The Journal of Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Circulating Zika and dengue IgA-NS1 marks early postnatal exposure without significant association with congenital Zika syndrome-related microcephaly","authors":"Juanita Castro-Meneses, Sebastián Castro-Trujillo, William R Mejía, Martha Rocío Vega, Doris M Salgado, Carlos E Fonseca, Ángela M Ortiz, Carlos F Narváez","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag540","url":null,"abstract":"Background Elevated preexisting maternal IgG-NS1 to DENV, rather than to ZIKV, has been associated with a reduced risk of microcephaly in congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), suggesting a protective role. While serological analysis of IgG and IgM has physiological limitations in infants, IgA-NS1 represents a marker of host exposure to orthoflavivirus, as it is not transferred transplacentally and reflects early active immune responses. This study evaluated circulating IgA-NS1 responses to ZIKV and DENV in mothers and infants prenatally exposed to ZIKV in southern Colombia, a dengue hyperendemic region. Methods In this multicentric study, we analyzed 164 mother-infant pairs with confirmed gestational ZIKV exposure during the Colombia 2015-2016 epidemic. Using optimized ELISAs with well-characterized clinical samples, we simultaneously assessed circulating IgA-NS1 responses against ZIKV and DENV1-4. Neurological outcomes were evaluated through pediatric follow-up to determine associations between IgA-NS1 and CZS-related microcephaly. Results IgA-NS1 ELISAs for ZIKV and DENV1-4 achieved sensitivity/specificity of 94%/97% and 86%/85%, respectively. DENV-exposed samples showed 26% cross-reactivity against ZIKV NS1. There was no evidence of placental transfer, and IgA-NS1 levels for ZIKV and DENV were comparable between mothers and infants with or without CZS-related microcephaly. However, circulating ZIKV and DENV IgA-NS1 increased postnatally and were higher in older children. Conclusion While circulating IgA-NS1 serves as a promising postnatal marker of orthoflavivirus exposure in infants due to its stability and lack of placental transfer, it does not appear to contribute to protection against severe CZS outcomes. These findings demonstrate that protective NS1-mediated immunity against microcephaly may be isotype-dependent.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149292887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of Incident Hepatic Fibrosis and Steatotic Liver Disease–Associated Fibrosis Among Women with and without HIV","authors":"Maria J Duarte, Phyllis C Tien, Yifei Ma, Mark H Kuniholm, Michelle Floris-Moore, Margaret A Fischl, Audrey L French, Elizabeth F Topper, Deborah Konkle-Parker, Howard Minkoff, Ighovwerha Ofotokun, Michael Plankey, Anjali Sharma, Jennifer C Price","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag532","url":null,"abstract":"Background Liver fibrosis is an important cause of non-AIDS morbidity among women with HIV (WWH), but predictors of incident fibrosis in the absence of viral hepatitis are not well defined. Methods We included women with and without HIV enrolled in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), now part of the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study, who underwent vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) between 2013 and 2020 as part of the Liver Disease and Reproductive Aging (LIVRA) Study and had at least two VCTE exams. Participants with viral hepatitis, heavy alcohol use, or baseline fibrosis were excluded. Poisson regression estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for incident fibrosis, defined as liver stiffness ≥7.1 kPa. Models included time-updated covariates and tested interactions between HIV and steatosis measured by controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). Results Among 1,036 women (709 WWH, 327 without HIV), median age was 49 years and median BMI 32 kg/m2. Over a mean follow-up of 3.5 years, 19% developed incident fibrosis. HIV infection (IRR 1.72, 95% CI 1.12–2.65) and higher CAP (per 10 dB/m; IRR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.08) were associated with fibrosis in multivariable adjusted models. The association between CAP and fibrosis differed by HIV status (interaction p = 0.02) and was attenuated among WWH. Fibrosis without steatosis accounted for 28% of new fibrosis in WWH and was more common in those with prior AIDS. Conclusions HIV infection predicted incident hepatic fibrosis, while steatosis was a weaker predictor in WWH. Fibrosis without steatosis was common, suggesting distinct fibrosis phenotypes and potential HIV-specific pathways of liver injury.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149292991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a Brighter Future in Vaccine Safety Science: A Call For Investments, Capitalizing on Scientific Opportunities and A National Vaccine Safety Board","authors":"Daniel A Salmon, Jim Buttery, Bruce Carleton, Steven Black","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag535","url":null,"abstract":"The article argues that U.S. vaccine confidence requires an independent National Vaccine Safety Board, expanded real-world surveillance, public-responsive research, and genomic studies to distinguish causal adverse events, identify vulnerable individuals, and improve vaccine safety and trust.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149292992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EBV-infected cell lineage by EBER double-staining as a diagnostic and prognostic clue in pediatric EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorders: a Japanese central pathology cohort study","authors":"Rintaro Ono, Kenichi Sakamoto, Kunihiko Moriya, Akihiro Hoshino, Kentaro Ohki, Nobutaka Kiyokawa, Hideto Iwafuchi, Takako Yoshioka, Hirokazu Kanegane, Ken-Ichi Imadome, Masahiro Sekimizu, Yoko Shioda, Atsuko Nakazawa","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag523","url":null,"abstract":"We retrospectively analyzed 36 children with Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV-LPD) from the Japan Children's Cancer Group (2006-2021), focusing on diagnostically challenging lesions not definitively classified as lymphoma. Using EBER in situ hybridization double-staining, we confirmed EBV infection primarily in T/NK cells (EBV-T/NK-LPD, n = 17) or B cells (EBV-B-LPD, n = 16). Lymphoid follicle architecture was effaced in EBV-T/NK-LPD (89%) and EBV-B-LPD (54%). 5-year overall survival was lower for EBV-T/NK-LPD (59%) than EBV-B-LPD (93%). Determining the EBV-infected cell lineage enables clinically relevant classification and risk stratification, and can be applied to archival specimens, including lesions initially interpreted as reactive.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149231841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-annexin A5 Autoantibodies in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (HIV-PAH): A Case-Control Study","authors":"Benjamin Thoreau, Arthur Renaud, Philippe Chafey, Guilhem Clary, Morgane Le Gall, Cédric Broussard, Odile Launay, David Launay, Eric Hachulla, Christophe Deligny, Alban-Elouen Baruteau, Anaïs Vallet-Pichard, Benjamin Chaigne, Azzeddine Yaici, Olivier Sitbon, David Montani, Marc Humbert, Luc Mouthon","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag470","url":null,"abstract":"Autoantibody profiles in HIV-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) remain poorly characterized. Using a validated proteomic pipeline (two-dimensional immunoblot, mass spectrometry, ELISA), we compared 20 HIV-PAH patients with 20 HIV controls without PAH. Anti-annexin A5 (AnxA5) autoantibodies were present in 55% of HIV-PAH patients versus 0% of controls (P < .001) and anti-14-3-3ε in 35% versus 5% (P = .04), despite comparable HIV duration, CD4 counts, and virological control. Both remained associated with PAH after adjustment for coinfections. These autoantibodies mirror those described in connective-tissue-disease-PAH, suggesting a possible overlap in autoimmune features and a research biomarker warranting prospective validation.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149229919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel injectable drug-combination nanoparticle containing three antiretrovirals designed for HIV treatment: A first-in-human trial","authors":"Rachel A Bender Ignacio, Christine Jonsson, Simone Perazzolo, Zachary Stephen, Brett Hanscom, Eli Burnham, Phoebe Bryson-Cahn, Claborne Youngblood, Luqi Duan, Allysson Angeldekao, Gabrielle Wood, Emilda Padullo, Matthew Hartman, Kristina M Adams Waldorf, Edward P Acosta, Lane Bushman, Peter L Anderson, Pablo F Belaunzaran-Zamudio, Keith W Crawford, Ann Collier, Rodney J Y Ho","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag504","url":null,"abstract":"Background Long-acting antiretroviral therapy may improve adherence and decrease stigma, yet affordable combination formulations for global usage are lacking. The TLC-ART program engineered an injectable 3-drug combination in a novel nanoparticle (DcNP) product “TLC-ART 101,” composed of lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir (RTV), and tenofovir (TVF) and two lipid excipients. We report safety and pharmacokinetics from this first-in-human study. Methods Three dose cohorts of people without HIV received a single subcutaneous dose of 1.5, 3.0 or 4.0 mL in an adaptive trial of up to64 days. LPV, RTV, and TFV were measured over time in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and lymph nodes (n=2). Results All 12 participants completed the study. One participant experienced anaphylaxis, and four had non-serious hypersensitivity events (rash, lip swelling, generalized pruritis). All participants had grade 1-2 injection-site reactions.. At the highest dose, median LPV T1/2 was 17 days, and LPV was detectable through two months in most participants. RTV T1/2 was 12hrs. Plasma TFV T1/2 was 3.5 days; TFV-diphosphate was detected intracellularly through 14 days. Total exposure (AUC) was higher in peripheral blood mononuclear cells versus plasma for all 3 drugs. Conclusions The first human application of this novel HIV DcNP resulted in detection of LPV through two months and TFV up to four days in plasma, and no meaningful prolongation of RTV. Systemic hypersensitivity was common, and although IgE elevation was not observed, additional mechanistic understanding is required prior to further development of this DcNP pipeline.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149232863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Vaginal Gram Stain Categories and Cervicitis in Kenyan Women Who Engage in Sex Work","authors":"Fredericka Albertina Sesay,Jennifer E Balkus,Walter Jaoko,Marianne Mureithi,Kishorchandra Mandaliya,Khamis Mwinyikai,Michelle C Sabo,Juma Shafi,Jennifer M Lund,Elizabeth A Bukusi,Jenell Stewart,Olusegun O Soge,R Scott McClelland","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag519","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Cervicitis is often caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, but remains unexplained in approximately half of cases. Studies examining associations between the vaginal microbiota and cervicitis have produced conflicting results. Methods This study analyzed data from a cohort of women who engage in sex work in Mombasa, Kenya (2004-2023). Vaginal microbiota was categorized by Nugent criteria as normal (0-3), intermediate (4-6), or bacterial vaginosis (BV, 7-10). Lactobacillus status by culture was classified as none detected, non-H2O2-producing, or H2O2-producing. Cervicitis was defined as >30 polymorphonuclear cells per high-power field. Modified Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations was used to examine associations between Nugent category, Lactobacillus status, and cervicitis. Results Among 1,615 participants (25,322 visits), cervicitis prevalence was 5.8% with normal microbiota, 9.1% with intermediate microbiota (RR 1.39 [95% CI 1.24–1.56]), and 6.8% with BV (RR 1.14 [95% CI 1.02–1.26]). Cervicitis prevalence also varied by Lactobacillus status: 5.1% with none detected, 8.5% with non-H2O2-producing (RR 1.33 [95% CI 1.18–1.50]), and 11.9% with H2O2-producing Lactobacillus (RR 1.70 [95% CI 1.52–1.90]). Findings remained consistent in multivariable analyses. Conclusion Intermediate microbiota was associated with the greatest cervicitis risk among Gram stain categories, exceeding both normal microbiota and BV. Unexpectedly, cervicitis risk increased progressively from no Lactobacillus to non-H2O2-producing to H2O2-producing Lactobacillus. These findings suggest that intermediate microbiota may represent a state in which proinflammatory pathways from BV and Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota intersect, potentially driving enhanced neutrophil recruitment. Future studies should test this hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"280 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149208733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rab5a and RIN2 Promote\u0000 L. monocytogenes\u0000 Cell-to-Cell Spreading in JEG-3 Cells","authors":"Petra A McLeod,Peter L Beach,Ahmed M H Bshina,Julian A Guttman","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag515","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background The facultative intracellular pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes, disseminates amongst host cells to infect entire organs. This cellular transfer is driven through the coordination of bacterial factors that form actin-rich finger-like listeriopod protrusions in “sending” cells and host cell endocytosis of these large structures in “receiving” cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that the process that internalizes these large structures exploits both Caveolin- and Flotillin-mediated endocytosis. However, how early endocytic regulators contribute to L. monocytogenes cell-to-cell spreading remains unexplored. Methods Rab5a/RIN2 localization was analyzed using immunofluorescence microscopy during L. monocytogenes infections in JEG-3 cells. The proteins functions was then examined using transfection with wild-type and mutant constructs and siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches. Results We show that Rab5a and RIN2 are selectively enriched at L. monocytogenes invaginations, but not at listeriopods. Functional cell-to-cell spreading assays coupled with loss- and gain-of-function approaches showed that depletion or inhibition of Rab5a in the receiving cells significantly reduced bacterial dissemination, whereas expression of constitutively active Rab5a enhanced cell-to-cell spreading. Similarly, RIN2 localized to Rab5a-positive invaginations and was required for efficient cell-to-cell spreading, with RIN2 knockdowns resulting in a significant reduction in bacterial transfer. Conclusion Our data identifies Rab5a and RIN2 as key host endocytic regulators that promote L. monocytogenes dissemination.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149208734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Differentiation of Vaccine and Wild-Type Measles Virus During an Ongoing Outbreak using a new molecular assay","authors":"Efrat Bucris, Tal Levin, Roberto Azar, Batya Mannasse, Hadar Assraf, Vardit Moshayoff, Roaa Shatrubi, Yara Kanaaneh, Victoria Indenbaum, Neta S Zuckerman, Yaniv Lustig, Oran Erster","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag518","url":null,"abstract":"Background Differentiating wild and vaccine measles virus (MeV) strains is critical for appropriate healthcare response during outbreak vaccination campaigns. Sequencing, the current standard, is expensive, time-consuming, and limited to specialized laboratories. We developed and implemented a novel differential MeV RT-qPCR assay to address these challenges, which we describe herein. Methods We designed a differential two-step assay; the first step, termed MRRV, distinguishes between rubella, wild MeV, and vaccine MeV. The second, termed “MeV differential”, differentiates between genotypes A (vaccine), B and D. Results The assay detects 10-50 copies per reaction and accurately classifies weak clinical samples (Cq > 32), with 100% accuracy, compared with the N gene sequencing gold standard. Evaluated on over 4,000 clinical samples retrospectively and during the 2025-2026MeV outbreak in Israel, the assay revealed that ∼9% of tested originated from vaccine strain. Among tested municipalities, those running active vaccination campaigns had significantly higher vaccine strain detections (>10 cases each) than those with routine vaccination (1-2 cases). Retrospective analysis of samples from 2018-2024 identified a mix of B and D strains. The novel assay successfully identified double infection cases (exposure to a wild strain shortly before or after vaccination). Conclusion The novel assay proved useful both as a diagnostic tool that enables focused, efficient healthcare response, and as an epidemiological tool that provides valuable information in real-time. This assay is faster, cheaper and more amendable for high throughput testing, compared with the gold-standard sequencing classification.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental pneumococcal carriage reveals humoral correlates of susceptibility in virally suppressed adults with HIV","authors":"K Doherty, J Hamilton, T Nthandira, A E Chirwa, G Tembo, L Chimgoneko, J Phiri, E Nsomba, V Nkhoma, B Galafa, F Thole, M P Kamanga, G Kadzanga, N Toto, T Chikaonda, K Jambo, S H Pennington, D M Ferreira, S B Gordon","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiag517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag517","url":null,"abstract":"Background People with HIV (PWH) in sub-Saharan Africa remain at high risk of pneumococcal carriage and disease, despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Understanding the immune factors driving this is key to addressing the issue. Methods Virally suppressed, clinically stable PWH (n = 60) and HIV-uninfected adults (n = 60) underwent intranasal challenge with live pneumococcus serotype 6B. Experimental carriage was determined by culture and serotyping of nasal wash samples. Pneumococcal capsular and whole-cell IgG in nasal wash and serum samples were measured by ELISA. Antibody binding was measured using a flow cytometry assay. Results Baseline pneumococcal capsular IgG, whole-cell IgG, and antibody binding were similar between PWH and HIV-uninfected participants. Challenge did not increase IgG concentration in either group. Carriage susceptibility among PWH was associated with lower baseline serum capsular 6B IgG (0.84 vs 2.33 µg/mL, p < 0.01), lower nasal capsular 6B IgG (328 vs 761 pg/mL, p = 0.07), and lower nasal whole-cell IgG (92.2 vs 205 AU/mL, p = 0.02). These associations were not observed in HIV-uninfected participants. Carriage in HIV-uninfected participants was associated with an increase in IgG binding from baseline to day 21 (120 vs 209 AU, Friedman χ2 = 11.1, p = 0.004), which was not detected in PWH (79.2 vs 72.3 AU, χ2 = 0.67, p = 0.72)). Conclusion Baseline pneumococcal IgG levels and function were similar in PWH and HIV-uninfected participants. However, experimental challenge revealed specific differences in humoral correlates of pneumococcal carriage between PWH and HIV-uninfected adults. These findings support evaluation of vaccination strategies to enhance pneumococcal antibody concentration and function in PWH in sub-Saharan Africa.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}