Journal of Structural Geology最新文献

{"title":"Kinematic interpretation of the Cañamares shear zone (central Iberian zone, Iberian Massif): from late Variscan strike-slip tectonics to Alpine deformation","authors":"Diana Moreno-Martín ,&nbsp;Carlos Fernández ,&nbsp;Rubén Díez Fernández ,&nbsp;Gerardo de Vicente","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Cañamares shear zone is located at the eastern end of the Spanish-Portuguese Central System, in the Central Iberian Zone of the Iberian Massif. It is a dextral transpressive structure, generated during the third Variscan deformation stage (D₃: 318-300 Ma), which was later reworked during the Permian and by Alpine tectonics. Once the local effects of later phases have been eliminated, the kinematic analysis of the Cañamares shear zone shows that it is a structure due to a monoclinic to slightly triclinic flow, with a vorticity dominated by the simple-shearing component (<em>W</em>_k &gt; 0.81). The convergence direction of the blocks separated by the shear zone would have been N160°E to N-S. The convergence direction calculated for the Cañamares shear zone differs from that of other D₃ shear zones of the Iberian Massif. A comparison between these vectors would help to better understand the complexities of the final phases of the Variscan Orogeny in Iberia. However, the Cañamares shear zone lies at the core of an Alpine mega-fold and its current orientation does not probably reflect its primary geometry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation mechanisms of compressional overlapping area in strike-slip fault zone: Insights from experimental simulation","authors":"Jingjing Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingli Guo ,&nbsp;Sanzhong Li ,&nbsp;Wei Tao ,&nbsp;Yuntao Ji ,&nbsp;Yanshuang Guo ,&nbsp;Shujuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Guangzeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an intense deformation region, the compressional overlapping areas of strike-slip faults play a crucial and significant role in influencing fault propagation, seismic activity, and the formation and distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Hence, enhancing the comprehension of detailed microscopic deformation mechanisms lays the foundation for a better understanding of the macroscopic deformation, constituting the core issue of this study. Compressional en échelon fault model experiments were conducted, combining with acoustical and optical measurements to simulate fault interactions and mechanical coupling within fault systems. The experimental results manifest that three distinct episodes of derived faults were observed during the interaction of pre-existing faults. Firstly, a group of derived faults extends from the ends of the overlapping area, conjugating with the pre-existing en échelon faults. Secondly, the fault consisting of a series of secondary fractures propagates from the ends of the overlapping area towards the interior, leading to a complete destruction of the overlapping area. Thirdly, another group of faults extends from the ends of the overlapping area, forming a rhombic region in conjunction with the two pre-existing faults. Furthermore, the analysis of the strike-slip rate distribution along two en échelon faults showed significant heterogeneity. Specifically, the segments with relatively low strike-slip rate were inferred to be locked zones, which are likely to act as nucleation points for future emergent deformation events. These simulation results contributed to understanding the issues such as the mechanical coupling between Garlock and San Andreas fault systems, the linkage fault development in the branching zones of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, and the kinematic intersection geometry between the Danghenan Shan and Altyn Tagh faults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105503"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and CPO evolution of dynamically recrystallized olivine during complex deformation conditions: a full-field numerical modeling approach","authors":"Yuanchao Yu ,&nbsp;Albert Griera ,&nbsp;Enrique Gomez-Rivas ,&nbsp;Paul D. Bons ,&nbsp;Daniel Garcia-Castellanos ,&nbsp;Baoqin Hao ,&nbsp;Ricardo A. Lebensohn ,&nbsp;Cassandra Seltzer ,&nbsp;Maria-Gema Llorens","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rheological properties of mantle rocks are strongly dependent on their crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Olivine CPO, defined by the orientation of seismically fast [100] axes parallel to flow direction, is also thought to be a dominant contributor to seismic anisotropy in the Earth's upper mantle. However, the amount of deformation needed to overprint a new CPO on a pre-existing fabric and the impact of the inherited CPOs on the transient microstructure evolution, remain unknown. This study employs a full-field numerical approach (VPFFT-ELLE) to explore the dynamic recrystallization and microstructural evolution of olivine polycrystalline aggregates under complex deformation conditions. We test four combinations of successive pure shear and simple shear boundary conditions. Findings indicate that inherited CPOs influence subsequent deformation in a manner dependent on the kinematic relationship between successive stages. In all cases, a minor strain increment (ε ∼0.3–0.6) is sufficient to erase the previous microstructure and CPO. However, when deformation conditions change dramatically (<em>e.g.</em>, stretching direction changes orthogonally), the intensity of the new CPO developed is significantly lower and strain distribution are specially altered. During a transient strain stage, pre-existing microstructures undergo extensive reworking, especially when deformation conditions are changed dramatically, such as switching from simple shear to a pure shear condition with a parallel shortening direction relative to the stretching direction. We estimate the significance of these results in interpreting observations of seismic velocity anisotropy, concluding that P-wave seismic anisotropy is significantly and positively correlated with the evolution of olivine CPO with deformation history. This research underscores the transient nature of microstructural rearrangement in olivine aggregates and the necessity for caution in interpreting seismic anisotropy in regions with complex deformation histories, as inherited CPOs can influence current fabric development and induce deviation to the present deformation conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine geometric structures and characteristics of present-day activity of the Tianshui–Baoji segment of the West Qinling Fault, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Ruihuan Su ,&nbsp;Daoyang Yuan ,&nbsp;Zhao Wu ,&nbsp;Jinchao Yu ,&nbsp;Yunsheng Yao ,&nbsp;Hong Xie ,&nbsp;Lijun Zhang ,&nbsp;Yameng Wen ,&nbsp;Hao Sun ,&nbsp;Yanwen Chen ,&nbsp;Hongqiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately delineating the fine geometric structures of active faults and assessing their present-day activity are of paramount importance for studying regional fault tectonics and evaluating seismic risk. The West Qinling Fault (WQLF) is situated in a critical zone where material from the Tibetan Plateau is extruded towards the northeast, and the fine geometric structures, kinematic characteristics, and present-day activity of its eastern segment (Tianshui–Baoji segment) can provide important insights into the mechanisms of structural transition at the termination of strike-slip faults and the mode of material expansion in the plateau. In this study, the spatial distribution of the Tianshui–Baoji segment and the characteristics of present-day activity are systematically investigated through detailed interpretations of high-resolution satellite images, digital elevation models (DEMs), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, geological and geomorphological field surveys, and isotopic dating techniques. The results indicate that the Tianshui–Baoji segment, which begins as a single fault, gradually splays into multiple branching faults towards the east. Both the main fault and these branches have remained active since the Late Pleistocene and even during the Holocene, thus warranting attention to the seismic risk potential in the eastern segment of the WQLF, particularly at its termination. Moreover, the splay of the Tianshui–Baoji segment has led to the gradual divergence of the fault activity of the component to the east, reducing the maximum magnitude of seismic events at the fault terminus and resulting in significant differences in the seismic recurrence intervals between the eastern segment and the central segments of the WQLF (Zhangxian segment, Gangu–Wushan segment).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure of garnet in calc-silicate rocks from Cheongsong, South Korea: Effects of fluid and deformation","authors":"Seokyoung Han ,&nbsp;Sejin Jung ,&nbsp;Ji-Hoon Kang ,&nbsp;Haemyeong Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Garnet is a common mineral found in metamorphic rocks of various lithologies in the continental basement, subducting slab, and upper mantle. In such environments, fluid–rock interactions, metamorphism, and deformation occur dynamically, disrupting garnet chemical distribution and its microstructure. Investigating the garnet microstructure in fluid-rich environments provides key insights into the role of fluids in the deep crust. In this study, the garnet microstructure in calc-silicate rocks from Cheongsong, South Korea, was analyzed to elucidate its petrofabric evolution during contact metamorphism and concurrent plastic deformation. Three garnet types were categorized based on their microstructures using scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis. Type I garnet is characterized by garnet clusters formed by multiple nucleation and coalescence at the preferred nucleation site. Type II garnet shows intense deformation due to dislocation creep. Type III garnet exhibits chemically zoned structures with light-colored garnet surrounding dark fragmented garnet, interpreted as fractured relict garnet partly dissolved and replaced by Fe-richer garnet. Transmission electron microscopy images of types II and III garnet showed evidence of dislocation creep. Deformation temperatures were estimated using the quartz c-axis fabric opening angle thermometer, ranging from 708 to 741 ± 50 °C. Considering the water-rich environment and metamorphic mineral assemblage, the actual deformation temperature of calc-silicate rock is suggested to be approximately 650–700 °C, consistent with garnet plastic deformation conditions. The nucleation and deformation processes of garnet suggested in this study provide insights into the petrogenesis and tectonometamorphic processes in contact-metamorphosed rocks within fluid-rich environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation and magnetic fabrics in isoclinal folds of the Variscan Pyrenees","authors":"B. Oliva-Urcia ,&nbsp;T. Román-Berdiel ,&nbsp;P. Clariana ,&nbsp;R. Soto ,&nbsp;E. Izquierdo-Llavall ,&nbsp;A. Casas-Sainz","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic fabrics are used as strain markers since they reflect the orientation-distribution of grains in a rock. In this work we analyzed, from the point of view of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (at low-temperature and room temperature), Devonian (29 sites) and Ordovician-Silurian (3 sites) sedimentary rocks in the Pyrenean Axial Zone, totalling 611 samples. The main target is to determine the strain in relation to the Variscan (polyphased) and Alpine orogenies in limestones and shales. The magnetic information also derives from thermomagnetic curves, acquisition of the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) and coercivity of the remanence analyses, together with hysteresis loops and stepwise thermal demagnetization of induced IRM in 3 axes techniques. The analyses of magnetic properties were complemented with optical microscopy observations and calcimetries. In two of the sample areas (Sen and Llisat valleys), the minimum axes of the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid (k_min axes) are mostly perpendicular to bedding whereas in the other two (Zinqueta valley and near Posets peak area), a more developed tectonic fabric is found: the k_min axes are not completely perpendicular to bedding, and the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid relates to the foliation plane. Different minerals carry a concordant magnetic fabric with pyrrhotite, magnetite (ferromagnetic <em>s.l.)</em> and phyllosilicates (paramagnetic), and little influence of calcite grains (diamagnetic). The magnetic fabric is interpreted to form at the early stages of the Variscan deformation, prior to the dextral transpression synchronous with granite emplacement that characterizes the late stages of the Variscan Orogeny. However, contact metamorphism and associated fluid circulation can enhance or obliterate the primary magnetic fabric.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105495"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modern scientific methodology for structural geology","authors":"David D. Pollard ,&nbsp;Stephen R. Pollard","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Papers on methodology by G. K. Gilbert from the late 19th century have attracted geologists' attention into the 21st century. Gilbert's memoir on the Henry Mountains includes two mechanical models based on physical theory found in W. J. M. Rankine's Manual of Applied Mechanics. Rankine's analysis of the stratification of hydrostatic fluids of different densities corresponds closely to Gilbert's Model #1 applied to magmatic intrusions. However, the sedimentary rocks of the Henry Mountains are not fluids, and though Model #1 failed Gilbert's tests, he did not reject it. Model #2 replaced the flexure over the laccolith with an encircling fault, enabling Gilbert to analyze laccolith formation using balanced parallel forces. His tests of Model #2 were successful and led to a physical relationship between the diameter and depth of laccoliths. We modernize Gilbert's methodology using the equations of motion for the material continuum provided by A. -L. Cauchy's First and Second Laws. These apply to rocks that deform and fracture as brittle solids, and those that deform plastically as ductile solids, as well as to magmas that flow as viscous fluids. This egalitarian functionality means that: 1) most geological structures are candidates for models based on Cauchy's Laws; 2) geologists must specify the constitutive properties of the deforming rocks or magmas; and 3) these models satisfy the conservation laws of mass and momentum. This modern methodology provides structural geologists with an on-going and self-correcting process of scientific investigation as new field and laboratory data accumulate and new hypotheses are tested.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of preexisting damage on dynamic fragmentation behavior of sandstone","authors":"Zachary D. Smith ,&nbsp;W. Ashley Griffith","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preexisting damage in upper crustal rocks modifies their constitutive behavior and reduces strength, altering fragmentation during near-surface dynamic loading processes such as earthquake rupture, impact cratering, and landslides. To investigate the influence of preexisting damage on brittle fragmentation under these conditions, we study the behavior of heat-treated sandstone under dynamic tensile loading. Heat-treatments induce microfractures and mineralogical changes, simulating preexisting damage that can exist due to processes related to tectonic deformation, exhumation, and faulting-induced damage. A modified sample configuration for a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus is used to induce tensile fragmentation in Berea Sandstone samples heat-treated at 250 °C, 450 °C, 650 °C, and 850 °C, and we analyze deformation in post-mortem samples using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Permanent strain during experiments is accommodated by the formation of mode-I fractures, dilation bands, and pore space expansion that can result in localized porosity increases of up to 25 %. Tensile strength increases with heat-treatments up to 450 °C and then decreases for heat-treatments at temperatures above the α-β-quartz transition. Elastic properties of Berea Sandstone also change with heat-treatments, and in a single orientation the Poisson's Ratio becomes negative at heat-treatments above 250 °C. Whereas fractures induced by SHPB experiments are primarily intergranular for sandstone heat-treated at temperatures up to 450 °C, intragranular fractures become more prevalent in sandstone heat-treated at 650 °C and 850 °C. Intragranular cracks emanating from grain contacts are observed in samples loaded under tension, but the mechanism of their formation is different than morphologically similar “Hertzian” fractures formed under compression. We propose a model for contact emanated tensile fractures formed under a remote tensile stress field that resemble Hertzian fractures formed under compressive loading. Finally, we compare our experimentally damaged sample to naturally deformed sandstones from the damage zone of the San Andreas Fault and Serpent Mound Impact Structure in Ohio, and we show distinct features that are likely indicative of brittle damage formed under macroscopic tensile loading. Our results have implications for dynamic tensile brittle fragmentation of sandstone with preexisting damage during earthquake rupture, landslides, and impact cratering. Importantly, these results provide new insights for linking dynamic loading conditions and processes with field observations of brittle damage in sandstone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermochronological and magnetic advances on faulting processes: An introduction","authors":"Eric C. Ferré ,&nbsp;Haibing Li ,&nbsp;Nina Zamani ,&nbsp;Gaétan Milesi ,&nbsp;Jianhua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This special volume presents recent advances in the use of thermochronology and rock magnetism to advance our understanding of faulting processes, integrating insights from diverse tectonic settings. Thermochronology, particularly low-temperature systems such as (U-Th)/He, fission tracks and argon dating, constrains the timing of fault initiation, slip, and reactivation, revealing links between deformation, exhumation, and surface processes. Magnetic methods, including anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization, serve as sensitive, non-destructive tools to detect mineralogical transformations caused by frictional heating, chemical alteration, and strain localization. Together, these approaches capture the thermal, structural, and fluid-related evolution of fault zones at multiple spatial and temporal scales. The volume draws from contributions presented at the 2023 American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting and includes studies on the Tibetan Plateau, the Pyrenees, and seismogenic carbonate faults in Israel and Italy. These seven contributions highlight the integration of structural geology, geochronology, and rock physics in deciphering fault zone histories and dynamic weakening processes. Collectively, the volume demonstrates the growing importance of multidisciplinary approaches in assessing seismic hazards and reconstructing Earth's crustal deformation history.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A workflow for the graphical generation of structure contours for plunging cylindrical folds","authors":"Graham J. Potts","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A simple workflow is presented for the graphical generation of structure contours for plunging cylindrical folds. Conventional plunge projection techniques are used together with extant section construction methods to complete fold profiles. Additional steps that, in effect, reverse parts of the plunge projection techniques transfer information from a fold profile plane on to horizontal planes of known elevations to generate structure contours. Sets of structure contours can be obtained for folded contacts and their axial surfaces. These structure contours can be used in conjunction with topographic contours to constrain the outcrop traces folded contacts and axial surfaces in areas of irregular topography. As part of the procedure, crest, trough and hinge points identified in a fold profile plane can be projected on to a geological map in their correct positions and elevations as part of the procedure. The workflow was designed for the frequently encountered case of a partially mapped trace of a folded contact surrounded by a collection of orientation data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}