Journal of Research in Medical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Association of mammographic and sonographic findings with prognostic molecular factors and hormone receptor expression in malignant breast lesions.","authors":"Mahshid Bahrami, Fatemeh Karami, Ali Hekmatnia, Sepideh Soltani, Pedram Fadavi, Farzaneh Hekmatnia, Andrew Parviz Zarei, Hengameh Nazari","doi":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_587_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_587_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine whether mammographic and sonographic features of malignant breast lesions are correlated with tumor histologic grade, hormonal receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki-67 status.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, imaging and histopathological findings of 187 biopsy-proven breast cancer cases from November 2019 to February 2021 were reviewed. The Chi-square test was used to examine the potential correlation between mammographic and sonographic characteristics with histopathological features such as hormonal receptor, HER2 status, Ki-67 labeling index, and histological grade.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed that microlobulated margin as well as oval/round morphology in mammograms correlate with triple-negative intrinsic subtype (<i>P</i> = 0.006 and <i>P</i> = 0.004). The presence of calcification in sonography was significantly higher in the luminal-B subtype (<i>P</i> = 0.002). Furthermore, ill-defined margins in mammography were significantly higher in amplified HER2 expression (<i>P</i> = 0.004) in the same manner as an oval/round shape in higher levels of Ki-67 (<i>P</i> = 0.030).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mammography and sonography features may reflect the biological behavior of various subtypes of breast cancer and can detect more aggressive breast cancers that can mimic benign or less malignant appearing lesions. These findings may be an excellent predictor for some subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer. Studying the range of these imaging characteristics may help in better understanding the prognosis, choosing a treatment strategy, and predicting response to treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":50062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences","volume":"29 ","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic peripheral arterial disease in COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Meral Ekim, Hasan Ekim, Gökhan Doğukan Akarsu","doi":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_509_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_509_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Both diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have complex interactions with COVID-19. PAD is one of the most important underlying factors in the development of diabetic foot. The COVID-19 pandemic has also caused an increase in cardiovascular complications in those with chronic diseases, including diabetics, due to both the thrombophilic course of the viral disease and the lockdown measures applied for prevention. Since both COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus predispose to thrombosis, PAD is likely to have a more severe course in diabetic patients with COVID-19. The aim of our study is to discuss the complications, prophylaxis, and treatment of PAD, which is a serious complication of diabetes, during the pandemic period.</p>","PeriodicalId":50062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences","volume":"29 ","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between oxidative stress markers and temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Hosein Eslami, Katayoun Katebi, Sevil Ghaffaripour Saleh, Lalehsan Mirizadeh, Mohsen Hashemi","doi":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_660_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_660_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oxidative stress has a role in many pathologic conditions, including oral diseases and temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) pathophysiology. This study compared the selected oxidative biomarkers' levels in TMD patients and healthy controls in a systematic review and meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Embase were systematically searched for English articles up to October 2022 using MeSH and free keywords. Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used to assess the risk of bias. Differences between biomarker levels in TMD patients were compared to the control group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten case-control studies were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria with a total of 659 patients: 314 with TMD and 345 healthy controls. The studies investigated 15 markers, including total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status, and malondialdehyde (MDA). There was a significant difference in the salivary MDA of patients with TMD in comparison with healthy people; standard mean difference = 3.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28-6.16); <i>I</i> ² = 96.0%). The Antioxidant status in serum was significantly lower in patients with TMD in comparison with healthy people; weighted mean difference = -0.52 (95% CI: -0.90 to -0.14; <i>I</i> ² = 97.0%). The result of TOS was inconclusive.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Salivary MDA and serum total antioxidative status measurements may be used as a biomarker for diagnosing TMD. Due to the lack of sufficient evidence, it is not possible to express a definite relation between the amount and type of marker and TMD diagnosis, which suggests that more case-control studies with larger sample sizes are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":50062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences","volume":"29 ","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclusive education for all: Steps to ensure equal access to special education services for students with autism spectrum disorders.","authors":"Mahsa Saadatnia, Behzad Karamimatin, Shahin Soltani","doi":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_471_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_471_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences","volume":"29 ","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective effect of ischemic postconditioning against hyperperfusion and its mechanisms of neuroprotection.","authors":"Seyyed Majid Bagheri, Mohammad Allahtavakoli, Elham Hakimizadeh","doi":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_341_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_341_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, stroke and ischemia-reperfusion injury has motivated researchers to find new ways to reduce the complications. Although reperfusion is essential for brain survival, it is like a double-edged sword that may cause further damage to the brain. Ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) refers to the control of blood flow in postischemia-reperfusion that can reduce ischemia-reperfusion injuries.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Articles were collected by searching for the terms: Ischemic postconditioning and neuroprotective and ischemic postconditioning and hyperperfusion. Suitable articles were collected from electronic databases, including ISI Web of Knowledge, Medline/PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Scopus, Biological Abstract, Chemical Abstract, and Google Scholar.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>New investigations show that IPostC has protection against hyperperfusion by reducing the amount of blood flow during reperfusion and thus reducing infarction volume, preventing the blood-brain barrier damage, and reducing the rate of apoptosis through the activation of innate protective systems. Numerous mechanisms have been suggested for IPostC, which include reduction of free radical production, apoptosis, inflammatory factors, and activation of endogenous protective pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It seems that postconditioning can prevent damage to the brain by reducing the flow and blood pressure caused by hyperperfusion. It can protect the brain against damages such as stroke and hyperperfusion by activating various endogenous protection systems. In the present review article, we tried to evaluate both useful aspects of IPostC, neuroprotective effects, and fight against hyperperfusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":50062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences","volume":"29 ","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination treatment with interferon-γ may be a potential strategy to improve the efficacy of cytotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis: A network meta-analysis.","authors":"Da-Qing Nie, Gui-Xiu Yan, Zheng-Yi Wang, Xue Yan, Gui-Mei Yu, Jin-Liang Gao, Di Liu, Hong-Bo Li","doi":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_697_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_697_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a promising therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the current clinical results are varied. This study is to analyze the therapeutic effect of cell-based strategies on RA.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The searches were performed with public databases from inception to June 17, 2021. Randomized controlled trials researching cell-based therapies in RA patients were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight studies, including 480 patients, were included in the analysis. The results showed that compared to the control, MSC treatment significantly reduced the disease activity score (DAS) at the second standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.25, -0.15; <i>P</i> = 0.01) and 3^rd month (SMD: -1.47; 95% CI: -2.77, -0.18; <i>P</i> < 0.01) and significantly reduced the rheumatoid factor (RF) level at the first (SMD: -0.38; 95% CI: -0.72, -0.05; <i>P</i> = 0.03) and 6^th months (SMD: -0.81; 95% CI: -1.32, -0.31; <i>P</i> < 0.01). In the network meta-analysis, MSCs combined with interferon-γ (MSC_IFN) had a significant effect on increasing the American college of rheumatology criteria (ACR) 20, ACR50, and DAS <3.2 populations, had a significant effect on reducing the DAS, and decreased the RF level for a long period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MSCs could relieve the DAS of RA patients in the short term and reduce the level of RF. MSC_IFN showed a more obvious effect, which could significantly improve the results of ACR20, ACR50, and DAS <3.2 and reduce the DAS and RF levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":50062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences","volume":"29 ","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376714/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology-based suicide prevention: An umbrella review.","authors":"Sima Siadat, Ziba Farajzadegan, Narges Motamedi, Rasool Nouri, Nastaran Eizadi-Mood","doi":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_791_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_791_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The objective is to summarize evidence from systematic reviews, scoping reviews, and meta-analyses evaluating the effects of any format of Internet-based, mobile-, or telephone-based intervention as a technology-based intervention in suicide prevention.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This is an umbrella review, that followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement guidelines. An electronic search was done on September 29, 2022. Data were extracted by reviewers and then methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed by A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews-2. Statistical analysis was done by STATA version 17. Standard mean difference was extracted from these studies and by random effect model, the overall pooled effect size (ES) was calculated. I2 statistic was used to assess the heterogeneity between studies. For publication bias, the Egger test was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six reviews were included in our study, all with moderate quality. The overall sample size was 24631. The ES for standard mean differences of the studies is calculated as - 0.20 with a confidence interval of (-0.26, -0.14). The heterogeneity is found as 58.14%, indicating a moderate-to-substantial one. The Egger test shows publication bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results show that technology-based interventions are effective. We propose more rigorous randomized controlled trials with different control groups to assess the effectiveness of these interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":50062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences","volume":"29 ","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376711/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negative association of apelin plasma levels with epicardial fat thickness in patients with stable angina and acute myocardial infarction: A case-control study.","authors":"Behzad Babapour, Hossein Doustkami, Leli Avesta, Peyman Kiamehr, Mohammad Reza Aslani","doi":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_478_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_478_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Apelin is one of the endogenous peptides that play a key role in the homeostasis of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the correlation between apelin levels and epicardial fat thickness (EFT) in patients with stable angina and acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In a case-control study, 90 patients nominated for angiography were enrolled in the study and divided into three groups: healthy subjects without angiographic findings (Con), stable angina pectoris group (SAP), and acute AMI group. Data collected from all subjects included biochemical, echocardiographic, and angiographical parameters. The Gensini score analyzed the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A decrease in adjusted apelin levels was evident in the AMI and SAP groups compared with healthy individuals (for both <i>P</i> < 0.001), especially in the AMI group. In addition, a detectable negative association was identified between apelin and Gensini score <i>(</i>r = -0.288<i>, P</i> = 0.006), Ck-MB <i>(</i>r = -0.300<i>, P</i> = 0.004), EFT <i>(</i>r = -0.300<i>, P</i> = 0.004), and troponin-T <i>(</i>r = -0.288<i>, P</i> = 0.006).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Myocardial injury in patients with CAD appears to play a significant role in apelin concentration independent of the role of adipose tissue, which requires further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences","volume":"29 ","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376709/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Success rate and complications of performing elective ureteroscopy in <1 week versus over 1 week from renal colic initiation in ureteral stones larger than 6 mm.","authors":"Reza Kazemi, Amir Javid, Amir Hossein Ghandehari, Hanieh Salehi","doi":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_43_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_43_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes, success rate, and complications of performing elective ureteroscopy at different times: <1 week from renal colic initiation (early) and more than 1 week from renal colic initiation (late) in patients with ureteral stone larger than 6 mm.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This comparative observational study was conducted on 338 consecutive patients. Patients were evaluated in two groups: patients who underwent ureteroscopy in <1 week (A) and patients who underwent ureteroscopy in more than 1 week (B) from renal colic initiation. Helical unenhanced computed tomography was used to assess the size, location, and hardness of stone for all patients. Operation success was defined as complete clearance of stone with no stone residue (stone free) at 2-week postoperative ultrasonography with no need to further interventions. Operation data were collected using medical records, and postoperative complications were investigated at 2 weeks postoperative follow-up visits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group A included 165 patients and Group B included 173 patients. The overall mean stone size was 8.60 ± 1.12 mm: for Group A 9.13 ± 0.94 mm and for Group B 8.10 ± 1.04 mm (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Stone residues were found in 11 patients: 9 in Group A (5.4%) and 2 in Group B (1.1%) (<i>P</i> = 0.026). Nine patients needed repeated ureteroscopy: 8 (4.8%) in Group A and 1 (0.6%) in Group B (<i>P</i> = 0.015). A double-J stent was used for 85 (51.5%) patients in Group A and 66 (38.2%) patients in Group B (<i>P</i> = 0.016). Major intraoperative complications did not happen in any patients. Fifty-three (32.1%) patients in Group A and 28 (16.2%) patients in Group B suffered from postoperative complications (<i>P</i> = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study revealed that performing elective ureteroscopy with an interval of more than 1 week from the onset of renal colic in combination with medical treatments was associated with less need for double-J stent placement, less need for repeated ureteroscopy, and fewer postoperative complications compared to performing elective ureteroscopy in <1 week from the renal colic onset in nonemergent patients with ureteral stone larger than 6 mm. Although the rate of ureteroscopy failure was higher among the patients who underwent ureteroscopy in <1 week from their renal colic initiation, there was no statistically significant relationship between performing ureteroscopy in <1 week and an increased risk for ureteroscopy failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":50062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences","volume":"29 ","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the first Iranian clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and secondary prevention of acute coronary syndrome.","authors":"Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Fahimeh Bagherikholenjani, Shahla Shahidi, Golsa Ghasemi, Ehsan Shirvani, Fatemeh Rajati, Farid Najafi, Samad Ghaffari, Alireza Khosravi, Ahmadreza Assareh, Seyed Mohammad Hassan Adel, Javad Kojuri, Niloufar Samiei, Farzad Masoudkabir, Hossein Farshidi, Mohammad Kermani-Alghoraishi, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Davood Shafei, Masoumeh Jorjani, Mansour Siavash, Fariborz Khorvash, Mehdi Nasr Isfahani, Behzad Fatemi, Majid Davari, Mitra Moradinia, Ramesh Hoseinkhani, Valiollah Hajhashemi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Majid Ghayour Mobarhan, Ali Momeni, Mojgan Mortazavi, Mohammad Akbari, Fereshteh Sattar, Fereidoun Noohi, Maryam Kheiri, Mosa Tabatabaeilotfi, Sanaz Bakhshandeh, Parisa Janjani, Sajad Fakhri, Alireza Abdi","doi":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_851_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jrms.jrms_851_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This article introduces the first national guidelines for the management including diagnosis, treatment, and secondary prevention of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Iran.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The members of the guideline development group (GDG) were specialists and experts in fields related to ACS and were affiliated with universities of medical sciences or scientific associations in the country. They carefully examined the evidence and clinical concerns related to ACS management and formulated 13 clinical questions that were sent to systematic review group who developed related evidence using Grade method. Finally the GDG developed the recommendations and suggestions of the guideline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The first three questions in the guideline focus on providing recommendations for handling a patient who experience chest pain at home, in a health house or center, during ambulance transportation, and upon arrival at the emergency department (ED) as well as the initial diagnostic measures in the ED. Subsequently, the recommendations related to the criteria for categorizing patients into low, intermediate and high-risk groups are presented. The guideline addressed primary treatment measures for ACS patients in hospitals with and without code 247 or having primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) facilities, and the appropriate timing for PCI based on the risk assessment. In addition, the most efficacious antiplatelet medications for ACS patients in the ED as well as its optimal duration of treatment are presented. The guideline details the recommendations for therapeutic interventions in patients with ACS and acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock, myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA), multivessel occlusion, as well as the indication for prescribing a combined use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet during hospitalization and upon discharge. Regarding secondary prevention, while emphasizing the referral of these patients to rehabilitation centers, other interventions that include pharmaceutical and nonpharmacological ones are addressed, In addition, necessary recommendations for enhancing lifestyle and posthospital discharge pharmaceutical treatments, including their duration, are provided. There are specific recommendations and suggestions for subgroups, such as patients aged over 75 years and individuals with heart failure, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Developing guidelines for ACS diagnosis, treatment and secondary prevention according to the local context in Iran can improve the adherence of our health care providers, patients health, and policy makers plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":50062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences","volume":"29 ","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376720/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}