ACS Applied Energy Materials最新文献

{"title":"Dual-Phase Surface-Modified NaNbO3@Carbon@Na3V2(PO4)3 Enables Stable All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries","authors":"Yifan Yang,&nbsp;Tinghu Liu,&nbsp;Jinghua Wu,&nbsp;Bowei Xun,&nbsp;Xiayin Yao","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.6c02339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c02339","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ is a promising cathode for all-solid-state sodium batteries (ASSBs) owing to its robust structural stability. However, the direct integration of low electronic conductivity Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode with a solid electrolyte leads to severe interfacial resistance and sluggish reaction kinetics, which limit the electrochemical performance of ASSBs. Herein, a dual-phase interfacial engineering strategy is proposed to simultaneously enhance electronic/ionic transport kinetics and stabilize the cathode/electrolyte interface. A conductive carbon layer is first constructed on the Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ surface to establish an efficient electronic transport network, followed by introducing a NaNbO₃ coating layer to facilitate Na⁺ migration across the cathode/electrolyte interface. Benefiting from this bifunctional NaNbO₃/carbon layer, the electronic conductivity of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ is dramatically increased by seven orders of magnitude from 3.56 × 10^–8 to 0.36 S cm^–1, and the cathode/electrolyte interfacial impedance is significantly reduced from 248.6 to 12.1 Ω. The assembled 5%NaNbO₃@Carbon@Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃|Na_3.4Zr_1.9Zn_0.1Si_2.2P_0.8O₁₂|Na ASSB delivers an initial discharge specific capacity of 115.6 mAh g^–1 at 0.1 C and maintains 96.4% of its capacity after 1000 cycles under a high rate of 2 C. This work demonstrates a robust strategy to overcome the interfacial limitations of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃-based ASSBs, paving the way for the development of long cycle life all-solid-state batteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":4,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","volume":"9 18","pages":"12555–12562"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149071160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"P2-Type Cathodes Enabled by Oxygen Vacancies and Lattice Stabilization for High-Rate and Low-Temperature Performance","authors":"Yanti Wu,&nbsp;Jingcheng Huang,&nbsp;Feng Lu,&nbsp;Zhongyun Ma,&nbsp;Lanyan Li,&nbsp;Zhigao Luo","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.6c02340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c02340","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Layered transition-metal oxides are promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries, but their performance is often complicated by oxygen vacancy (OV) formation and management. Intrinsic OVs, induced by external factors such as doping, play a pivotal role in regulating their physicochemical properties. However, precisely how these OVs can be strategically leveraged to concurrently optimize both the kinetics and structural stability remains a key challenge. In this work, a synergistic strategy combining the construction of a Na-rich P2 structure with Mg/Ti co-doping is proposed to synthesize Na_0.8Mg_0.05Ni_0.25Mn_0.65Ti_0.05O₂ (NMNMTO-1). Experimental and theoretical results suggest that Mg/Ti co-doping is associated with intrinsic OV-related local configurations through coupled charge compensation, which, together with the expanded Na-layer spacing, lowers the Na⁺ migration barrier. Meanwhile, Mg/Ti-assisted lattice stabilization increases the oxygen-vacancy formation energy, helping reinforce the oxygen framework and mitigate irreversible oxygen loss and unfavorable P2-O2 transition. This dual-regulation mechanism promotes reversible P2-OP4 structural evolution during cycling. The NMNMTO-1 cathode delivers enhanced electrochemical performance, retaining 110 mAh g^–1 at 10 C and 87.3% capacity after 100 cycles at 2 C, while also showing improved sodium-storage performance at –25 °C.</p>","PeriodicalId":4,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","volume":"9 18","pages":"12563–12575"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Halogen-Dependent Ionic Conductivity in Na11Sn2PS12: Reduction by Cl and Enhancement by Br Substitution","authors":"Ryota Kamewaka,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Mori,&nbsp;Takashi Saito,&nbsp;Fangzhou Song,&nbsp;Satoshi Hiroi,&nbsp;Koji Ohara,&nbsp;Naoki Matsui,&nbsp;Satoshi Hori,&nbsp;Kuniharu Nomoto,&nbsp;Ryoji Kanno,&nbsp;Kota Suzuki","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.6c01715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c01715","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sodium-ion conductors with high ionic conductivity are essential materials for the realization of all-solid-state sodium batteries, a promising next-generation secondary battery technology. This study reports on halogen-substituted derivatives Na_{11–<em>z</em>}Sn₂PS_{12–<em>z</em>}X_<em>z</em> (X = Cl, Br) of the sulfide-based sodium-ion conductor Na₁₁Sn₂PS₁₂, which is structurally analogous to the lithium-ion conductor Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂. Among the synthesized compositions, Na_10.95Sn₂PS_11.95Br_0.05 achieved a bulk conductivity of 2.1 × 10^–3 S cm^–1 at 298 K. Structural analysis revealed that the crystal structure of Na_10.95Sn₂PS_11.95Br_0.05 adopts the same tetragonal symmetry as that of Na₁₁Sn₂PS₁₂. Furthermore, the probability density distribution of sodium ions, calculated from both crystallographic data and molecular dynamics simulations, confirmed that Na_10.95Sn₂PS_11.95Br_0.05 possesses a three-dimensional diffusion pathway consisting of chain-like channels along the <em>c</em>-axis interconnected by pathways within the <em>ab</em>-plane. These results suggest that halogen substitution with bromine enhances ionic conductivity through optimization of the sodium concentration, without altering either the local coordination environment or the overall crystal structure of the sodium sublattice.</p>","PeriodicalId":4,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","volume":"9 18","pages":"12343–12349"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Possibility of Extrinsic Anion Vacancies in Li6PS5Cl","authors":"Bianca Helm,&nbsp;Ramanuja Srinivasan Saravanan,&nbsp;Martin A. Lange,&nbsp;Vasiliki Faka,&nbsp;Bibek Samanta,&nbsp;Marvin A. Kraft,&nbsp;Emmanuelle Suard,&nbsp;Brian E. Francisco,&nbsp;Michael Ryan Hansen,&nbsp;Yifei Mo,&nbsp;Wolfgang G. Zeier","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.6c02127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c02127","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The search for superionic conductors requires a deep understanding of the underlying crystal structure and local dynamic processes. Therefore, cationic and anionic substitutions are typically performed to monitor the resulting changes in the structure and ionic transport, ultimately drawing conclusions to find optimized Li⁺ conductors. Within a substitution series, the anionic framework is generally assumed to be fully occupied in contrast to defective cationic substructures. This study addresses the question of whether the targeted introduction of extrinsic anion vacancies can be stabilized within a Li⁺ argyrodite with the help of a targeted Li₆(PS₄)S_{1+<em>x</em>/2}□_<em>x</em>/2Cl_{1−<em>x</em>} substitution series. Furthermore, by not changing the amount of Li⁺ in the structure, there could be a possibility to decouple Li⁺ carrier density effects from anion influence on Li⁺ transport. Using diffraction and spectroscopic techniques, Monte Carlo simulations, as well as density functional theory calculations, changes in crystal structure and ionic and electronic transport are monitored, and the configurational stability is assessed. The structures with anion vacancies were found to have high formation energies, in agreement with the experimental observation. Instead, the phase formation of Li_6+<em>x</em>PS_5+<em>x</em>Cl_{1−<em>x</em>} is observed, showing a decrease in Li⁺ conductivity related to the anion ordering.</p>","PeriodicalId":4,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","volume":"9 18","pages":"12499–12509"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical Phase Engineering of Li–Ti–P–O Nanocomposite Thin Films","authors":"Daniela R. Fontecha,&nbsp;Osma Gomez,&nbsp;Nam Soo Kim,&nbsp;Sang Bok Lee,&nbsp;Gary W. Rubloff,&nbsp;Keith E. Gregorczyk","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.6c01750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c01750","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nanoscale materials processing advancements have enabled on-chip ionic devices like microbatteries, super capacitors, ion-gated transistors, etc. using standard semiconductor processes (such as atomic layer deposition — ALD) to develop electrochemically active thin films. However, challenges remain in understanding and controlling ionic and electronic transport in nanoscale systems. Nanoscale ionic systems that are tunable at multiple scales (chemical composition, phase distribution, and crystal structure) are critical in understanding how these parameters affect transport and materials properties. In this work we study a system with these qualities and introduce a lever—electrochemical phase engineering—to remove an electrochemically active crystalline phase (LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ — LTP) that allows us to understand the effects of individual phases on ionic transport in a quaternary ALD nanocomposite. We use the Li–Ti–P–O nanocomposite developed by ALD, which consists of crystalline LTP, anatase TiO₂ and an amorphous LTP matrix. Each phase contributes to Li⁺ ion storage at different redox potentials, and the crystalline LTP phases are structurally unstable below 0.5 V vs Li⁺/Li, allowing the electrochemical removal of the crystalline LTP phase to study its effects on ionic and electronic transport in the nanocomposite system. We demonstrate the Li–Ti–P–O materials system to be able to switch from high power (60% capacity retention at an ultrafast charging rate of 200 C) to high capacity (1302 mAh/g at 1 C), making this an interesting material for thin film ionic devices, especially in applications where phase-selectivity provides an advantage.</p>","PeriodicalId":4,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","volume":"9 18","pages":"12332–12342"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Adaptive Thermal Regulator for Dynamic Heating and Cooling through Coupled Thermal Energy Storage and Solar Modulation","authors":"Bernadette Magalindan,&nbsp;Jiaxiang Wen,&nbsp;Lyu Zhou,&nbsp;Chengqian Huang,&nbsp;Shuang Cui","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.6c01973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c01973","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Indoor climate control accounts for nearly half of global building energy consumption and can impose substantial stress on power grids under extreme weather conditions. Developing energy-efficient thermoregulation technologies is therefore critical for reducing building energy demand and improving infrastructure resilience. While conventional insulation materials function as static thermal barriers, they are unable to adapt to changing environmental conditions and seasonal thermal demands. This work reports a heterostructured adaptable optical–thermal dual-mode thermoregulator (AOT-DTR) that integrates a thermo-responsive poly(<em>N</em>-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)-based top layer with a solar-absorptive phase change material (PCM)-based underlayer to achieve self-adaptive heating and cooling. The PNIPAM-based layer dynamically modulates solar energy utilization in response to ambient temperature, switching the AOT-DTR from a heating mode with a solar absorptivity of 86.4% (below the lower critical solution temperature [LCST]) to a cooling mode with a solar reflectivity of 75.1% (above the LCST). Meanwhile, the PCM-based underlayer provides thermal buffering through latent heat storage, exhibiting a melting enthalpy of up to 126.5 J/g with a melting temperature of 33 °C. This stored thermal energy can be released for passive nighttime heating, extending the thermal regulation capability beyond daytime operation. By coupling thermo-responsive solar modulation with latent heat storage, the heterostructured AOT-DTR achieves substantially enhanced thermal regulation performance compared with systems relying on either mechanism alone. More importantly, by strategically pairing the LCST of the PNIPAM layer for solar modulation with the solid–liquid phase change temperature (PCT) of PCM, our modeling for the subtropical climate of Dallas, Texas, reveals that the utilization efficiency of latent heat storage can be maximized to achieve all-season thermal regulation. This synergistic design establishes a self-adaptive thermal regulation strategy that integrates solar modulation and thermal energy storage within a single material platform, creating new opportunities for sustainable and energy-efficient building envelopes and next-generation passive thermal management technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":4,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","volume":"9 18","pages":"12422–12433"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Variations and Ionizing Radiation Hardness of Perovskite Solar Cells with Guanidinium Cation","authors":"Mykhailo M. Solovan,&nbsp;Hryhorii P. Parkhomenko,&nbsp;Andriy I. Mostovyi,&nbsp;Sanjay Sahare,&nbsp;Karol Załęski,&nbsp;Emerson Coy,&nbsp;Taras T. Kovaliuk,&nbsp;Marat Kaikanov,&nbsp;Viktor V. Brus,&nbsp;Marcin Ziółek","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.6c02575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c02575","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adding so-called oversized organic cations to lead-halide perovskites has emerged as a promising route to enhance the stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These additives can induce quasi-2D phases, yielding “2D–3D” hybrids. Here, we study methylammonium (MA) lead iodide PSCs incorporating guanidinium (GA) cations using ultrafast transient absorption, open-circuit voltage decay and X-ray diffraction, and we probe their robustness under proton, electron, and UV irradiation. In our best devices, those with limited GA⁺ content, nominally GA(MA)₅Pb₅I₁₆, and employing SnO₂ as the electron-transport layer, no quasi-2D signatures are detected. Instead, GA is incorporated into a 3D perovskite lattice without phase segregation. Devices built on TiO₂ and/or exhibiting quasi-2D character show inferior performance, which we attribute to enhanced nonradiative charge recombination. Finally, irradiation studies reveal that GA-containing PSCs reveal remarkable resistance to ionizing damage, preserving optoelectronic quality and voltage retention, thereby underscoring their potential for space applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":4,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","volume":"9 18","pages":"12633–12647"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First-Principles Study of Transition-Metal Doping in Monolayer Black and Blue Phosphorene: A Promising Pathway for High-Performance Electrode Design for Electric Double-Layer Supercapacitors","authors":"Abbidi Shivani Reddy,&nbsp;Arun Karthik BT,&nbsp;Aditya Tiwari,&nbsp;Subhajit Das,&nbsp;Ankur Bhattacharjee,&nbsp;Sayan Kanungo","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.6c01956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c01956","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study provides an extensive theoretical investigation of group IV-(Ti/Zr/Hf), VI-(Cr/Mo/W), X-(Ni/Pd/Pt), and XI-(Cu/Ag/Au) transition-metal (TM)-doped black phosphorene (BP) and blue phosphorene (BLP) for electric double-layer (EDL) supercapacitor (SC) electrode design, using density functional theory (DFT)-based first-principles calculations. The feasibility of TM doping is assessed by the doping formation energy and structural integrity, as indicated by bond-length and buckling-height modulations. The effects of TM doping on E-k dispersion and density-of-states profiles are thoroughly correlated with atomic orbital hybridization and valence charge redistribution. The electrode performance of TM-doped BP/BLP is quantified by excess charge density, quantum capacitance (<em>C</em>_Q), surface charge density, and total interfacial capacitance profiles. This study reveals that doping-mediated formation of in-gap defect states and band-edge shifts near the Fermi level are primary factors contributing to improvement of electrode performance in TM-doped BP and BLP. The increase in doping concentration leads to more in-gap defect states, suggesting improved electrode performance. Specifically, Cu/Ag-doped BP (Au/Hf-doped BLP) exhibits a high <em>C</em>_Q value at lower and moderate doping concentrations. Irrespective of doping concentration, Cu- and Ag-doped BP act as best cathode materials, whereas Au (Hf)-doped BLP is suitable for cathode (anode) materials. Based on both the charge-storage mechanism and the energetic feasibility of TM-doped systems, Cu-BP and Ag-BP (W-BLP and Cr-BLP) show a greater tendency toward anodic operation. Finally, nudged elastic band calculations indicate low dopant diffusion in Cu-doped BP and Au-doped BLP, ensuring stable electrode performance during long-term EDL SC cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":4,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","volume":"9 18","pages":"12434–12461"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mussel-Inspired Interfacial Modification of MXene-Based Electrode and Silk-Based Hydrogel Electrolyte for Flexible Supercapacitors","authors":"Miao Zheng,&nbsp;Xueyao Wang,&nbsp;Shouhuan Liao,&nbsp;Jing Li,&nbsp;Hao Lu,&nbsp;Rongjie Wang,&nbsp;Jingjing Xie,&nbsp;Zhengyi Fu","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.6c01969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c01969","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flexible supercapacitors have emerged as a promising energy supply candidate for wearable electronic devices, yet their practical applications are severely constrained by the insufficient energy-storage capabilities of conventional electrodes and electrolytes. Herein, inspired by the interfacial adhesion of mussels, tannic acid is introduced via an immersion strategy as an interlayer spacer to achieve secondary intercalation and modification of vacuum-filtrated Ti₃C₂T_<em>x</em> MXene/PEDOT:PSS composite films. The prepared MPT composite film electrode exhibits an enhanced toughness for flexible electronics to resist mechanical stimulation, as well as high areal specific capacitance suitable for charge storage (328.08 mF cm^–2 at 1 mA cm^–2). Meanwhile, a silk fibroin-reinforced polyacrylamide hydrogel with stable lithium-ion transport performance is fabricated and employed as a flexible solid electrolyte. Benefiting from the synergistic advantages of the MPT film electrode and conductive hydrogel electrolyte, the assembled symmetric all-solid-state flexible supercapacitor achieves a high energy density of 14.1 μW h cm^–2 at a power density of 323.3 μW cm^–2. Moreover, the device exhibits good long-term cycling stability and flexible energy-storage performance, with negligible capacitance degradation under bending deformation. This work could provide a way for the design of high-performance flexible supercapacitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":4,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","volume":"9 18","pages":"12411–12421"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Precatalysts to Real Active Phases: Dynamic Reconstruction of CO2 Reduction Electrocatalysts","authors":"Wenjing Huang,&nbsp;Shaoming Huang","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.6c02346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.6c02346","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) provides a promising way to convert CO₂ into fuels and value-added chemicals using renewable electricity. However, many CO₂RR catalysts do not keep their original structures under reaction conditions. They often undergo dynamic reconstruction, including changes in the oxidation state, coordination environment, phase composition, morphology, defect density, and interfacial structure. These reconstructed states usually serve as the real active phases and strongly affect activity, selectivity, and stability. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding catalyst reconstruction during CO₂RR. We first clarify the concept of precatalyst reconstruction and distinguish initial structures from real active phases. We then discuss the intrinsic and external factors that drive reconstruction. We further examine representative reconstructed catalysts, including Cu-based, non-Cu metal, and MOF- or coordination-compound-derived systems. We also highlight in situ characterization and simulation methods. Finally, we discuss key challenges and future opportunities for catalyst reconstruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":4,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","volume":"9 18","pages":"12136–12161"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149071106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}