{"title":"Nominal linkers in Sangesari","authors":"Sahar Taghipour, Mansour Abasian, Ahmad Sedaghati","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41718","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes nominal constructions in Sangesari (Northwestern Iranian). In Sangesari, similar to the pattern found in Caspian languages, some nominal modifiers as well as the complement of nominal postpositions are linked to the head of the phrase by a linking elementknown as Reverse Ezafe (Stilo 2004). In this paper, we show that the Reverse Ezafe used with attributive adjectives is different from the one used with possessors and adpositions. The former has a restricted usage, limited only to certain lexical and phonological contexts, while the latter is obligatory in nominal contexts. The examination of adpositional phrases in particular illustrates a different property of Reverse Ezafe in Sangesari compared to its counterpart in other Reverse Ezafe languages examined in this volume (i.e., Balochi and Caspian languages).","PeriodicalId":498787,"journal":{"name":"Toronto working papers in linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ezafe in Northern Kurdish","authors":"Songül Gündoğdu","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41677","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the forms and functions of the Ezafe in Northern Kurdish. The NP in this language is head-initial and Ezafe is used to link modifiers, including possessors, in the postnominal domain to their head nouns. The Northern Kurdish Ezafe reflects the phi-features such as number and gender, and the definiteness of the head noun, and it has different functions. It behaves like a typical adnominal linker that connects any type of postnominal modifier, such as attributive adjectives, adpositions and finite clauses, to the head noun. It also appears after null Ns and behaves like a prosodically independent element. Lastly, in certain Northern Kurdish dialects, it functions as a part of the verbal predicate and expresses stative, existential, and tense/aspectual readings.","PeriodicalId":498787,"journal":{"name":"Toronto working papers in linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nominal linkers in Central Kurdish (Ardalāni variety)","authors":"Sadaf Kalami","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41691","url":null,"abstract":"
 This chapter provides a description of noun phrases in the Ardalāni variety of Sorani Kurdish. In Ardalāni Kurdish, the surface word order within the Noun Phrase is head initial and post-nominal modifiers are linked to the head of the phrase by a linking element called Ezafe (Windfuhr 1989). We show that the realization of Ezafe is phonologically conditioned in Ardalāni, unlike other varieties of Kurdish. However, crucially, we show that in definite contexts, Ezafe obligatorily appears irrespective of the phonological context, and it takes a special definite form.
","PeriodicalId":498787,"journal":{"name":"Toronto working papers in linguistics","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nominal linkers in Persian","authors":"Koorosh Ariyaee","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41683","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines nominal constructions in (Iranian) Persian with the special focus on the distribution of Ezafe. Ezafe is an element which links a nominal to its modifiers and arguments. Persian has nominal modifiers of different types. They can be either prenominal or postnominal. The modifiers appearing in a postnominal position, always require Ezafe. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the use of Ezafe is not restricted only to modification, since it also links a noun to its complement. The use of Ezafe is not restricted only to noun phrases either since Ezafe can link a nominal preposition to its complement as well.","PeriodicalId":498787,"journal":{"name":"Toronto working papers in linguistics","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nominal linkers in Tati","authors":"Sahar Taghipour, Ramin Rahmani","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41684","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes nominal constructions in the Takestani variety of Southern Tati (Northwestern Iranian). Noun phrases in Tati are head-final. The main focus in this chapter is on constructions involving a nominal linker known as Reverse Ezafe (Stilo 2004). This element appears in possessive and adpositional phrases as well as noun phrases modified by adjectives and nouns. We show that the Reverse Ezafe appearing with possessors and adpositions has different properties than the one appearing on attributive adjectives and nouns. We conclude that Reverse Ezafe in Tati involves two distinct morphosyntactic elements. This conclusion aligns with the pattern of Reverse Ezafe in other Reverse Ezafe languages (i.e., other Caspian languages, Balochi and Sangesari). In this chapter, we further address some of the morpho-phonological constraints on the form and distribution of Reverse Ezafe across the two types.","PeriodicalId":498787,"journal":{"name":"Toronto working papers in linguistics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nominal linkers in Gilaki","authors":"Mansour Shabani, Sahar Taghipour","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41689","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a description of noun phrases in the Eshkevarat variety of Gilaki (Northwestern Iranian). In Eshkevarat Gilaki, noun phrases and the majority of adpositional phrases are head final. Some nominal modifiers as well as the complement of postpositions are linked to the head of the phrase by a linking element––known as Reverse Ezafe (Stilo 2004). We show that the Reverse Ezafe appearing in possessive and adpositional contexts has different properties compared to the one appearing on attributive adjectives.","PeriodicalId":498787,"journal":{"name":"Toronto working papers in linguistics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ezafe in Zazaki","authors":"Songül Gündoğdu, Amine Bulan","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41679","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the Ezafe construction in Zazaki in which all nominal and non-nominal modifiers, including possessors, appear in the postnominal position and are linked to their head noun with the Ezafe marker. Ezafe in this language displays distinguishing properties such that it not only inflects for the phi-features and the definiteness of the head noun, but it also reflects the case that the whole noun phrase receives in the clause. The Direct and Oblique case distinctions observed in this language are thus reflected on the Ezafe forms in relevant syntactic positions. Besides, there is a separate series of Ezafe forms, which we refer to as D-forms, used only in Southern Zazaki whenever a modified noun phrase serves as the possessor or as the complement of certain adpositions, or after the indefinite suffix in the context of indefiniteness.","PeriodicalId":498787,"journal":{"name":"Toronto working papers in linguistics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nominal linkers in Taleshi","authors":"Sahar Taghipour, Shahram Nabati","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41688","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes nominal constructions in the Central variety of Taleshi (Northwestern Iranian). In Taleshi, noun phrases and the majority of adpositional phrases are head-final. Some nominal modifiers as well as the complement of postpositions are linked to the head of the phrase by a linking element––known as Reverse Ezafe (Stilo 2004). In this chapter, we show that the Reverse Ezafe appearing with possessors and adpositions is different from the Reverse Ezafe appearing with attributive adjectives. We also address some of the phonological constraints on the occurrence of the two types of Reverse Ezafe.","PeriodicalId":498787,"journal":{"name":"Toronto working papers in linguistics","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sable Andrew Peters, Zaniar Naghshbandi, Arwin Rasouli
{"title":"The Ezafe in Hawrami","authors":"Sable Andrew Peters, Zaniar Naghshbandi, Arwin Rasouli","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41680","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a basic description of the Ezafe in Hawrami, a dialect of the Gorani languages spoken in the Hawraman region of Northwestern Iran and Iraq. This study is based on the variety spoken in Paveh, Kermanshah province, Iran. A basic overview of the nominal domain in Hawrami is given, followed by discussions of varying morphology of the Ezafe vowel in the language. Important to note is the interaction between the system of definiteness and the Ezafe. Moreover, the expression of the genitive case in the Ezafe paradigm is of particular interest to discussions of case interactions in languages with Ezafe linkers.","PeriodicalId":498787,"journal":{"name":"Toronto working papers in linguistics","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135865012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nominal linkers in Iranian languages: An introduction","authors":"Sahar Taghipour, Arsalan Kehnemuyipour","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/twpl.v45i1.41769","url":null,"abstract":"In some languages, a noun is linked to some of its modifiers and complements via a linking element. The cross-linguistic variation that is observed with respect to the properties and functions of nominal linkers has made their study an excellent area of research contributing to both the theory and the typology of linkers, and more broadly, to the study of nominals. Despite the importance of nominal linkers, however, a collection that solely focuses on this phenomenon has been noticeably absent in the literature. The use of nominal linkers is a prevalent feature in many Iranian languages. In this volume, we provide a description of a wide range of patterns of nominal linkers in eleven Iranian languages, delving into the intriguing behaviour of such elements and their interaction with other morphosyntactic markers. The papers in this volume are the result of research conducted under the “The Syntax of Nominal Linkers” project at the University of Toronto, funded by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) Insight Grant (#435-2018-0527). To our knowledge, this volume is the first of its kind dedicated entirely to a single phenomenon in Iranian linguistics. We hope that this volume serves as a valuable resource for a wide range of readers, including researchers interested in nominal modification, nominal linkers, and nominal structures in general, as well as researchers and language instructors interested in Iranian languages.","PeriodicalId":498787,"journal":{"name":"Toronto working papers in linguistics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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