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Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science最新文献

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John Wallis and the Catholics: confessional and theological antagonism in Wallis's mathematics and philosophy 约翰·瓦利斯与天主教徒：瓦利斯数学哲学中的忏悔与神学对立
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-08-22 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2018.0020
Adam D. Richter
{"title":"John Wallis and the Catholics: confessional and theological antagonism in Wallis's mathematics and philosophy","authors":"Adam D. Richter","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Like many of his contemporaries, the mathematician and Anglican minister John Wallis (1616–1703) repeatedly made disparaging remarks about Roman Catholics, particularly the pope and the Jesuits. This paper considers how Wallis's anti-Catholic attitude affected his reception of ideas about nature and mathematics. A well-known example is his resistance to the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in England, which he claimed would be an implicit acknowledgement of the pope's authority. This was not an isolated case in Wallis's career. For instance, the same attitude is evident in his earliest publication, Truth Tried (1643), wherein he adopts a position on the metaphysics of time and place that explicitly opposes the doctrine of transubstantiation. In addition, anti-Catholicism made Wallis more receptive to subjects that otherwise did not interest him, namely numerology and biblical prophecy. This helps to explain his decision to publish a Latin translation of Francis Potter's Interpretation of the Number 666 (1642), which Wallis seems to have appreciated mainly because of its argument that the pope is the Antichrist. These cases offer insights about Wallis's motivations as a natural philosopher and mathematician, and how they relate to anti-Catholicism in early modern English science more generally.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"487 - 503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46737349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Natural history values and meanings in nineteenth-century Chile 十九世纪智利的自然历史价值与意义
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-08-22 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2017.0051
P. Schell
{"title":"Natural history values and meanings in nineteenth-century Chile","authors":"P. Schell","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0051","url":null,"abstract":"In nineteenth-century Chile, naturalists and their supporters argued that scientific work and study, including natural history, were good for individuals and society because they developed and tempered the character of their practitioners. These practitioners and boosters, Chileans, European visitors and European immigrants, made this argument in a context in which Chilean state support for natural history institutions, publications and education helped disseminate scientific training, perspectives and practices. Examining this nineteenth-century discourse of beneficial science is important for three reasons: first, the discourse of value-laden sciences offered this field a powerful justification for its development, especially in the face of criticism; second, because naturalists believed in this discourse, it helps explain what their work meant to them, and, finally, these values highlight the disjuncture between discourses about natural history and its links to military conquests, as well as the ways in which natural history was an exclusionary practice.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"101 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41456487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
On The Origin of Species: The story of Darwin's title 论物种的起源：达尔文书名的故事
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-08-22 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2018.0015
Koen B. Tanghe
{"title":"On The Origin of Species: The story of Darwin's title","authors":"Koen B. Tanghe","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0015","url":null,"abstract":"The genesis of Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) is well known, and the changes that it underwent in subsequent editions are well documented. However, less is known or has been published about the genesis of its original title and about the seven modifications that it subsequently underwent. That original title was much longer than the title of the unfinished big ‘Species Book’ that preceded and inspired The Origin: Natural Selection. Why did Darwin use an extended version of this elegant, short title for The Origin? And what was the rationale behind the later modifications? Contrary to what is often claimed or implied, the criticism of his publisher, John Murray, does not offer the only and certainly not the full answer to the latter question.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"100 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49280535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Life Histories, or History Comes to Life 《生活史》或《历史走进生活》
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2018.0044
{"title":"Life Histories, or History Comes to Life","authors":"","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"195 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42247411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Frontispiece 标题页
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2018.0032
{"title":"Frontispiece","authors":"","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"NP - NP"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48305148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experimentation in the agricultural EnlightenmentPlace, profit and norms of knowledge-making in eighteenth-century Germany 农业启蒙的实验——18世纪德国知识创造的场所、利润与规范
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2018.0011
D. Phillips
{"title":"Experimentation in the agricultural EnlightenmentPlace, profit and norms of knowledge-making in eighteenth-century Germany","authors":"D. Phillips","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Most research into history of eighteenth-century experimentation has focused on the instrument-based traditions of natural philosophers and chemists. This article explores an alternate, but related, tradition: the experiments carried out by agricultural improvers. While authors interested in improving farming were aware of natural philosophical practices, they self-consciously devised different strategies in their own forms of experimentation. Experiments in the chemical and physical sciences generally sought to find universal laws operative everywhere; agricultural experimentation often explored the particular possibilities of a given place. The cost and likely economic success of an experiment was also worked explicitly into its design.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"81 11","pages":"159 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41315490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Projects and pedagogical expectations: Inside P. J. Marperger's ‘golden clover leaf’ (Trifolium), 1700–1730 项目和教学期望：P.J.Marperger的“金三叶草”（Trifolium），1700–1730
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2018.0005
K. Whitmer
{"title":"Projects and pedagogical expectations: Inside P. J. Marperger's ‘golden clover leaf’ (Trifolium), 1700–1730","authors":"K. Whitmer","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Many eighteenth-century projectors believed in the potential of pedagogy, including its ability to improve lives and to radically reconfigure the structure of society. Despite an obvious inability to predict how effective their projects would be if implemented, those who managed to gain the support of state leaders very frequently peddled educational reform schemes they expected would generate real improvements, including heightened abilities to apprehend the quality of usefulness. This paper considers the relationship between pedagogy and expectations in a three-part reform project put forward by an early commercial advisor and projector named Paul Jacob Marperger (1656–1730). Keenly aware of the pedagogical dimensions of ongoing efforts to both generate useful knowledge and to cultivate skilled observers and makers of it, Marperger used his project to showcase his commitment to the incremental improvement of society via the creation of new training regimens for young people and adults. The paper studies how he linked his expectations to existing institutions, technologies and ongoing reform efforts, including new teaching methods and materials.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"139 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47354049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What is a useful university? knowledge economies and higher education in late eighteenth-century Denmark and central Europe 什么是有用的大学?知识经济和高等教育在18世纪晚期的丹麦和中欧
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-06-20 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2018.0006
Dominik Hünniger
{"title":"What is a useful university? knowledge economies and higher education in late eighteenth-century Denmark and central Europe","authors":"Dominik Hünniger","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Universities were an important site of Enlightenment improvement discourse and knowledge economies in the German-speaking lands and Scandinavia. Late eighteenth-century state building and scholars’ expectations of their own ‘usefulness’ regarding these processes were closely intertwined. The life and publications of the German-speaking Danish naturalist Johann Christian Fabricius (1745–1808) are used here to understand contemporary debates on the state of education, political economy and the development of the sciences in relation to ideas about economic and social progress. Fabricius was professor for ‘œconomics, cameral sciences and natural history’ at Kiel University for more than 30 years, from 1775 to 1808, and was one of the most outspoken writers on economic reform in Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark. Fabricius’ suggestions for improvement involved directly addressing social categories as well as the re-organization of universities in form and curricular content. Fabricius was engaged in debates on how to best achieve the specific knowledge and skills considered useful for the emerging nation-state. The essay analyses Fabricius’ interventions in these debates in the context of the contemporary development of the ‘research university’ around 1800.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"173 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48274197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Einstein in Oxford 爱因斯坦在牛津
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-05-09 DOI: 10.1098/RSNR.2018.0002
R. Fox
{"title":"Einstein in Oxford","authors":"R. Fox","doi":"10.1098/RSNR.2018.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSNR.2018.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Albert Einstein made three visits to Oxford between 1931 and 1933, staying for a month in the spring of each year. For our understanding of Einstein's work, the Rhodes Memorial Lectures that he delivered during his first visit are of special interest. They show him in a period of intense rethinking of his cosmological views in the light of Edwin Hubble's recent evidence in favour of an expanding universe, an idea that Einstein had hitherto opposed. The lectures, heavily mathematical and delivered in German, were challenging. Nevertheless, they were well received, and Frederick Lindemann (later Lord Cherwell) saw them as a springboard for a continuing association between Einstein and the University's Clarendon Laboratory. To that end, Lindemann persuaded his college, Christ Church, to invite Einstein for a month in 1932 and each of the four years that followed. The arrangement, part of Lindemann's plan to revitalize Oxford physics, was soon overtaken by political events in Germany and Einstein's emigration to Princeton in October 1933.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"293 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSNR.2018.0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44876265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Deprogramming Baconianism: The meaning of desiderata in the eighteenth century 解构培根主义:18世纪欲望的意义
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Pub Date : 2018-04-25 DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2018.0008
Vera Keller
{"title":"Deprogramming Baconianism: The meaning of desiderata in the eighteenth century","authors":"Vera Keller","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The historiographical construct of the ‘Baconian programme’ rose to prominence in the mid-twentieth century. It has since shaped views of Bacon and his followers, particularly concerning Bacon's utilitarianism. It has also set expectations concerning how defined and prescriptive Bacon's vision of the future ought to be for later Baconians. Yet, neither Bacon nor those who claimed to follow him thought of his work in programmatic ways. The early modern view of Bacon's futuristic writing allowed his followers great agency in re-sketching it to fit changing times. This essay first follows the rise of a ‘Baconian programme’ in historiography. It then returns to the past to outline some of the rich vocabulary for future-oriented writing deployed by the first generation of Bacon's self-proclaimed followers. Finally, testing how Bacon's plans appeared over a longer durée, it skips forward to Peter Shaw (1694–1763) and Joseph Priestley (1733–1804). Shaw employed one of Bacon's futuristic terms (desiderata), dropped another (optativa) and developed the significance of a new category (hint). Shaw's case illustrates the creativity that even Bacon's most ardent followers expected to be within their rights. Baconianism invited future redrafting and haphazard invention, rather than adherence to a predictive programme.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"119 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46808630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
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