Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Dynamics of thoughts-novel candidate marker for differential-diagnosis of mental disorders?","authors":"Georg Northoff, Jingyu Hua, Xianliang Ge","doi":"10.1139/jpn-2026-0013","DOIUrl":"10.1139/jpn-2026-0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thoughts are traditionally classified by their cognitive contents, such as task-related versus task-unrelated or internally versus externally oriented. However, content-based distinctions often lack diagnostic specificity in psychiatric disorders, where similar thought contents may manifest across conditions such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Here, we propose a complementary framework that characterizes thoughts by their dynamics, the pattern of changes in the thought contents over time-that is, their duration, speed, and temporal precision. Converging evidence in healthy individuals shows that distinct thought dimensions map onto specific neural timescales, ranging from fine-grained oscillatory phase dynamics to coarse-grained temporal windows. Extending this framework to psychopathology, schizophrenia is characterized by temporal imprecision of thought contents across shorter and longer timescales, yielding fragmented and poorly differentiated thoughts. In contrast, major depressive disorder is marked by abnormally prolonged timescales with abnormal slowness leading to rarely changing thought contents, e.g., ruminations. We propose that the timescales of thought contents and, more generally, thought dynamics may serve as a promising marker for the differential diagnosis of thought disturbances in mental disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":50073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13325465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in cortical gyrification and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations between early- and late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder.","authors":"Hirofumi Tomiyama, Keitaro Murayama, Kiyotaka Nemoto, Kenta Kato, Nami Nishida, Kou Matsukuma, Makoto Kawahito, Takuro Kamio, Kana Tsunoda, Mingi Kang, Ayaka Shuto, Koji Yamashita, Kazufumi Kikuchi, Tatsuhiro Wada, Chiaki Tokunaga, Tomohiro Nakao","doi":"10.1139/jpn-2025-0245","DOIUrl":"10.1139/jpn-2025-0245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is heterogeneous, and differences in age at onset may be associated with important feature of distinct subtype. However, no studies have investigated the differences between early- and late-onset OCD using structural and functional multimodal neuroimaging methods that reflect different neurobiological backgrounds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained from 130 participants (76 medication-free patients with OCD and 54 healthy controls (HCs)). We investigated group differences among early- and late-onset OCD and HCs in the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and local gyrification index (LGI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the fALFF analysis, group differences were detected in the left lateral occipital cortex and bilateral thalamus (a voxel-height threshold of <i>p</i> < 0.001 and a cluster-level threshold of <i>p</i> < 0.05, with a false discovery rate correction). Both patients with early- and late-onset OCD had significantly lower fALFF in the thalamus compared to HCs (Bonferroni corrected <i>p</i> < 0.01). Patients with early-onset OCD exhibited significantly lower fALFF in the lateral occipital cortex than those with late-onset OCD and HCs (Bonferroni corrected <i>p</i> < 0.01). No significant differences were observed in the LGI analysis (a nonparametric permutation approach (10 000 iterations)), a cluster-wise threshold of <i>p</i> < 0.05, and a cluster-defining threshold of <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Our cross-sectional data could limit the interpretation of our results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results emphasize the importance of the thalamus in the pathophysiology regardless of the age-of-onset subtype of OCD. In addition, altered fALFF in the lateral occipital cortex, not accompanied by deficits of LGI, could represent a disruption of normal functional developmental processes resulting from the OCD onset at a young age. Future study should examine the relationship between the alteration of fALFF in lateral occipital cortex and clinical and treatment-refractory features of early-onset OCD, potentially improving therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13198843/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147989590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-pathway inhibitory dysfunction in schizophrenia: MEG and behavioral markers for risk stratification.","authors":"Yinglin Han, Yishan Du, Yi Xia, Linglin Hua, Zhijian Yao, Qing Lu","doi":"10.1139/jpn-25-0109","DOIUrl":"10.1139/jpn-25-0109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inhibitory control deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, yet their spectral and temporal characteristics remain poorly defined. This study investigates fast-response inhibition in first-episode schizophrenia (FES) by focusing on low gamma-band (30-50 Hz) oscillations within the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG)-pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) circuit.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a magnetoencephalography (MEG) study involving FES, their first-degree relatives (FDR), and healthy controls (HCs), examining post-stimulus low gamma (30-50 Hz) and beta-band activity across rIFG-preSMA and preSMA-lM1 circuits. Power spectral density (PSD) and functional connectivity (FC) were segmented into middle (150-250 ms) and later (250-400 ms) stages. Behavioral data (BIS-11, DSST) were integrated with MEG features in two canonical discriminant models (Model 1: multimodal; Model 2: behavior-only), with independent temporal validation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FES patients showed early low gamma power reductions in rIFG and preSMA, followed by increased rIFG-preSMA connectivity during later stages-suggesting phase-specific disruption and compensatory adaptation. Model 1 achieved 95.2% classification accuracy (80.6% cross-validated), identifying rIFG-preSMA low gamma connectivity as the strongest neural discriminator. Model 2 retained 88.5% accuracy on temporally independent samples using only BIS and DSST measures. FDR occupied an intermediate position in both models, supporting a dimensional liability continuum.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>The modest sample size, especially for the MEG recordings, may limit generalizability. Medication effects in the FES group and the cross-sectional design may also confound causal interpretation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study delineates a frequency- and phase-specific disruption in fast-response inhibition in schizophrenia, centered on rIFG-preSMA low gamma desynchronization. The identified neural and behavioral signatures support a dimensional risk framework and may inform early detection strategies in clinical and familial populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13220233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147976845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive remediation in people with bipolar disorder and cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review.","authors":"Benjamín Cartes, Tamara Solari, Paul Vöhringer, Rodrigo R Nieto","doi":"10.1139/jpn-2025-0229","DOIUrl":"10.1139/jpn-2025-0229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cognitive impairment is a frequent feature of bipolar disorder (BD), often persisting during euthymic phases and affecting multiple cognitive domains. These deficits impair functional recovery and quality of life. Pharmacological treatments have shown limited efficacy in ameliorating cognitive dysfunction in BD. Cognitive remediation (CR) has emerged as a promising nonpharmacological alternative. However, reviews of its efficacy in BD have reported inconsistent findings. One major limitation highlighted in past reviews is the heterogeneity of study samples, due to the inclusion of participants without cognitive impairment, potentially introducing a ceiling effect that may obscure treatment benefits. This review addresses this gap by examining only studies that selected participants through objective or structured subjective cognitive screening.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science (finalized 27 January 2026) identified interventional studies of CR in adults with BD requiring objective or subjective cognitive impairment for inclusion. Of 2662 records retrieved, 128 full texts were reviewed, and 6 studies met eligibility criteria; 2 secondary analyses derived from 2 of these studies were also retained for synthesis. Four studies were randomized controlled trials, one was non-randomized with a control group, and one was uncontrolled. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Given methodological variability, results were synthesized narratively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six studies met inclusion criteria. Findings were inconsistent: three reported significant cognitive improvements following CR or related interventions, whereas three randomized trials found no significant cognitive effects. Variability in screening methods, intervention formats, and outcome selection precluded meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Evidence is constrained by the small number of eligible studies, methodological heterogeneity, and variable risk of bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current evidence from enriched samples suggests that CR may improve specific cognitive domains in BD, but overall results remain inconclusive. Future trials should employ rigorous cognitive screening, harmonized outcome measures, and more individualized interventions to clarify efficacy. <b>PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42025642423</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428354/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148632486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circuit-based neuromodulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and translational case study.","authors":"Ruoyu Ma, Shu Wang, Zixiao Yin, Yifei Gan, Zehua Zhao, Tianshuo Yuan, Yingchuan Chen, Tingting Du, Valerie Voon, Guanyu Zhu, Jianguo Zhang","doi":"10.1139/jpn-24-0163","DOIUrl":"10.1139/jpn-24-0163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) remains refractory to conventional pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments in a substantial proportion of patients. Neuromodulation has emerged as a promising intervention, but optimal neural circuit targets remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation for OCD using a circuit-based framework and to translate these findings into clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating neuromodulation for OCD. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from database inception to December 2023. Eligible studies included adult patients with a primary diagnosis of OCD receiving invasive or non-invasive neuromodulation, with symptom outcomes assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Random- or fixed-effects meta-analyses were performed using mean differences or standardized mean differences, depending on heterogeneity. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024518326).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven randomized controlled trials involving 868 patients met inclusion criteria. Overall, neuromodulation significantly reduced OCD symptoms compared with control conditions. Circuit-based subgroup analyses indicated that modulation of the fronto-limbic circuit-primarily via invasive deep brain stimulation-was associated with the largest and most consistent Y-BOCS improvements, while sensorimotor, dorsal cognitive, and ventral affective circuits also demonstrated significant but more heterogeneous effects. Invasive neuromodulation showed greater efficacy than non-invasive approaches. These findings informed a translational multi-target deep brain stimulation case, demonstrating clinically meaningful symptom improvement (Y-BOCS decreased from 25 to 16 after 6 months).</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Heterogeneity across non-invasive studies, short follow-up durations, and limited circuit-specific data constrain interpretation of long-term and symptom-domain-specific effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This systematic review, meta-analysis, and case study suggest that circuit-based neuromodulation-particularly targeting the fronto-limbic circuit-may offer the most consistent benefit for treatment-refractory OCD. Larger, longer-term, and circuit-informed trials are needed to optimize individualized neuromodulation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13082450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147534198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why animal models are still needed for discoveries in mental health research.","authors":"Stephanie L Borgland","doi":"10.1139/jpn-2025-0224","DOIUrl":"10.1139/jpn-2025-0224","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12828895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145999582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentiating atomoxetine-induced agitation from mania relapse in a patient with bipolar disorder and ADHD: a case report.","authors":"Vandad Sharifi, Valerie Taylor","doi":"10.1139/jpn-25-0144","DOIUrl":"10.1139/jpn-25-0144","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147272491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural correlates of distance-related functional reorganization in obsessive compulsive disorder.","authors":"Baohong Wen, Zihan Li, Keke Fang, Zijun Liu, Yufei Shen, Ya Tian, Jin Sun, Liang Liu, Xiaopan Zhang, Kangkang Xue, Ruiping Zheng, Huirong Guo, Yarui Wei, Yong Zhang, Shaoqiang Han","doi":"10.1139/jpn-2026-0057","DOIUrl":"10.1139/jpn-2026-0057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While analyzing distance-dependent functional connectivity strength (FCS) yields valuable information about brain activity, whether the FCS alterations found in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are linked to inter-regional anatomical distance is still unknown. This study investigated distance-associated functional reorganization in OCD and its associations with clinical assessment data and neurotransmitter receptor/transporter densities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To quantify FCS across global, long-range, and short-range scales, we analyzed resting-state functional MRI data from 99 OCD patients and 104 matched healthy controls (HCs), followed by a post hoc exploratory seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis to further characterize the key brain regions that may contribute to the observed FCS abnormalities. Group differences and correlations with clinical measures (symptom severity, illness duration, and age of onset) and positron emission tomography-derived neurotransmitter receptor/transporter densities were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to HCs, OCD patients exhibited reduced long-range FCS in the bilateral fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, primarily driven by weakened connections with frontal, superior/middle temporal, precuneus, and cingulate regions. Short-range FCS was increased in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex but decreased in the precentral gyrus and middle cingulate cortex, mainly due to altered local connections involving the middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, precuneus, and cerebellum. These alterations were robust in cross-validation. No significant correlations were found with clinical measures. However, both long- and short-range FCS changes correlated significantly with neurotransmitter receptors/transporter densities, particularly the excitatory-inhibitory ratio profile.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Neurotransmitter receptor/transporter maps were derived from publicly available datasets, which may not capture individual variation in receptor density.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights distance-dependent functional connectivity reorganization in OCD and its neurochemical underpinnings, providing new insights into the disorder's pathophysiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":50073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13504623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148809360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A potential neuroimaging biomarker for depression in migraine patients: imbalance in excitation and inhibition in the medial superior frontal cortex.","authors":"Xiaozheng Liu, Fangwang Fu, Yungang Cao, Keyang Chen, Jinming Cheng, Yan Li","doi":"10.1139/jpn-2026-0060","DOIUrl":"10.1139/jpn-2026-0060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Depression is a common psychological and behavioural symptom experienced by people with migraines. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of depressive symptoms in this population are unclear. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, we investigated the neural mechanisms underlying excitation-inhibition imbalance in patients with migraine accompanied by depressive symptoms (MD) using the Hurst exponent. We used Analysis of covariance to compare differences in the Hurst exponent between patients with MD, patients with migraine accompanied by non-depressive symptoms (MnD), and healthy controls (HC). Spearman's correlation analysis was used to calculate the correlation between the Hurst exponent of different brain regions and clinical variables. <b>Results</b>: Compared with patients with migraine accompanied by MnD, patients with MD showed an increased Hurst exponent in the left lingual gyrus and medial superior frontal cortex. Compared with HC, MD showed an increased Hurst exponent in the right cerebellum crus 1 and right lingual gyrus. Compared with HC, MnD showed an increased Hurst exponent in the left cerebellum crus 2 and medial superior frontal cortex. The Hurst exponent of the medial superior frontal cortex in patients with migraine was significantly positively correlated with depression scores (<i>r</i> = 0.3501, <i>p</i> = 0.0001). <b>Conclusions</b>: Our study has identified imaging features of excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in MD. Imbalances in excitation and inhibition in the medial superior frontal cortex may serve as a promising candidate imaging marker for diagnosing and intervening in depressive symptoms in migraine.</p>","PeriodicalId":50073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13470992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Major depressive disorder is associated with reduced intrinsic connectivity between the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and ventral striatum.","authors":"Adam X Gorka, Jennifer W Evans, Mark D Kvarta, Elizabeth D Ballard, Carlos A Zarate","doi":"10.1139/jpn-2025-0160","DOIUrl":"10.1139/jpn-2025-0160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) plays a critical role in the neural processing of negative emotions. To date, no studies have investigated whether intrinsic connectivity of the BNST is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) or with the severity of clinical symptoms in individuals with depression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (7 Tesla (7T)) with seed-to-voxel-analysis was used to compare the intrinsic connectivity of the BNST between individuals with MDD (<i>N</i> = 17) and healthy volunteers (<i>N</i> = 29). Exploratory analyses were also conducted to determine whether intrinsic connectivity of the BNST was associated with the severity of clinical mood or anxiety symptoms in individuals with MDD, as assessed via scores on the clinician-administered Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to healthy volunteers, individuals with MDD exhibited reduced intrinsic connectivity between the BNST and regions of the right ventral striatum. No significant associations were noted between intrinsic connectivity and the severity of anxious or depressive symptoms in MDD participants.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>The small sample size makes it difficult to assess whether clinical heterogeneity impacted these findings. Future studies that combine experimental paradigms with neuroimaging are needed to shed light on the functional implications of these results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Reduced intrinsic connectivity between the BNST and striatum may reflect altered activity in the neural circuits responsible for stress and reward processing. These findings can be used to guide future work investigating risk factors for MDD and provide potential targets for clinical intervention. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02543983, NCT02484456, NCT02122562.</p>","PeriodicalId":50073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13198842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147989598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}