The Journal of Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Factors associated with the transmission of the delta SARS-CoV-2 variant in households: the Israeli COVID-19 Family Study (ICoFS)","authors":"Thomas Cortier, Mayan Gilboa, Maylis Layan, Gili Joseph, Lilac Meltzer, Sharon Amit, Carmit Rubin, Yaniv Lustig, Sharon Alroy-Preis, Yitshak Kreiss, Simon Cauchemez, Gili Regev-Yochay","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf001","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding how interpersonal interactions and immunological factors shape SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households is crucial for designing control measures. We developed a Bayesian data augmentation transmission model to evaluate the effects of isolation, parental care, and vaccine-induced immunity on Delta variant transmission from the follow-up of 1,093 Israeli households (July–August 2021). Among the 2883 household contacts, 1096 (38%) were infected. Children were 38% (CI: 7-81) more likely to be infected than adults. Isolation measures reduced transmission by 52% (CI: 46-57). Transmission was 39% (CI: 11-76) higher between children and adult females than males. Vaccine effectiveness was 78% (CI: 54-90), 85% (CI: 70-94), and 73% (CI: 49-88) for one, two, and three doses of recent vaccination (< 90 days), respectively but dropped to 18% (CI: (-6)-36) for two doses administered more than 90 days ago. Household member interactions significantly shaped transmission, and isolation measures effectively reduced transmission.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143367401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ophthalmic Manifestations of the Mpox Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Shivam Rohilla, Shilpa Gaidhane, Ashok Kumar Balaraman, G Padmapriya, Irwanjot Kaur, Madan Lal, Suhaib Iqbal, G V Siva Prasad, Atreyi Pramanik, Teena Vishwakarma, Praveen Malik, Promila Sharma, Mahendra Pratap Singh, Ambanna Yappalparvi, Ankit Punia, Megha Jagga, Muhammed Shabil, Rachana Mehta, Sanjit Sah, Quazi Syed Zahiruddin, Hashem Abu Serhan, Ganesh Bushi","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf066","url":null,"abstract":"Background Recent outbreaks of monkeypox (Mpox) have raised concerns about its complications, including ophthalmic manifestations such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, and potential vision impairment. The lack of comprehensive data on these ocular complications hinders the development of effective clinical guidelines. This review aim to synthesize existing evidence on the prevalence and characteristics of Mpox-related ocular complications. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, covering studies up to September 8, 2024. Studies focusing on conjunctivitis, keratitis, eye lesions, visual impairment, and other ophthalmic outcomes in Mpox cases were included. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model to estimate pooled prevalence rates, with heterogeneity assessed using the I² statistic. Sensitivity analyses and publication bias assessments were also conducted. Results A total of 25 studies were included, with 22 contributing to the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of conjunctivitis in Mpox cases was 8.9% (95% CI: 4.4%–17.1%), keratitis 3.4% (95% CI: 1.4%–7.7%), eye lesions 3.4% (95% CI: 1.4%–7.7%), and visual impairment 4.3% (95% CI: 0.8%–20.6%). Other ocular manifestations had a pooled prevalence of 12.4% (95% CI: 0.6%–76.9%). Significant heterogeneity was observed, particularly for conjunctivitis and other ocular manifestations, suggesting variability in presentation. Conclusion Conjunctivitis is the most common ophthalmic complication of Mpox, followed by notable rates for keratitis, eye lesions, and visual impairment. These findings emphasize the need for early recognition, routine ocular exams, and effective management of Mpox-related eye complications. Further high-quality research is necessary to better understand and address these ocular complications.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"lPrediction of Vancomycin Area-under-the-curve using Trough Concentrations Only: Performance Evaluation of Pediatric Population Pharmacokinetic Models","authors":"Stef Schouwenburg, Tim Preijers, Robert B Flint, Enno D Wildschut, Birgit C P Koch, Brenda C M de Winter, Alan Abdulla","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf059","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives In pediatric patients, vancomycin plays a pivotal role in combating infections, necessitating precise therapeutic drug monitoring to ensure efficacy and safety. The adoption of model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) has demonstrated potential in optimizing dosing strategies based on the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC24h). However, predictive performance of population pharmacokinetic models using only trough concentrations to estimate AUC24h has not been evaluated. Methods Predictive performance of 23 vancomycin population pharmacokinetic models was retrospectively evaluated in two cohorts; (A) 21 subjects with PNA<50 days, (B) 124 subjects with PNA≥50 days. Multiple scenarios were investigated using; (a) peak and trough concentration, (b) using either peak or (c) trough concentration solely, (d) covariate information (a priori). The median AUC24h per subject across all models was used as ‘true’ AUC24h. Results For both cohorts, relative root mean square error (rRMSE) for the AUC24h precision using only trough concentrations was similar to the rRMSE using both a peak and trough sample. For cohort A, the model by Chen, Colin, and Mehrotra showed best trough-based performance with the lowest relative Bias (rBias) (-3.3% and -2.6%) and rRMSE (6.8% and 7.3%). For cohort B, the models from Alsultan and Lv illustrated the lowest rBias (1.75% and -5.4%) and rRMSE (16.6% and 15.1%). Conclusions This study illustrates that trough concentration-based AUC24h estimation is a feasible approach in vancomycin MIPD. These findings endorse the selected models for advanced MIPD vancomycin therapy in pediatrics, though further investigation into clinical outcomes is recommended.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of natural remission of mother-to-child retroviral transmission","authors":"Poonam Grover, Megumi Murata, Maureen Kidiga, Sakura Hayashi, Hirotaka Ode, Yasumasa Iwatani, Mayumi Morimoto, Takayoshi Natsume, Akihisa Kaneko, Jun-ichirou Yasunaga, Masao Matsuoka, Madoka Kuramitsu, Yohei Seki, Takuo Mizukami, Hirofumi Akari","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf064","url":null,"abstract":"Background Spontaneous remission once a retroviral infection has been established does not occur and infection persists lifelong. Methods Stored blood samples obtained from simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1)-infected Japanese macaque (JM; Macaca fuscata) mothers and their offspring during long-term follow-up as well as periodic health checkups were analyzed for proviral DNA levels, anti-STLV-1 antibody titer, DNA sequence, viral transcription, and viral clonality in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results We found spontaneous remission after the establishment of retrovirus mother-to-child transmission (MTCT); three JM infants were positive for the provirus at 5 and 8 months of age; however, no evidence of persistent STLV-1 infection was found in any of these infants thereafter up to 3 years of age. The viral env sequencing showed the presence of “signature nucleotide polymorphisms,” which were identical between each mother and infant but not others, suggesting STLV-1 MTCT. STLV-1-infected cells were capable of viral transmission and were composed of a heterogeneous population of clones, which were completely replaced between 5 and 8 months of age, suggesting the possibility of ongoing de novo infection from mother to infant cells. Furthermore, a retrospective study showed that 8 of 38 infants born to STLV-1-infected mothers developed transient infection comparable to the cases above. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate for the first time that spontaneous remission can occur after the establishment of retroviral MTCT. Our results unveil the unique dynamics of retroviral infection during MTCT.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"165 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating Soluble Factors and T-Cell Subsets as Immunological Predictors of Therapy Response in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","authors":"Amanda B Figueiredo, Katia L P Morais, Israel T Silva, Lorhenn B L Maia, Jaqueline R Buttura, Bruna D F Barros, Natalia S Alves, Flavio Pignataro-Oshiro, Samara M M Shimon, Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho, Lucas Almeida, Edgar Carvalho, Paulo Machado, Jenefer M Blackwell, Lea Castellucci, Walderez O Dutra, Kenneth J Gollob","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf042","url":null,"abstract":"Background Human cutaneous leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania braziliensis, presents treatment challenges due to varying therapeutic responses. Current therapies often encounter limited efficacy and treatment failure, demanding a deeper understanding of immunopathogenesis and predictive markers. Methods We explored the immunological determinants influencing therapy response in human cutaneous leishmaniasis, focusing on the intricate host–parasite immune interactions. We evaluated blood and lesions from the same individuals before therapeutic intervention and followed the patients for 60 days to determine treatment efficacy. We employed multiparameter flow cytometry methods for peripheral blood analysis of soluble factors and T-cell subpopulations, and RNA sequencing for analysis of lesion biopsies. Results Our investigation identified a combined set of circulating soluble factors as promising noninvasive predictive markers for treatment outcomes. Additionally, we reveal an association between circulating CD8+ mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells with increased lesion pathology, and a gene signature in lesions associated with CD8+ MAIT cells in refractory patients. Conclusions These findings highlight the potential for tailored interventions and novel immunomodulatory strategies to enhance treatment efficacy and address challenges in unresponsive cases of this debilitating disease.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GABA-induced monocytic reactive oxygen species impair CD4 restoration in treated HIV-1 adults","authors":"Mehwish Younas, Sandrine Gimenez, Yea-Lih Lin, Clément Mettling, Domenico Maiorano, Jacques Reynes, Philippe Pasero, Philippe Rondard, Christina K Psomas, Pierre Corbeau","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf058","url":null,"abstract":"Background In order to better understand why about 15% of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (PWH) on highly active antiretroviral therapy do not restore their CD4 count, we explored the link previously reported between glutamate plasma level and CD4 count. Methods We recruited fourty-four adults living with HIV-1 aviremic under antiretroviral therapy. Their peripheral blood concentrations in glutamate and GABA were determined by ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to detect GABA receptor, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by monocytes, and programmed T cell death. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and p53 phosphorylation were analyzed by western blot. DNA damage was quantified by immunofluorescence. Results We show that i) some virologic responders present high plasma levels of glutamate and of its derivative, GABA; ii) monocytes express the GABA receptor GABA-B1; iii) GABA-B1 stimulation induces monocytic ROS production; iv) GABA-B1-overexpressing monocytes of PWH with high plasma levels of GABA release high amount of ROS; and v) monocyte-derived ROS oxidise the DNA of CD4+ T cells, creating double-strand breaks which activate DNA-PK and p53, and finally apoptosis. The intensity of this cascade of events is inversely correlated with the slope of CD4+ T cell recovery in treated PWH. Discussion We propose that DNA damage resulting from ROS produced by GABA-activated monocytes plays a key role in impaired immune restoration. Consequently, GABA-B1 antagonists and/or ROS inhibitors might be a promising therapy for non-immunologic responders. Furthermore, the same mechanism could be involved in CD4 loss in the natural course of the infection.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Universal and Sentinel Surveillance Data for COVID-19: Insights from Argentina, Chile, and Mexico (2020–2022)","authors":"Lidia Redondo-Bravo, Kinda Zureick, Carla Jimena Voto, Xaviera Molina Avendaño, Laura Flores-Cisneros, Ashley Fowlkes, Luciana Eva Iummato, Carlos Maria Giovacchini, Maria Fernanda Olivares Barraza, Paula Rodriguez Ferrari, Rosaura Gutiérrez-Vargas, Christian Arturo Zaragoza-Jiménez, Gabriel García-Rodríguez, Hugo López-Gatell, Angel Rodriguez, Paula Couto, Marc Rondy, Andrea Vicari","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae620","url":null,"abstract":"Background In 2020, countries implemented universal surveillance to detect and monitor SARS-CoV-2 cases. Although crucial for early monitoring efforts, universal surveillance is resource intensive. To understand the implications of transitioning from universal to sentinel surveillance for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility, morbidity and mortality, and disease seriousness, we compared measures of SARS-CoV-2 reported from both surveillance strategies in Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. Methods We obtained weekly case counts in Argentina, Chile, and Mexico, in periods when both universal and sentinel surveillance were ongoing. To assess the countries’ surveillance strategies, we measured the proportion of total sites that were included in sentinel surveillance. We compared eight measures of SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility, morbidity and mortality, and disease seriousness between sentinel and universal surveillance and assessed the correlation between the two strategies for the eight measures. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation was classified as very strong (r(s)=0.8–1.0), strong (r(s)=0.60–0.79), moderate (r(s)=0.50–0.59), or poor (r<0.50). Results The proportion of total sites included in sentinel surveillance was 5.8% for Argentina, 1.1% for Chile, and 7.6% for Mexico. A total of 21 measures were calculated (8 for Mexico, 8 for Chile, and 5 for Argentina). Of these, 17 showed consistency between the two surveillance strategies, with strong or very strong correlations (r=0.66–0.99): all 8 measures for Mexico, 6 of 8 measures for Chile, and 3 out of 5 measures for Argentina.. Each country had at least one measure reflecting transmissibility and at least one reflecting morbidity and mortality for which the correlation was strong or very strong. Chile and Mexico also had at least one measure of disease seriousness for which the correlation was strong. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the integration of SARS-CoV-2 into national sentinel surveillance can yield information comparable to that provided by nationwide universal surveillance for measures related to SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility, morbidity and mortality, and seriousness of disease.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza vaccine averted illnesses in Chile, Guyana, and Paraguay during 2013–2018: a standardized approach to assess value of vaccination","authors":"Jorge H Jara, Sergio Loayza, Francisco Nogareda, Paula Couto, Miguel Angel Descalzo, Anna N Chard, Maria Olivares, Natalia Vergara, Rodrigo Fasce, Martha Von Horoch, Silvia Battaglia, Elena Penayo, Chavely Montserrat Dominguez, Cynthia Vazquez, Rainier Escalada, Janice Woolford, Fabiana Michel, Rafael Chacón, Ashley Fowlkes, Laura Castro, Martha Velandia-Gonzalez, Marc Rondy, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Stefano Tempia, Daniel Salas","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf038","url":null,"abstract":"Background To better establish the value of vaccination against influenza viruses, we estimated vaccine-averted influenza illnesses among young children and older adults in Chile, Guyana, and Paraguay. Methods We gathered country- and target population-specific data on monthly influenza hospitalizations, vaccine coverage, and vaccine effectiveness from surveillance records and immunization registries during 2013-2018. We applied a static compartmental model to estimate differences in the number influenza-associated respiratory disease events (symptomatic non-hospitalized illnesses, medically attended illnesses, hospitalizations) in the presence and absence of influenza vaccination programs. Results Between 2013 and 2018, vaccinating 68% of children aged 6–23 months in Chile averted an annual mean of 14,617 non-hospitalized, 9,426 medically attended, and 328 hospitalized influenza illnesses; vaccinating 28% of children aged 6–23 months in Paraguay averted 1,115 non-hospitalized, 719 medically attended, and 25 hospitalized influenza illnesses. Vaccinating 59% of older adults in Chile averted an annual mean of 83,429 non-hospitalized, 37,079 medically attended, and 1,390 hospitalized influenza illnesses; vaccinating 36% of older adults in Paraguay averted an annual mean of 3,932 non-hospitalized, 1,748 medically attended, and 66 hospitalized influenza illnesses. In Guyana, a hypothetical campaign vaccinating 30% of children <5 years could have prevented an annual 1,496 non-hospitalized, 971 medically attended, and 10 hospitalized influenza illnesses. Vaccinating 30% of adults ≥65 years could have prevented 568 non-hospitalized, 257 medically attended, and 10 hospitalized influenza illnesses. Conclusions Influenza vaccination averted tens of thousands of illnesses and thousands of hospitalizations in Chile and Paraguay; influenza vaccination could have had a proportional benefit in Guyana.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual estimation of seasonal influenza burden in six South American countries: a retrospective analysis of SARInet surveillance data to inform policies","authors":"Miguel Angel Descalzo, Francisco José de Paula Júnior, Natalia Vergara Mallegas, Elena Penayo, Carla Voto, Natalia Goñi, Alfredo Bruno, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira da Almeida, Greice Madeleine Ikeda do Carmo, María Fernanda Olivares Barraza, Rodrigo Fasce, Jorge Pacheco, Cynthia Vázquez, Marta Von Horoch, Silvia Battaglia, Carlos Giovacchini, Elsa Baumeister, Adrián Santoro, María Pía Buyayisqui, Miguel Alegretti, Mónica Patricia Escobar Naranjo, Jorge Jara, Francisco Nogareda, Angel Rodríguez, Nelson Jose Alvis-Zakzuk, A Danielle Iuliano, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Stefano Tempia, Juliana Leite, Marc Rondy, Paula Couto","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf037","url":null,"abstract":"Background We estimate annual viral influenza-associated mild-to-moderate illness, hospitalizations, and deaths in six South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Uruguay) during the 2015–2019 influenza seasons as a first step in evaluating the full value of influenza vaccination in the subregion. Methods We applied a multiplier methodology using monthly hospital discharge and vital statistics death records, influenza surveillance data, and population projections to estimate mild-to-moderate influenza-associated illness, hospitalizations, and deaths. We estimated the uncertainty bounds based on the 2.5th and 97.5th of the Monte Carlo simulated distributions for the number of cases and obtained the ranges from the minimum value of the 2.5th percentile and the maximum value of the 97.5th percentile. Results In selected countries with a total population of 307 million people, the yearly influenza-associated burden of disease ranged between 51 and 78 million mild-to-moderate influenza illnesses, between 323,379 and 490,049 hospitalizations, and between 22,662 and 46,971 deaths during the 2015–2019 influenza seasons. Conclusions Each year, influenza is associated with millions of illnesses, hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations and tens of thousands of deaths in six South American countries, affecting a significant portion of the population. Such findings can be used to estimate the number of illnesses averted through vaccination programs and the cost-benefit of influenza vaccines.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"236 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled human infection studies accelerate vaccine development","authors":"Matthew B Laurens","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf053","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical trials that employ human challenge, also known as controlled human infection models (CHIM), have rapidly advanced vaccine development for multiple pathogens, including at least 30 disease models to date. CHIM studies, championed by networks of researchers, regulators, ethicists, technical experts, and other stakeholders, limit exposure of individuals to an investigational product, de-risk product investments, identify correlates of protection, and most importantly provide a prompt readout of vaccine efficacy. While CHIM studies provide multiple advantages, important challenges exist, including strengthening the relevance and comparability of CHIM study results to efficacy trials in endemic areas, particularly in resource-limited settings.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}