Journal of Structural Geology最新文献

{"title":"Decoding microstructures of fault carbonate rocks with X-ray microtomography: A deep learning approach to fabric classification and analysis","authors":"Marco Voltolini ,&nbsp;Luca Smeraglia ,&nbsp;Andrea Billi ,&nbsp;Eugenio Carminati ,&nbsp;Flavio Cognigni ,&nbsp;Marco Rossi ,&nbsp;Michele Zucali","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fault zones in carbonate rocks exhibit distinct microstructural fabrics that develop different microstructures with increasing deformation, going from the outer zone towards the fault core. These fabrics can be effectively characterized using X-ray micro-computed tomography (XRμCT), a powerful imaging technique that supports a wide range of analyses, from morphometric measurements (e.g., pore size distribution, fractures orientation) to digital rock physics (i.e., virtual experiments on 3D volumes). However, the need for an automated, user-independent tool to classify these microstructures is crucial for large-scale studies. Furthermore, a fully quantitative classification of fault rock fabrics provides valuable insights into the extent and nature of deformation within these rocks. In this study, we present a deep learning-based supervised neural network designed to automate the classification of fault rock microstructures. This system offers rapid, quantitative, and scalable analysis of XRμCT data, facilitating the identification and classification of fabrics of brittle fault limestone rocks with high precision. The network was trained and validated on purpose collected datasets representing specific fabrics, then it was successfully used on different limestone fault rocks collected from the same area or obtained from the literature. The results show that the software can reliably classify fault rock fabrics affected by brittle deformation into three primary categories, each representing a distinct stage of deformation: fractured limestone, breccia, and cataclasite. The network assigns identification probabilities to each image, which can then be visualized in a ternary diagram for intuitive comparison and interpretation. This classification system streamlines fabric analysis and provides a quantitative measure of the degree of deformation within the rock. This automated classification tool paves the way for advanced studies on the anisotropic properties of fault rocks, enabling high-throughput analysis and enhancing our understanding of fault zone mechanics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boundary curvature as a first-order control on strain localization in arcuate shear zone: Insights from field observations, analogue and numerical modelling","authors":"Nandini Choudhury ,&nbsp;Suman Guha ,&nbsp;Mark D. Lindsay ,&nbsp;Atin Kumar Mitra","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Curved shear zones are common in orogenic systems, yet the role of boundary curvature in governing strain localization remains underexplored. Using the Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) in eastern India as a natural analogue, we develop an integrated approach combining analytical Couette flow theory, physical analogue modelling with Newtonian viscous Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and finite element simulations. The results consistently reveal a non-monotonic velocity profile with a neutral radius where flow reverses direction, creating distinct zones of localized shear. Strain markers in the experiment deform most intensely near the inner arc and progressively less outward, mirroring field evidence from the SSZ, where high-strain mylonites and strong non-cylindrical folds transition into overprinting crenulations and open folds. This convergence between model predictions and field observations demonstrates that the boundary curvature alone, absent of mechanical or lithological heterogeneity can explain strain partitioning, flow reversal, and fold overprinting in a ductile regime. The study provides a transferable kinematic framework for interpreting curved tectonic interfaces and underscores the often-underestimated role of geometry in shaping deformation. (Words: 168)</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain localization and rheological weakening along mid-crustal anisotropies as recorded in the Itapetim and Tendó shear zones (northeastern Brazil)","authors":"Raylline Silva ,&nbsp;Rhander Taufner ,&nbsp;Gustavo Viegas ,&nbsp;Claudia Trepmann ,&nbsp;Lauro Montefalco ,&nbsp;Carlos J. Archanjo ,&nbsp;Tiago Lyra ,&nbsp;Thais Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Central Borborema Province (CBP) in NE Brazil hosts well-preserved mid-crustal shear zones that formed during the Pan-African orogeny in a strike-slip tectonic setting. These structures are key to investigate the strength-controlling processes in high-temperature continental shear zones, which are often obliterated from the geological record during late exhumation. We have analyzed mylonites and ultramylonites from the Itapetim and Tendó shear zones (ISZ and TSZ), two major NE-trending shear zones in the CBP, using a combination of field mapping, microfabric analysis and mineral chemistry. Both the ISZ and TSZ are primarily composed of granitic mylonites with discrete, thin ultramylonitic layers. In mylonites, K-feldspar porphyroclasts form a load-bearing framework that deforms through microfracturing, dislocation-glide-controlled deformation and grain boundary migration. Plastic strain is preferentially accommodated in discontinuous monomineralic quartz ribbons alternating with plagioclase-rich layers. The ultramylonitic layers are spatially and genetically associated with quartz veins and aplitic dykes, in which fluid-rock interactions induce strain softening. This process leads to the development of myrmekite-derived K-feldspar neoblasts and biotite-rich layers, further enhancing rheological weakening. The data gathered in this study suggest that strain is preferentially localized along lithological boundaries, resulting in the development of sinistral shear zones that conform to the overall tectonic setting of the central block of the Borborema Province. Our findings demonstrate strain compatibility between these NE-trending sinistral shear zones and the major E-W dextral lineaments that bound them, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms of rheological weakening in the post-collisional stage of continental orogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative characterization of fracture network in large sheath-fold: field and UAV-based digital outcrop model analysis (Ligurian Alps, Italy)","authors":"Michele Perozzo ,&nbsp;Niccolò Menegoni ,&nbsp;Laura Crispini ,&nbsp;Laura Federico ,&nbsp;Silvio Seno ,&nbsp;Matteo Maino","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Predictive models for the origin and distribution of tectonic fractures in regions with multiple and heterogeneous deformation events are still considered as characterized by a high degree of uncertainty. In fact, it is known that fracture networks development is dependent by many factors, such as composition, diagenesis, structural position, fold bending and changes in the tectonic stress history. However, several studies noted that the high-curvature regions of large folds often show a good correlation between the measured and theoretical geometry of the fracture sets. This paper presents a field- and digital outcrop model-based structural investigation of refolded km-scale sheath fold (Caprazoppa fold) and associated fractures host in a metamorphic carbonate sequence (Ligurian Briançonnais, Western Alps) that experienced multiple regional deformation phases. The orientation of the fracture sets along the 3D fold structure are broadly consistent with the network theoretically expected as due by the main sheath fold curvature. The subsequent, less intense ductile phase produced significant change of the structural patterns only in the schistose lithologies, whereas the more competent rocks mostly recycled the early foliations and fracture sets. Even the post-metamorphic brittle faulting/fracturing selectively reactivated the pre-existing fractures favorably oriented. We infer that, when strain is high, the strongly curved sheath folds exert a major control in the development of the fracture network, the geometry of which is preserved through the subsequent ductile/brittle deformation stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105551"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out-of-sequence recent thrusting revealed by surface and subsurface data under the Po Plain, Italy","authors":"A. Tibaldi ,&nbsp;D. Barrera ,&nbsp;F.L. Bonali ,&nbsp;N. Corti ,&nbsp;G. Toscani","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recognizing recent activity at buried out-of-sequence thrusts is a complex task but has important implications for seismic hazard and risk assessment. Here we propose an example of methodology that includes subtle geomorphological and hydrological observations at the surface correlated with upper crustal 3D reconstruction by seismic sections and stratigraphic logs. The densely inhabited Po Plain (Italy) hides the front of the Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt, buried under a thick succession of Plio-Pleistocene deposits. The Emilia Arc, located in the center of this front, is composed of a series of folds and south-dipping thrusts. Hindward of the thrust front, at the surface, high resolution Digital Elevation Models and GPS measurements allowed to discover topographic anomalies that denounce recent uplift and broad tilting. These have been accompanied by ample late Pleistocene-Holocene migration of the river network, and river over-excavation. In correspondence of these features, subsurface data show north-verging folds and reverse faults involving Pleistocene deposits. From this integration, a scenario where two out-of-sequence thrust zones contributed to modulate shortening during the late Pleistocene and, possibly, Holocene, emerges. Hinterland migration of deformation has been favored by the higher sedimentation load above the outer thrusts and their close confrontation with the thickened Southern Alps buried fronts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graph-based fracture network analysis to integrate structural geology properties and identify preferential flow pathways in the aquifer system of Tsanfleuron, Swiss Alps","authors":"Ana Paula Burgoa Tanaka ,&nbsp;Philippe Renard ,&nbsp;Jefter Natan de Moraes Caldeira ,&nbsp;Celia Trunz","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graph theory has emerged as a promising method for analyzing fracture networks and complementing traditional geometrical descriptions. It emphasizes the network’s topological aspects, highlighting the importance that fractures have in enhancing permeability and influencing flow anisotropy. However, integrating different structural geology analyses in a single framework remains a challenge. We propose a graph-based fracture network analysis combining geometry, topology, kinematics, age relationships, and geomechanics to identify the most important connections within a network. We apply it to the karstic aquifer system of Tsanfleuron, in the Western Helvetic Alps domain, where fractures play a crucial role in groundwater circulation and karstification. We acquired new structural data from a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM), a 3D point cloud digital outcrop model (DOM), fieldwork, and one scanline. We interpreted and measured lineaments in 1:2.500 (DEM) and measured attitudes (DOM). Verification was done in the field, adding more measurements and the kinematics. The fracture network was transformed into a graph, and measurements were stored as attributes. Four main subvertical fracture sets were identified in chronological order, for the study site: E-W (85°), NE-SW (57°), N-S (176°), and NW-SE (117°). Censored fractures were identified to unbiased length, and abutting relationships were defined for pairs of sets to define age relationships. The E-W and NE-SW are the most persistent and longer fractures through all the site. The N-S set is localized in the central area, and the set NW-SE superimposes the others. The displacement is mostly dextral for the NE-SW and E-W faults, and sinistral for the N-S and NW-SE sets. Paleo tensor analysis results in NW-SE directed maximum compression. Fractures are opened and often enlarged by dissolution. Connectivity is moderate in terms of percolation. Betweenness and percolation centralities highlight the preferential water flow towards NE, ENE, and E.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural evolution of micaceous mylonites","authors":"Katherine Billings,&nbsp;Philip Skemer","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In crustal shear zones, the grain size and geometric arrangement of mica is observed to evolve significantly with strain. The transition from tabular, interconnected mica layers to a well-mixed fine-grained ultramylonitic microstructure is inferred to reduce rock viscosity. This evolution is predicted to play an important role in the strength of the crust, particularly at plate boundaries. However, the mechanisms of mica layer disaggregation and phase mixing at high strains have not been widely explored. In this study, we conducted deformation experiments (up to shear strains of <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>100</mn></mrow></math></span>) on synthetic composites of mica (fluorphlogopite) and either calcite or fluorite in the Large Volume Torsion Apparatuses (LVTs) at Washington University in St. Louis. Experiments were performed at T = 765 °C, P = 1.5 GPa, and strain rates of ∼1x10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. Deformation microstructures were analyzed using optical and electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Microstructural evolution is sensitive to shear strain (γ) but largely insensitive to the composited material. Mica grain size is reduced through brittle mechanisms and mixing may be enhanced by phase boundary sliding. Interconnected layers of mica disaggregate and are fully mixed with the composited material at <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>50</mn></mrow></math></span>. This sequence of deformation processes is also inferred from the complementary analysis of specimens from the Kuckaus Mylonite Zone in the Namaqua Metamorphic Complex in southwestern Namibia. This process of mica grain size reduction and phase mixing may contribute to the transition from mylonite to ultramylonite in high temperature crustal shear zones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105555"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of tectonic regime superposition on damage zone structures in a basin-boundary fault, Jatobá basin, NE Brazil","authors":"D.L. Vasconcelos ,&nbsp;F. Balsamo ,&nbsp;L.C. Palhano ,&nbsp;F.C.C. Nogueira ,&nbsp;F.H.R. Bezerra ,&nbsp;F.O. Marques ,&nbsp;R.G. Oliveira ,&nbsp;W.E. Medeiros ,&nbsp;R.A. Fuck ,&nbsp;A.C. Tavares ,&nbsp;R.R.S. Dantas","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We integrated magnetic, gravity, and structural data to investigate the Ibimirim Fault and the evolution of its damage zones within the Jatobá Basin, NE Brazil. Our findings indicate that the magnetic anomalies observed within the Pernambuco and Cruzeiro do Nordeste shear zones are consistent with the strike of the Ibimirim Fault in the study area. Integrated with structural analysis of the Precambrian fabric and rift fault, we suggest that the basement fabric influences the position and geometry of the Ibimirim Fault. Gravity inversion revealed that the Jatobá Basin contains three depocenters, with the main one situated in the central part of the Ibimirim Fault. A fault throw analysis indicates that the Ibimirim Fault comprises three main fault segments, with this study focusing on the area where the central and eastern segments connect. In this overstep area, extensional and compressional fault sets occur in the fault damage zone. The compressional structures crosscut and displace the extensional older structures. The superposition of these structures enhances structural fracturing connectivity without increasing the damage zone width. Paleostress characterization shows extensional structures with sub-vertical σ1 and sub-horizontal σ3 (05/061). In contrast, compressional structures have sub-vertical σ3 and sub-horizontal σ1 (03/349), indicating a non-colinear basin inversion likely driven by far-field stresses from the Andes and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This research highlights the intricate interplay between tectonic regime superposition and the evolution of extensional and compressional structures within the same fault damage zone, with significant implications for understanding the formation of sub seismic structures in these regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction between diagenesis and faulting in sandstone reservoirs: Inferences from the Groningen gas field","authors":"Job P.B. Arts ,&nbsp;Dallyn Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Fadi H. Nader ,&nbsp;Martyn R. Drury ,&nbsp;Liviu C. Matenco ,&nbsp;Ernst Willingshofer ,&nbsp;André R. Niemeijer","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the progressive diagenetic evolution of fault zones in the Rotliegend reservoir of the Groningen gas field (NE Netherlands) through microstructural and petrological analysis of cataclastic bands and the only retrieved fault gouge from the reservoir. Our observations show that authigenic quartz, ferroan dolomite, siderite and anhydrite are spatially associated with the presence of faults in the reservoir.</div><div>The uneven distribution of syntaxial quartz overgrowths in the host rock suggests that silica was readily available in the reservoir, but that quartz precipitation was inhibited by coatings and slow-growing euhedral faces. Quartz cementation was preferentially concentrated in cataclastic bands, where fresh fracture surfaces provided favourable nucleation sites.</div><div>Anhydrite and siderite cements are concentrated in dilatant fractures in cataclastic bands or in the host rock adjacent to it. Based on their association with dilatant fractures and the required sources for sulphates and reducing fluids, respectively, we interpret that they were introduced by extrinsic, fault associated fluids, during a late stage of the diagenetic history.</div><div>The preferential quartz cementation in cataclastic zones suggests that many Groningen faults experienced cementation-related strengthening, while this process was inhibited in the clay-rich fault cores as observed in the BIR-01 well, implying that fault reactivation is most likely to occur within the weak fault core.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Richard Lisle in Oviedo (Spain): Contributions to the analysis of folding – a review","authors":"Fernando Bastida ,&nbsp;Jesús Aller ,&nbsp;Nilo C. Bobillo-Ares ,&nbsp;Francisco J. Fernández ,&nbsp;Omar Menéndez","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The work carried out by Richard Lisle, stemming from his stay in Oviedo and his integration into the fold analysis group at the local university, addressed a wide range of topics concerning fold geometry and kinematics. Regarding 2D fold geometry, Richard led the development of a method to relate the various classification schemes based on fold fitting functions, using a parameter defined as the normalized area bounded by the folded surface profile. Non-cylindrical folds were analysed based on the properties of developable surfaces and curvature analysis. In the field of kinematics, special attention was given to the neutral surface folding, which led to the distinction between two modes: “parallel tangential longitudinal strain” and “equiareal tangential longitudinal strain”. A method was also developed to estimate the total bulk shortening associated with the formation of flattened parallel folds. The 2D kinematics of various fold types was explored through numerical simulations, based on the displacement laws governing different folding mechanisms. This methodology was applied to the study of chevron folds, folded oblique surfaces, asymmetric folds, recumbent folds, and similar folds. The investigation led to the resolution of certain problems related to rock deformation and resulted in the description of a new deformation mode: “rotation shear”. The study of these topics also involved the development of computational tools to automate and facilitate the strain calculations. The formation mechanisms of several structures associated with folding were likewise examined, including crenulation cleavage, so-called “saw-tooth structures”, curved veins related to folds, and cleavage in pre-existing folds. Finally, we evaluate the impact of this body of work, its limitations, and future prospects for extending the research, particularly by using the results obtained as a foundation for dynamic modelling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105553"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}