Pedobiologia最新文献

{"title":"Community diversity and co-occurrence patterns of keratinophilic microorganisms in hospital garden soils","authors":"Yulian Ren ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Chunbo Dong ,&nbsp;Wei Ge ,&nbsp;Zongqi Liang ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Han","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The hospital area is an important component of the urban ecosystem and a densely populated place. Hospital garden soil may act as a potential pool of keratinophilic taxa, which are the common skin disease-causing microorganisms<span> in humans. However, the community diversity, co-occurrence properties and keratinophilic groups of soil microorganisms<span><span> in hospital gardens remain poorly understood. Here, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing after the addition of a keratin-rich substrate (i.e., chicken feathers) to hospital garden soils was used to assess keratinophilic taxa in hospital (i.e., people’s hospital, traditional Chinese medicine hospital, and orthopedic hospital) garden soils from southern China (i.e., Jiangsu Province, Guizhou Province, and Hainan Province). Feather addition significantly decreased the soil </span>microbial diversity, but increased the relative abundance of the dominant phyla. Keratinophilic microorganism such as </span></span></span><span><em>Paenibacillus</em></span>, <em>Paenisporosarcina</em>, <span><em>Sporosarcina</em></span>, <span><em>Lysobacter</em></span>, and <span><em>Cellulosimicrobium</em></span>, increased through feather enrichment. The relative abundances of <span><em>Bacillus</em></span> and <span><em>Streptomyces</em></span> (keratinophilic bacteria) and <span><em>Chrysosporium</em></span> (keratinophilic fungi) increased by 51–98 % in feather enrichment compared to control soils. However, <span><em>Arthrobacter</em></span> (keratinophilic bacteria) and <span><em>Trichoderma</em></span><span> (keratinophilic fungi) decreased by 76 % and 90 %, respectively. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the number of nodes, edges, average degree, and clustering coefficients of bacterial and fungal were decreased after feather enrichment treatment. The feather enrichment significant decreased the pH and C:N rates, but increased the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents of the hospital garden soil. Linear mixed model and correspondence analyses showed that pH, total nitrogen and soil organic carbon<span> were the main factors responsible for changes in community diversity and structure. We then speculate that the keratinophilic microbial taxa are enriched by exposure to higher concentrations of keratin substrates such as human hair and skin surfaces. We suggest that future research should focus on keratinophilic taxa in some specialized habitats, particularly in hospitals.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49711,"journal":{"name":"Pedobiologia","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 150912"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92046093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Below-ground pitfall traps for standardised monitoring of soil mesofauna: Design and comparison to Berlese/Tullgren funnels","authors":"Marco Fioratti Junod ,&nbsp;Brian J. Reid ,&nbsp;Ian Sims ,&nbsp;Anthony J. Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sampling of soil mesofauna has been traditionally carried out with Berlese/Tullgren extractions, a century old technique. However, sampling methods involving the extractions of soil are becoming increasingly difficult to implement and standardise due to the lack of commercially available equipment. Moreover, they are poorly suited to repeated sampling in the same locations and underestimate more mobile taxa.</p><p>Below-ground (hypogean) pitfall trapping is a promising new technique that up to now was only attempted with bulky custom-manufactured tools. In the present work we test a cheap and easily deployable setup made using standard pipe fittings.</p><p>The new design was compared across different environments with Berlese/Tullgren extractions in order to ascertain whether they produce similar species lists and detect the same environment-induced changes in communities. The two trap types were found to yield structurally different assemblages, with the new design producing significantly higher abundance and diversity of springtails and larger taxa. Beta-diversity profiles resulted however perfectly comparable, characterising the same pattern of dissimilarities. In addition, a new method is proposed to use the two sampling types in combination to estimate the dispersal of soil organisms.</p><p>Below-ground pitfall traps have the potential to complement Berlese extractions for reliable and standardised monitoring of soil arthropods, thanks to their effectiveness, low cost and ease of operation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49711,"journal":{"name":"Pedobiologia","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 150911"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49867770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of experimental warming on soil enzyme activities in an alpine swamp meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Wei Bai ,&nbsp;Genxu Wang ,&nbsp;Guanglie Shang ,&nbsp;Lei Xu ,&nbsp;Zilong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span><span><span>Information about the response of soil enzymes to field warming in </span>permafrost regions is scarce, and the potential mechanisms by which warming combined with biotic and abiotic factors affect soil </span>enzyme activities in alpine grasslands remain unclear. A 3-year in situ experiment with two warming levels (2.7 °C and 5.3 °C) was conducted in an alpine </span>swamp<span><span> meadow to investigate the effects of experimental warming on 5 soil enzyme activities involved in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling, and the relationships between soil enzyme activities and soil variables related to </span>physicochemical properties and nutrient levels were examined. Results showed that warming had obvious positive effects on soil moisture (SM), </span></span>soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and NH</span>₄⁺<span>-N contents, especially in the surface soil layer. Soil NO</span>₃^-<span>-N tended to decrease under moderate warming, while it significantly increased under high warming. Meanwhile, during the entire growing season, warming strongly enhanced invertase<span><span><span><span> and amylase activities by 39.2–49.0% and 109.9–191.0%, respectively. In contrast, </span>urease activities were significantly decreased by 36.8–55.7% in warming plots and there were no significant differences in </span>catalase or </span>cellulase activities among treatments during the whole growing season, while catalase activities in warming plots were significantly decreased by 2.6–4.0% in June. These inconsistent responses of soil enzyme activities to experimental warming could be partially explained by warming-induced changes in soil variables. Redundancy analysis showed that soil NO</span></span>₃^--N and SM were the most important factors, which explained 29.8% and 19.7% of the variations in soil enzyme activities, respectively, suggesting that the warming-induced increase in SM could weaken the soil aeration status and enhance enzyme and substrate diffusion, strongly affecting soil nitrification and microbial enzyme production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49711,"journal":{"name":"Pedobiologia","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 150910"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49868243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic response of root-associated fungal community structure to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a subtropical forest","authors":"Shanshan Liu ,&nbsp;Hao Yang ,&nbsp;Luhong Zhou ,&nbsp;Sheng-Sheng Jin ,&nbsp;Lin Xie ,&nbsp;Chengfang Lin ,&nbsp;Ji-Zheng He ,&nbsp;Yong Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impacts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions on root-associated fungi (RAF) of mixed roots in forest soils remain poorly understood. We investigated how RAF communities respond to N and P inputs in a subtropical montane forest using a time-series sampling approach. Our results showed that sampling time had a significant effect on total fungal richness, while the N addition had significant impacts on symbiotrophic rather than saprotrophic fungal richness. RAF community composition was strongly influenced by P addition treatments regardless of sampling time. Furthermore, we found that RAF community structure was mainly affected by soil NO₃^–-N, C/N and N/P ratios. This influence could be ascribed to the direct control of fungal activities and the indirect effects of fertilization on soil properties. Together, our findings highlight the importance of considering temporal variation in RAF responses to fertilization for a more comprehensive understanding of fungal community dynamics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49711,"journal":{"name":"Pedobiologia","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 150909"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49868240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycorrhizal ecology would benefit from region-specific hypotheses","authors":"Guolin C. Li ,&nbsp;Hans Lambers ,&nbsp;Stavros D. Veresoglou","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Most arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi exhibit global distributions but have been studied mostly in a specific region of the globe, mainly covering temperate and boreal habitats, where nitrogen is the most common nutrient limiting primary productivity. Yet, it is relatively common to extrapolate our understanding of temperate and boreal systems to other regions of the globe. While the physiology of mycorrhizal associations is unlikely to differ worldwide, there are good chances that environmental settings interact with the way </span>mycorrhizas<span> function across ecoregions. Here, we first argue that mycorrhizal ecologists should develop region-specific hypotheses. We subsequently identify likely differences in how mycorrhizas function in subtropical regions compared with better-studied temperate and boreal areas. We finally use the subtropical region of China to develop five geographically-focused hypotheses, envisaging that they will trigger the interest of the scientific community worldwide in understudied regions into studying mycorrhizas through a new lens. Expanding the range of hypotheses in mycorrhizal ecology to describe understudied regions of the world, has the potential to confer multifaceted benefits to both science and society. We advocate to do so, and present a roadmap on how to develop such hypotheses.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49711,"journal":{"name":"Pedobiologia","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 150908"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49868241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of bulk and rhizosphere soil microbiomes to different cover crop inputs and their connection and contribution to soil fertility and plant growth","authors":"Yufita Dwi Chinta ,&nbsp;Hajime Araki","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Bulk and rhizosphere soil </span>microbiomes may be naturally linked and exhibit unique responses to different cover crop inputs during the early decomposition process. However, their relationship and contribution to </span>soil carbon<span><span><span> and nitrogen levels and plant growth during the decomposition process remain unclear. Herein, we performed a pot-based experiment to investigate the interactive effects of cover crops (rye, hairy vetch<span> [HV], and a mixture of rye and HV [mix]) and soil microbial habitats (bulk and rhizosphere soils) on the microbial community. Additionally, we identified the hub taxa and evaluated their contributions to the microbial community, </span></span>soil fertility<span><span>, and plant growth. Lettuce was grown in soil exposed to control, rye, HV, or mixed cover crops. Bacterial 16S rRNA) and fungal (ITS) community structures were characterized in bulk and rhizosphere soils of lettuce plants using a DNA-based molecular approach. The results showed that cover crops and soil microbial habitats independently affected microbial community structures; the relative abundances of fungi and bacteria, known as decomposers in bulk soil and plant growth-promoting bacteria in rhizosphere soil, increased. The hub taxa under each treatment represented specific groups that connect bulk and rhizosphere microbiomes. Based on Mantel statistical analysis, hub taxa may maintain the bulk soil microbiome, within which the </span>bacterial community in HV and mix treatments may contribute to the nitrogen supply from cover </span></span>crop residues<span>. Additionally, the bacterial community in rhizosphere soil in HV and mix treatments may contribute to nitrogen absorption by lettuce plants. These results add to the understanding of the early process of sustainable agriculture using cover crops.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49711,"journal":{"name":"Pedobiologia","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 150907"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49868242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collembola community contains larger species in frequently flooded soil","authors":"A.F. Krediet ,&nbsp;J. Ellers ,&nbsp;M.P. Berg","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change is increasingly affecting biotic communities, including soil fauna. Extreme weather events such as the incidence of heavy rainfall or prolonged drought can cause strong fluctuations in soil moisture. In river floodplains such extreme events determine the flooding intensity of the river bank grassland soils, and their communities. The diversity and distribution of many soil fauna groups depends on soil moisture content, so changes in inundation frequency and duration will impact soil fauna communities. We used the natural fluctuations in water levels of large Dutch rivers to investigate the effect of flooding intensity on the composition and traits of Collembola species, a key group of the soil fauna community. At five locations along large rivers in The Netherlands, we sampled Collembola communities at six levels of decreasing elevation and increasing flooding intensity. We identified all Collembola to species level and calculated species richness, composition and abundance values. Moreover, to understand the observed taxonomic changes across elevation we used the traits body size and life form to explain the change in Collembola community composition. Our results show that high flooding intensity favors larger Collembola species in the community. We hypothesize that high soil moisture in frequently flooded soil favors larger Collembola, which tolerate flooding. Life form, i.e. the preferred depth in the soil column, was significantly correlated with flooding intensity. There is an optimum in species richness and abundance at intermediate flooding intensity. These results can help predict the impact of climate change on soil fauna.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49711,"journal":{"name":"Pedobiologia","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 150892"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48332712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simple dynamic equilibrium model shows that high phosphatase activity in tropical forest soils could be explained by rapid microbial turnover","authors":"Taiki Mori","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Microorganisms<span> and plant roots secrete phosphatase to obtain phosphorus (P) by degrading organic P. Previous studies have reported high phosphatase activity in tropical </span></span>forest soils, which has been attributed to poor soil P conditions. However, rapid microbial turnover in tropical forest soils can also contribute to the high soil phosphatase activity. To test this, a simplified dynamic equilibrium model was developed. This model was intentionally designed to exclude the pathways of P originating from rock weathering or P adsorption by soils, with the aim of assessing the specific effect of accelerated microbial turnover on soil phosphatase activity. This model showed that accelerated microbial turnover consistently leads to elevated phosphatase activity, irrespective of the parameters, under the assumed environmental condition with the same litter P input. This suggests that rapid soil microbial turnover may serve as another crucial factor contributing to the high phosphatase activity in tropical forest soils, where both moisture and temperature are high.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49711,"journal":{"name":"Pedobiologia","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 150890"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49244719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feeding behaviour and food preferences of native and introduced snail species from the Lomas formations, threatened seasonal fog oases","authors":"André Ampuero ,&nbsp;Fátima Rivera ,&nbsp;Sarita Olórtegui ,&nbsp;Carlos Martel","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The Lomas formations are ephemeral seasonal oases found along the Pacific arid coast of South America. Whereas fast-growing plants are characteristic in the Lomas, other organisms such as land snails are also conspicuous. In the Lomas, several snails can occur sympatrically and therefore they might have adapted their food requirements to the limited available items while avoiding competing for food (resource partitioning). Since the dietary items and food preferences of Lomas’ snails are almost completely unknown, our study aimed to document these in three snails occurring sympatrically, two native (</span><em>Succinea peruviana</em> and <em>Bostryx conspersus</em>) and one introduced (<em>Cornu aspersum</em>) species in Lomas de Lucumo, a threatened Lomas from Central Peru. We recorded the snails’ activity, host, and food items. We also carried out dual-choice bioassays to evaluate the feeding preferences of <em>B. conspersus</em> and <em>C. aspersum</em> when offered leaf disks of the two dominant plant Lomas species, <span><em>Senecio</em><em> abadianus</em></span> and <em>Sicyos baderoa</em>. Whereas we were unable to record any food item used by <em>C. aspersum</em>, we recorded the two native Lomas species (<em>B. conspersus</em> and <em>S. peruviana</em>) having contrasting patterns of feeding as they were on different hosts (plants vs soil) and food items (vascular plants vs. lichens/organic material/mosses/algae). Although the feeding preferences were similar between <em>B. conspersus</em> and <em>C. aspersum</em> (i.e., both species preferred the leaves of <em>Si. baderoa</em> over <em>Se. abadianus</em>), <em>C. aspersum</em>, after feeding stimulation, consumed significantly less leaf area of <em>Se. abadianus</em> than <em>B. conspersus</em>. <em>Sicyos</em> individuals are fast-growing plants and might be less herbivore-resistant, while <em>Senecio</em> species are characterized to produce defensive alkaloids which make plants less palatable. Our results indicate that Lomas’ snail species have evolved distinct trophic niches by partitioning the limited food resources and native herbivorous species are better adapted to feed on Lomas’ native plants given their common evolutionary history.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49711,"journal":{"name":"Pedobiologia","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 150893"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44432153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of sample storage duration on tardigrade density and community composition in moss samples","authors":"Hennariikka Mäenpää,&nbsp;Merja Elo,&nbsp;Tommi Vuori,&nbsp;Sara Calhim","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2023.150895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In studies on micrometazoans, sample storage and processing methods are mostly decided based on sample quality (e.g., substrate type and moisture level), and the choice of methods may affect the reliability of the data. However, these methods are poorly studied and rarely reported in detail. Our aim was to determine the methodological compromise between efficiency and reliability required for large-scale quantitative meiofaunal ecological studies. Specifically, we tested whether storage duration (necessary for large number of samples) affects the density or community composition of tardigrades in moss samples. We focus on a largely unexplored limnoterrestrial ecosystem – boreal peatlands, where moss moisture levels are naturally variable across different microhabitats and moss species. We collected seven moss samples from a peatland in Central Finland, kept them in a refrigerator and extracted tardigrades using the Baermann wet funnel at 1, 24, 48 and 96 h post sampling. We found a significant decrease in tardigrade density (32 % on average), but no changes in community composition, after the first 24 h of storage. Based on these results, we recommend that samples collected from wet limnoterrestrial habitats should be processed within 24 h to ensure accuracy and comparability of large-scale quantitative data on tardigrade ecology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49711,"journal":{"name":"Pedobiologia","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 150895"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41611532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}