub Date : 2026-04-16DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koag112
Debashis Sahoo,Ravindra K Chandan,Naveen Goel,Gopaljee Jha
{"title":"OsNUOR enhances disease susceptibility by interfering with reactive oxygen species homeostasis and ferroptosis-like cell death.","authors":"Debashis Sahoo,Ravindra K Chandan,Naveen Goel,Gopaljee Jha","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koag112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koag112","url":null,"abstract":"Necrotrophic fungal pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of rice (Oryza sativa) sheath blight disease, enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to induce necrosis in infected tissues. Here, we present evidence that the host alternative NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (OsNUOR) facilitates R. solani infection by promoting an oxidative-stress-enriched environment and inducing iron-dependent ferroptosis-like cell death. OsNUOR overexpression (OE) lines exhibit enhanced disease susceptibility, whereas knock-out (KO) lines developed through genome editing demonstrate increased resistance. Infected OE lines have enhanced accumulation of ROS, lipid peroxides, and ferric ions (Fe3+); a significant reduction in antioxidative enzyme (including glutathione peroxidase) activity; and depletion of glutathione levels. In KO lines, the redox status of infected tissues is maintained, and the antioxidative defense is activated. Our data suggest that upregulation of OsNUOR induces mitochondrial ROS accumulation and modulates redox signalling, leading to Fe3+ accumulation and lipid peroxidation that promote necrosis in rice. KO lines are compromised in these processes and therefore exhibit disease resistance. We demonstrate that treatment with ferroptosis inhibitors prevents necrotic lesions, whereas ferroptosis inducers enhance disease severity. Overall, our study reveals the importance of ferroptosis-like cell death in promoting necrosis during R. solani infection in rice.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147695075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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