Journal of Structural Geology最新文献

{"title":"Erratum to “Did along-strike changes in continental subduction styles occur in the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt?” [Journal of Structural Geology 191 (2025) 105321]","authors":"Ruirui Wang , Zhong-Hai Li , Qihua Cui , Zhiqin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105335","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 105335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thrust vs. fold nappes: Mechanical and geometrical controls from 2D numerical simulations and applications to a recumbent fold of the Pyrenees","authors":"Marc Guardia ,&nbsp;Albert Griera ,&nbsp;Boris J.P. Kaus ,&nbsp;Andrea Piccolo ,&nbsp;Norbert Caldera ,&nbsp;Antonio Teixell","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thrust and fold nappes are found in the internal and external portion of orogenetic belts, and have been the subject of geometric and kinematic characterization during the last century. In spite the extensive studies, there is still not a full understanding of the processes and properties that favour thrusting over folding and vice versa. We address this issue by numerical modelling with application to a natural case of the Pyrenees, the Eaux-Chaudes massif, an Alpine fold-and-thrust structure in the western Axial Zone. The Eaux-Chaudes structure consists of a basement-cored recumbent fold nappe with a large reverse limb in ductilely-deformed Upper Cretaceous carbonates, transitioning laterally to the east to an imbricate thrust fan that also exhibits ductile deformation to the east. The spatio-temporal association of these structural styles at Eaux-Chaudes can be a consequence of the pre-orogenic configuration and highlights the need to investigate under which conditions and precursor geometries one or the other nappe style are favoured. Here, we present a systematic numerical modelling study of the variability in the initial mechanical and geometrical conditions, using the thermomechanical staggered finite-difference code LaMEM. We also investigate the mechanism that favour the potential migration of fold hinges and lead to the preservation of layer thickness in the reverse fold limbs, and quantify it with a new nondimensional parameter, the localisation index (<em>I</em>_<em>loc</em>).</div><div>Our results demonstrate the need of a stiff forestop for nappe development. The absence of a forestop causes detachment buckle folds in the strong layers. Deep burial and the combination of a thick upper decoupling unit and a lower detachment level are essential features favouring viscous behaviour and spatially distributed deformation, enabling recumbent folding by progressive hinge migration, and characterized by low and stable values of <em>I</em>_<em>loc</em>. On the other hand, shallower conditions, short lengths of the stiff layer and lower friction angles inhibit hinge migration. Instead, they enhance instead reverse limb stretching and shearing, which eventually results in strain localisation and thrusting. These are characterized by a moderate-to-quick rises of <em>I</em>_<em>loc</em>. Our results may be applicable to other orogenic belts and to other parts of the Axial Pyrenean hinterland where the Mesozoic cover has been eroded and the Alpine deformation is obscure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 105314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143150908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rheological inversion in high-grade metamorphic rocks: Evidence from folds, inverse folds, mullions and boudins (Bohemian Massif)","authors":"Gernold Zulauf ,&nbsp;Fritz Finger ,&nbsp;Axel Gerdes ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Müller ,&nbsp;Sören Tholen ,&nbsp;Jiří Žák","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the effects of Variscan deformation on Cadomian metagranitoids and intercalated mafic sheets (amphibolite and mafic gneiss) in the Moldanubian and Moravo-Silesian units of the southeastern Bohemian Massif. Given the contrasting mechanical strength of felsic and mafic minerals, deformation is expected to be accommodated by folding and/or boudinage of the competent mafic sheets within the incompetent granitoid host. However, the studied examples show a competence inversion indicated by (1) a stronger foliation in the mafic sheets, (2) extension-parallel mullions at shortened contacts and inverse folds at extended contacts with the cusps pointing into the felsic rock, and (3) extension-parallel folding and boudinage of felsic veins within amphibolite matrix. The lobate phase boundaries in mafic and felsic rocks suggest that the competence inversion was related to a switch in the dominant deformation mechanism from dislocation to phase-boundary diffusion creep in the stability field of high-quartz (T &gt; 650 °C). As phase-boundary diffusion is enhanced by a decreasing grain size, the fine-grained mafic rocks behaved mechanically weaker than the coarser grained felsic rocks. This inversion in viscosity occurred at ca. 332 Ma (U-Pb on titanite) and might have been also supported by the basal slip of biotite within the mafic sheets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 105339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143151529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facies and mechanical stratigraphy control fracture intensity, topology and fractal dimension in folded turbidite sandstones, Northern Apennines, Italy","authors":"A. Lucca ,&nbsp;F. Balsamo ,&nbsp;C.A. De Risio ,&nbsp;K. Ogata ,&nbsp;F. Porta ,&nbsp;S. Tavani ,&nbsp;F. Storti","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fracture network intensity, topology and connectivity have been frequently analysed using circular scan windows, an efficient method for geometrical properties characterization, although affected by truncation and censoring. Many studies that use circular scans focus on the spatial variation of the geometrical properties in relation to tectonic structures such as faults and folds, and at the regional scale. A lower amount of information is available in the literature on the relations between depositional features, mechanical and petrophysical properties of facies, and the corresponding fracture network geometrical attributes. In this contribution, we focus on these relationships, which are fundamental controlling factors for predicting fracture geometry in the subsurface and for improving modelling in exploration, production and management of reservoirs for fluid exploitation and storage. We characterized these properties in 35 selected turbidite beds of the Marnoso-arenacea Fm., in the Northern Apennines of Italy, exposed along a 250 m-thick section. Moreover, we calculate the fractal dimensions of fracture networks through the box-counting method. Our data indicate that depositional facies control porosity and uniaxial compressive strength, as well as fracture intensity and fracture network topology. We show that fracture intensity is invariant and unrelated to the sandstone facies thickness in medium-grained turbidite beds. On the other hand, a strong control on fracture intensity in fine-grained turbidite beds is also exerted by the thickness of bounding claystone, which is higher when the bounding claystone is thicker. Moreover, we observe that the cross joint pattern and strike could be influenced by the depositional structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 105307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143150879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrarift fault interactions: Insights from coseismic stress redistribution from large seismogenic segment ruptures, Northern Malawi Rift","authors":"Emmanuel A. Njinju ,&nbsp;Folarin Kolawole ,&nbsp;D. Sarah Stamps ,&nbsp;Estella A. Atekwana ,&nbsp;Franck Eitel Kemgang Ghomsi ,&nbsp;Eliot A. Atekwana","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The understanding of the factors influencing the active interaction and coalescence of intrarift fault segments in extending continental regions is limited. The 2009 Mw6.0 Karonga earthquake occurred in the westernmost portion of the Northern Malawi Rift, which hosts clustered intrarift faulting. The event ruptured the strongly coalesced southern segment of the St. Mary Fault (sSMF), and subsequently, moderate-magnitude events localized on poorly -coalesced segments that define the northern continuation of the fault. To investigate the role of coseismic stress redistribution on interacting faults, we explore the slip distribution of the 2009 event with realistic 3D strike-variable fault geometries, and compute coseismic Coulomb stress changes around the sSMF and neighboring faults. The results suggest that the down-dip intersections of the sSMF with the neighboring faults partition strain in a way that directs most of the deformation to &gt;5 km depths. Additionally, the coseismic stress changes from the 2009 earthquake promoted interactions between the sSMF and adjoining northern segments of the fault at shallow (&lt;5 km) depths, indicating that upper-crustal hard-linkage is underway in the poorly coalesced en-echelon sections of the northern segment. These results demonstrate how coseismic static stress transfer between evolving intrarift fault systems drive fault linkage over a single seismic cycle. Over successive slip events, such stress transfer processes may accelerate the linkage and coalescence of contiguous intrarift fault segments, amalgamate and deepen sub-basins along-strike, and promote across-rift basin compartmentalization. This process is relevant for fault coalescence over multi-seismic cycles, progressive maturation of rift basins, and transitions from juvenile continental rifting to the development of margins where break-up can initialize.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 105326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143150905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuity of shale-smears in poorly lithified strata","authors":"C.K. Watson ,&nbsp;A. Nicol ,&nbsp;C. Childs ,&nbsp;R.P. Worthington","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fault-seal algorithms were primarily developed from outcrops where clay-rich fault-rock is mainly derived from shale beds. We analyse the continuity of shale-smears and consider their impact on fault seal for interbedded sand-shale sequences in New Zealand. Our data are from six coastal outcrops of poorly lithified strata (burial depths ∼≤1.5 km) displaced by a random sample of 194 small normal faults with displacements of 0.02–1.4 m. Each fault is 100% exposed in cross section and displaces a single shale bed by more than the bed thickness. The faulted shale beds display a range of geometries from no smear, to discontinuous smear and continuous smear. The relative frequencies of these three smear types vary between the six outcrop localities, with up to 60% of shale beds at each locality showing no smear and discontinuous smears typically covering &lt;50% of the fault-trace length between shale-bed cutoffs. First-order changes in shale-smear continuity between sample localities reflect differences in shale composition and competence, while locally the geometries of individual smears can be controlled by the number and displacements of slip surfaces within fault-zones. The absence of shale-smear on many beds decreases fault-seal potential and could be accounted for in shale-smear algorithms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 105353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143428125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural architecture and micromechanics of the carbonate-hosted low-angle normal fault, Agri Valley, southern Apennines, Italy","authors":"R. Novellino ,&nbsp;G. Prosser ,&nbsp;F. Bucci ,&nbsp;E. Tavarnelli ,&nbsp;I. Abdallah ,&nbsp;F. Agosta","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Slip along low-angle normal faults (LANFs) is theoretically inhibited by standard rock mechanics; however, they are well-documented in several orogenic belts. Frequently, LANFs originate along the brittle-ductile transition, where mylonitic textures form and promote strain localization during fault exhumation. Conversely, understanding how LANFs nucleate and grow in the purely brittle regime remains a crucial topic. To investigate this process, we study a carbonate-hosted LANF exhumed from shallow depths, and currently exposed in the Agri valley of southern Italy. The Marsicovetere-LANF (MLANF) is documented through field observations and microscale analysis. The fault exhibits a complex architecture, characterized by a thick fault zone including a low-angle principal slip surface (PSS), multiple sub-parallel slip surfaces (sss's) and R-shear structures. Field data suggest that low-angle slip surfaces result from the partially shear activation of bedding interfaces, while steeper R-shear structures, progressively growing adjacent to low-angle slip surfaces, facilitate stress concentration along well-oriented surfaces. The resulting fault architecture, defined by a ramp-flat-ramp geometry, arises from the interaction between steeper R-shear structures and gently dipping flat segments. At the microscale, fluidized ultracataclatic layers are frequently observed. We propose that rupture propagation, likely nucleating along steeper R-shear structures, occurs due to fluidization processes activated along low-angle surfaces. This model provides a potential explanation for the nucleation and growth of LANFs in a purely brittle regime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 105352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault-induced karst features: Insights from the Poço Verde Fault tip in the Northwestern portion of Potiguar Basin, Brazil","authors":"Tarsila B. Dantas ,&nbsp;Giulia Striglio ,&nbsp;Vincenzo La Bruna ,&nbsp;Francisco H.R. Bezerra ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Balsamo ,&nbsp;Renata E.B. Araujo ,&nbsp;Carla P.Q. Furtado ,&nbsp;Juliana G. Rabelo ,&nbsp;Rebeca S. Lima ,&nbsp;David L. Vasconcelos ,&nbsp;Delano M. Ibanez ,&nbsp;Francisco P. Lima-Filho","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work aims to understand the tectonic framework that influenced and controlled the karstification processes along a shallow water carbonate sequence. Both multi-scale and multi-disciplinary approaches are presented in this work to unveil the interaction between the structural network and the karstification events. In this manner, seismic, satellite, drone, Ground Penetration Radar (GPR), and field analyses were performed. The analysis of 3D seismic data highlighted the presence of a Cretaceous NW-SE striking kilometric scale fault zone (Poço Verde Fault System) characterized by a negative-flower structure associated with a transtension fault composed of synthetic and antithetical faults. A seismic profile localized along the fault tip portion of the Poço Verde Fault System confirms this fault architecture. After analyzing regional lineaments in Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data and high-resolution drone images, we have identified two main fault sets localized along the Poço Verde fault tip zone. Here, a main NW-SE striking fault set and a minor N-S striking fault set are present. These structural features are associated with different tectonic phases. In this sector, the Furna Feia Cave System is localized. Furthermore, field evidence indicates a Cenozoic reactivation of pre-existing structures, which has led to an increase in fracture density and intensity. A dolomitic interval in GPR sections appears more deformed compared to the limestone portions. The presented work suggested that the Poço Verde Fault impacted, controlled, and promoted both dolomitization and karstification processes that affected the studied carbonate rocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 105341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault crest collapse and gravity sliding in the late Jurassic northern North Sea rift","authors":"Haakon Fossen","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active rifting generates a basin-and-range style rift topography with rotated fault blocks and associated hanging-wall basins. During this process, fault block crests become prone to gravity collapse, particularly where weak sediments or sedimentary rocks are involved. The Mort landslide studied here is a large-scale slide formed by gravity collapse of a major Jurassic North Sea rift fault block at the time when local rift topography approached 1.5–2 km. From seismic data, this 24 km³ large marine slide is seen to stretch ∼15 km along the major Snorre rift fault, making it one of the largest mapped North Sea rift landslides. It is characterized by a single basal detachment (the Mort detachment) on which Triassic-Jurassic sediments moved up to 2–2.5 km. Well-developed detachment corrugations at the 100-m to kilometer scale reveal dip-slip sliding toward 100–110° (ESE), parallel to the slip direction of the underlying Snorre rift fault.</div><div>The slide is broken up by normal faults that detach onto the low-angle Mort detachment, but in general, stratigraphic layering is well preserved. It shows a complex pattern where folds within the slide are upright with wavelengths up to 2 km, attesting to the soft nature of the slide. A prominent set of folds are ESE-plunging and mimics the corrugated geometry of the underlying Mort detachment. Other folds trend subparallel to the slide and probably formed as a result of differential movements during sliding. The toe zone shows evidence of layer back-rotation and thrusting, resting on the upper Jurassic Heather Formation. Postdated by uppermost Jurassic claystones of the Draupne Formation, the slide must have formed toward the end of the rift maximum around 155 Ma, at a time when the surface had reached its maximum relief of 1.5–2 km. The implications of such a gravitational collapse are exhumation of older (e.g., reservoir) rocks on fault block crests and possibly a change in local fluid migration pathways from local basins to those crests. Internal deformation must however be considered when evaluating their reservoir or fluid flow properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 105345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-layers: Do incompetent horizons always act as thrust flats?","authors":"Clare E. Bond,&nbsp;Francisca Robledo,&nbsp;Robert W.H. Butler","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During thrusting incompetent weak layers are often interpreted as acting as thrust flats, creating décollements on which material is laterally translated. Thrust flat interpretations create specific thrust geometries with implications for lateral shortening and partitioning of strain within the rock volume. The pervasive nature of thrust flat interpretations in thrust belts therefore has significant impact on predicted shortening and strain. However, thrust interpretations, even in multilayers, do not always require thrust flats. Here, we show that strain evidenced by folds and faults in a multi-layer sequence from the Swiss Jura cannot be explained by thrust flats in incompetent horizons. We found, through line length balancing seismic sections in a 3D seismic cube, that the strain is partitioned into discrete zones above basement faults. The strain cannot be located in these positions simply through lateral displacement on a thrust flat or flats, rather it is explained by vertically distributed shortening above these basement structures. Multiple interpretations of the same seismic sections show that uncertainty in seismic interpretation creates a range in predicted shortening that is greater than the differences in shortening with depth. Indicative of no lateral movement of material on incompetent horizons within the stratigraphy, more the stratigraphy has shortened as a whole. Line length balancing in blocks along individual seismic profiles indicates deformation partitioned within and between sections, creating a complex picture of thrust evolution and strain partitioning at least in the latter stages of thrusting creating the geometries seen. The results have implications for the interpretation and understanding of the evolution of the Jura fold-thrust belt and for thrust-belts globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 105349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}