Light & Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Holographic Optical Elements: Advantages and Disadvantages for Efficient Lighting, Sun Protection, and Photovoltaic Power Supply of Buildings","authors":"A. K. Solovyov, Hong-Tham T. Pham","doi":"10.33383/2021-076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-076","url":null,"abstract":"The research of holographic optical elements (HOE) was carried out very intensively in the 1980s and 1990s. They provided great advantages in high-efficiency natural light, while at the same time providing effective sun protection and did not disturb the free view from the windows. The light-directing qualities of these devices made it possible to concentrate direct and scattered solar energy on photovoltaic batteries and solar collectors for hot water supply and solar heating. However, in recent years, research in this area has become less and less frequent without any explanation. The analysis of the research carried out in the framework of one of the latest projects carried out on behalf of the European Commission under the program “Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development” (EU Contract Number: ENK6-CT‑2000–00327) with the participation of nine research organizations, higher schools, and universities is presented. The role of each of the participants in this interdisciplinary project was to attract experienced researchers in various fields of science and use their knowledge to obtain an objective result.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76714940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daylighting Dynamic Control by Smart Window with Grating Optical Filter","authors":"I. Odenbakh","doi":"10.33383/2021-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-006","url":null,"abstract":"A smart window with a novel grating optical filter is proposed, which supplies dynamic daily and annual control of window transmission without the use of blinds and similar devices. The filter attenuates direct solar radiation, letting in diffused and reflected radiation, thus creating more comfortable conditions for daylighting, insolation, and sun protection in rooms. A method for calculating the grating filter is changed and numerical modelling is conducted to show the capabilities of the new method of dynamic control of transmission. The optimal geometric parameters of the filter for a single-glazed smart window at a given azimuth of the window orientation are determined. The hourly values of the light transmittance of the filter during daylighting hours are calculated for the 15th day of each month from April to September, and the theoretical angular characteristics of the transmission of the filter, corrected for reflection and absorption, are constructed. The average monthly values of the theoretical and corrected light transmittance of a smart window are obtained, based on the results of calculations every hour compared to the time of day when the azimuths of the Sun and the window are equal. It is shown that the smart window with the built-in grating optical filter provides the minimum transmission at a given time of the day, taking into account the azimuth of the window, the geographic coordinates of the building, the seasonal and daily distribution of the solar radiation intensity on the calculated day of the year, and in the rest of the time, with the most demanded protection from solar radiation, the filter functions within acceptable limits. It is stated that the smart window with the built-in optical filter is most suitable for rooms with a long stay of people during daylight hours that is for office, educational, industrial, etc. rooms, in order to provide comfortable daylighting and the required insolation and thermal conditions during working hours.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89321854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autonomous Active Solar Energy Systems for Heat Supply in Housing and Communal Services","authors":"P. Khavanov","doi":"10.33383/2021-079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-079","url":null,"abstract":"Energy saving in small-scale heat power engineering is directed to increasing the efficiency of using fossil energy carriers, electric power, and their wider replacement with alternative sources in housing and communal complex. The practical use of active solar energy systems, both photovoltaic and with direct water heating, has found widespread use. At the same time, the specificities of these systems deployment are caused by climatic and technical conditions of their application. For countries found in climatic zones with temperate and cold climate, water heating installations design is most rational when used seasonally. Low coolant potential, heat supply frequency in active solar energy systems, linked to seasonality of their operation, daytime and weather require several technical solutions. For example, solutions with the use of other equipment in form of thermal energy accumulators, heat pumps and other equipment, which in any case must be combined with a traditional source of thermal energy using fossil fuels or electric power, performing the functions of both other and emergency source of heat energy. Capacity reserving of alternative energy sources is most efficient and least energy-consuming when conducting with heat sources using gaseous or degasified fuel. The use of electric power for heat supply purpose, with few capital investments, requires from a developer significant installed capacities of heat source with a low efficiency for primary fuel. In the article one considers thermal schemes of autonomous heat supply installations for objects using modern condensing boilers of low power and along them various heat cumulating devices, supplying full year operation of equipment at heat supply facilities to get the highest efficiency of energy use.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86504500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience of Mastering the Artistic Language of Light Design in the Professional Training of an Architect","authors":"Dmitry M. Melodinskiy, M. M. Dadasheva, Siuzanna M. Dadasheva","doi":"10.33383/2021-049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-049","url":null,"abstract":"In connection with the formation of a new architectural and artistic direction, which decides to create a spatial environment in the conditions of artificial illumination in the dark, there are problems of its showing in the scientific and educational sphere. The article examines the innovative initiatives of the Moscow Architectural Institute to introduce into the educational process the content of light architecture, drawn from the main scientific, theoretical, and practical achievements in this area.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78747042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized Optical Theorem and Point Sources","authors":"L. Apresyan","doi":"10.33383/2021-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-005","url":null,"abstract":"A simple derivation of the general form of the optical theorem (GOT) is given for the case of a conservative scatterer in a homogeneous lossless medium, suitable for describing point sources and an observation region close to the scatterer. The presentation is based on the use of the operator approach and scalar wave equation in the limit of vanishingly small absorption. This approach does not require asymptotic estimates of rapidly oscillating integrals, does not use the integration of fluxes, which leads to the loss of information about the energy conservation law, and allows a natural generalization to the case of polarized radiation, as well as more complex multi-part fields. Such GOT generalizes the results known in the mathematical literature for models to the case of any conservative (real) scattering potential and arbitrary sources.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87698093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of a Temple with Regard to the Rising Sun Ray","authors":"N. Pavlov","doi":"10.33383/2021-032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-032","url":null,"abstract":"Using the example of a number of cultural traditions, the author considers a construction of the temple structure along a rising sun ray. There are two main types of temples built according to the rising sun ray: the temples oriented towards the sunrise by their sanctuaries, and the temples oriented towards the sunrise by the entrance portal. Examples of such a construction are given for the temples of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Orthodox and Catholic Christianity, Hinduism and Shintoism.\u0000The first type of temple in Ancient Egypt is shown to represent the birth of the sun in its sanctuary. In Christianity, this type of temple represents a ray of the sun entering the temple from an apse window – from the God depicted there. The second type of temples in Ancient Egypt represents the revival of image of the pharaoh-god located in his sanctuary, with the rising sun ray. In the ancient tradition, this type of temple represents the meeting of the rising sun over the large pre-temple altar, along with a statue of a deity in the depths of the sanctuary. It is shown that the main cathedral of Catholic Christianity, St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, is oriented towards sunrise not according to Christian, but according to ancient tradition. In the Hindu Shaiva tradition, the meeting of the rising sun in front of the temple portal is associated with penetration of its ray into the sanctuary and the highlighting of the statue or the main attribute of the god. In the Shinto tradition, the ascendant is presented in a special portal. The welcoming sacrifice takes place on the pre-temple altar. In general, the paper deals with the semantic, spatial, decorative, and ritual aspects of the construction performed of both types of temples.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88344050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the History of Light and Engineering Issues of Natural Lighting in the Soviet Residential Architecture of the 1920s-1930s","authors":"Anna Vasilieva, Julia L. Kosenkova, M. Shubenkov","doi":"10.33383/2021-064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-064","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring normal natural illuminance of dwellings and their sufficient insolation is today an urgent problem around the world. The main provisions and requirements for illuminance of dwellings and insolation of residential areas were formulated in domestic practice in the first decades of the twentieth century. The paper shows that the search for calculation methods was intensively carried out in the Soviet Union in the second half of the 1920s – early 1930s, with the development of both municipal and cooperative construction. The course towards the country’s industrialization, associated with the dominating industrial development interests, influenced the rapid formation of such a branch of science as light and engineering. The approach to housing construction as a specific “household production” has led to the interest of architects and light engineers in the selection of the optimal shape and area of window openings. Drawing attention to the artistic aspects of civil engineering and the “development of heritage” since the mid 1930s led to work in the field of the particular perception of complex architectural forms under different lighting conditions, which sometimes was to the detriment of designing the residential premise illuminance. At the end of the 1930s, along with the tasks of increasing the volume of housing construction according to standard projects, research was resumed to determine the optimal shape, area and location of window openings, taking into account the orientation and various shading factors. During this period, insolation issues were directly associated with housing architecture (let’s remember Le Corbusier and the Athens Charter). On the basis of laboratory examinations and field experiments, daylight coefficient values for living quarters were established and the basic requirements for insolation were determined. However, today, when calls are heard everywhere for the formation of a sustainable living environment, a conscious approach to resource consumption, and an improvement in the quality of life of the population, the provisions scientifically proven 80 years ago, unfortunately, are being revised in domestic practice towards their clear deterioration.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75348573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological Foundations of the Light-Space Design in the Architectural Education","authors":"R. Nasybullina, V. Samogorov, Nikolay I. Shchepetkov","doi":"10.33383/2021-042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-042","url":null,"abstract":"The perception of an interior building’s space is possible only if it is illuminated with daylight or artificial light. Despite this important fact, many architects pay much more attention to working with traditional building materials, without using the expressive possibilities of daylight as an independent primary material. This paper reveals the role of daylight in the design process, outlines the methodological foundations for designing the luminous space environment of buildings. There are two stages that reveal the method of teaching architectural design, considering light as the main means and material of the architect: developmental exercises (propaedeutics) and designing architectural objects.\u0000Each of the stages is illustrated with examples of experimental search work of students.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82954469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Media Screens and Media Facades in the Space of Russian Cities: Problems of Integration into the Urban Environment","authors":"G. Ptichnikova, K. K. Kartashova","doi":"10.33383/2021-035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-035","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of the study of architectural media objects as a new phenomenon in the urban environment. The relevance of the study is associated with an ever-increasing number of both media architecture objects in a modern city, and the emerging problems of their integration into the current context from the point of view of architecture and socio-cultural values of society. Based on the analysis of media facades and media screens both in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and in a number of large Russian cities, their characteristics were determined, which made it possible to propose a classification by size and functional content. As a result, a classification by size and functional content was developed. The authors identified the problems of integrating media objects in the urban space and the main methods of urban planning placement of media screens and media facades.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89823949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coloured Light as a Tool for Working with Architectural Form in the Night Environment of the City","authors":"Andrey V. Efimov, Sergey V. Klimenko, Natalya G. Panova, Nikolay I. Shchepetkov","doi":"10.33383/2021-054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-054","url":null,"abstract":"For the past decades the light environment of the evening city has become a critical component of the architectural and administrative activities. Today, the lighting systems not only allow making an object or an entire street ‘visible’ in the evening, but also provide for the development of their new architectural image. The opportunities offered by the white artificial light were appreciated to work with the illuminated polychrome objects long ago. The white light with various spectral properties is capable sometimes to influence dramatically the perception of the architectural form, as with its high intensity under the darkness adaptation conditions it has the capability to ‘absorb’ (turn off) the ‘object’ colour of the illuminated facade surface. In particular, the specifics creates an ‘evening’ object image different from the daily one, where the colour scheme used in the material object is often not critical. In contrast, the chromatic light under certain conditions allows not only maintaining the colouristic nature of the environment existing under the natural lighting conditions, but also developing and unifying it in a unique manner, creating a new colour palette. The description of the main areas of the evening environment arrangement with the chromatic light is provided. A significant work experience has been already accumulated in this field by the light design experts. The colour light opportunities and, even more so, the technologies of dealing with it have not been appreciated and adopted by architects to the full extent yet. The article considers the application specifics of the colour light as a fully functional instrument for dealing with the object form under the night urban conditions. The results of an experiment to study the interaction between the colour of material objects and the colour light based on the analysis of Moscow polychrome, which was carried out in the laboratory of the Moscow Architectural Institute (State Academy), are presented. Visual observations enabled to determine the impact of light with the colour light filters selected for the experiment on the colour samples typical for a number of historical periods in the Moscow architecture. The colour samples typical for the facades of buildings erected in a number of historical periods in the capital architecture were illuminated in the darkness with the light of slide projectors with IL and R, G, B glass light filters, and changes in their visual perception were assessed using the NCS atlas, then the identified colour shifts were determined with the use of E. Rabkin’s atlas by three parameters (λ, P, L). A hypothesis was expressed about the possible use of the results of such studies not only in the architectural colour lighting of the modern urban environment, but also in such a new application area as restoration, preservation and interactive integration of the historical and architectural heritage sites into the programmable image-bearing environment.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81953807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}