Patrick M Honore, Sydney Blackman, Emily Perriens, Ilann Oueslati, Charbel Haddad, Christophe Al-Sammour, Maha Bendoumou, Maya Ramos-Prieto, Ovidiu Vornicu, Anne-Sophie Dincq, Patrick Evrard, Pierre Bulpa, Isabelle Michaux
{"title":"Adsorptive therapies in sepsis and inflammation: description of the various adsorptive techniques and their failure to improve outcomes.","authors":"Patrick M Honore, Sydney Blackman, Emily Perriens, Ilann Oueslati, Charbel Haddad, Christophe Al-Sammour, Maha Bendoumou, Maya Ramos-Prieto, Ovidiu Vornicu, Anne-Sophie Dincq, Patrick Evrard, Pierre Bulpa, Isabelle Michaux","doi":"10.24875/RIC.23000185","DOIUrl":"10.24875/RIC.23000185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood purification as an adjunctive therapy has been studied for several decades. In this review, we will focus on the most recent studies, particularly on adsorption techniques. These include hemofilters with adsorptive membranes, both endotoxin-specific and non-specific. In addition, we will discuss sorbents that target endotoxins, as well as devices that non-selectively capture viruses and bacteria. For each technique, we will also explore the reasons why blood purification methods have thus far failed to improve survival. Conventionally, reasons for the lack of success in blood purification techniques have been attributed to the need for better patient stratification through bedside measurements of interleukins and endotoxins. The choice of assay is also crucial, with endotoxin activity assays being preferable to other forms of limulus amoebocyte lysate assays. Another critical factor is timing, as administering blood purification at the wrong moment can potentially harm the patient. Mechanistic studies are still lacking for most devices, leaving us to treat patients blindly, except in endotoxin cases. In the context of viruses, especially COVID-19, we require a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in viral replication, as this could significantly impact the efficacy of blood purification techniques. The failures highlighted for each device should be viewed as potential areas for improvement. Despite the challenges, we remain hopeful that these techniques will eventually succeed and prove beneficial in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":49612,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"359-376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50159154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio decreased in patients with psoriasis treated with ixekizumab.","authors":"Funda Tamer, Fahrettin Kucukhemek, Ayla Gulekon","doi":"10.24875/RIC.23000085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.23000085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) is a novel inflammatory biomarker which has been associated with cardiovascular diseases.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study MHR in patients with psoriasis treated with biological agents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between April 2019 and August 2022, MHR was retrospectively evaluated in patients with psoriasis before and 3 months after treatment with infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, ixekizumab, secukinumab, and ustekinumab in a university hospital in Ankara, Turkey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included 128 patients, 53 females and 75 males. 39 (30.5%) patients were treated with infliximab, 26 (20.3%) with adalimumab, 8 (6.3%) with etanercept, 18 (14.1%) with ixekizumab, 12 (9.4%) with secukinumab, and 25 (19.5%) with ustekinumab. The median MHR was 0.0127 (0.0086-0.0165) in females and 0.0146 (0.0119-0.0200) in males (p = 0.011). The median MHR decreased after treatment with adalimumab, ixekizumab, secukinumab, and ustekinumab, whereas it increased after treatment with infliximab and etanercept (<i>p</i> = 0.790, <i>p</i> = 0.015, <i>p</i> = 0.754, <i>p</i> = 0.221, <i>p</i> = 0.276, <i>p</i> = 0.889, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MHR significantly decreased in patients with psoriasis after treatment with ixekizumab. Since high MHR levels have been associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases, ixekizumab might have a positive impact in the treatment of psoriasis patients who had cardiovascular diseases. We suggest that MHR may be useful both in establishing appropriate biological agent treatment and in the follow-up of patients with psoriasis treated with biological agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":49612,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation","volume":"75 4","pages":"187-192"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10055135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A simple painless solution to detach different materials from the skin of patients.","authors":"Huberman-Wajsman Alberto","doi":"10.24875/RIC.23000032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.23000032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49612,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation","volume":"72 2","pages":"90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9906048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azaria García-Ruvalcaba, Katia C Vázquez-Ibarra, María T Magaña-Torres, Lourdes Del C Rizo de-la-Torre, Lennon Meléndez-Aranda, Gabriela López-Armas, José A Cruz-Ramos, Jorge Peregrina-Sandoval, Esther Espinoza-Jiménez, María E Rosales-Gradilla, Josefina Y Sánchez-López
{"title":"Low expression of E-Cadherin and <i>CDH1</i> variants associated with diffuse gastric cancer.","authors":"Azaria García-Ruvalcaba, Katia C Vázquez-Ibarra, María T Magaña-Torres, Lourdes Del C Rizo de-la-Torre, Lennon Meléndez-Aranda, Gabriela López-Armas, José A Cruz-Ramos, Jorge Peregrina-Sandoval, Esther Espinoza-Jiménez, María E Rosales-Gradilla, Josefina Y Sánchez-López","doi":"10.24875/RIC.22000257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.22000257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reduced or null expression of E-cadherin protein is a frequent cause of diffuse gastric cancer (DGC). More than 50% of patients with DGC present somatic variants in <i>CDH1</i> gene.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objectives of this study were to study E-cadherin expression and identify variants in the <i>CDH1</i> gene in gastric tumors of patients with DGC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied 18 Mexican DGC patients who attended a hospital of the Mexican Social Security Institute; E-cadherin expression was determined by immunohistochemistry, and variants were identified by Sanger sequencing in promoter and coding regions. Predictive analysis was performed using PolyPhen-2 and HOPE software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that 56% of DGC patients showed reduced expression of E-cadherin. All patients carried <i>CDH1</i> variants; overall, 12 different <i>CDH1</i> variants were identified. Predictive analysis revealed that the rs114265540 variant was probably damaging, with a value of 0.985, indicating a functional impact on the E-cadherin protein. Variants rs34939176 and rs33964119 were identified as risk factors for DGC (odds' ratios [OR] = 31.3, 95% CI 6.3-154.0, p < 0.001; OR = 6.1, 95% CI 2.0-19.0, p < 0.001, respectively) given their elevated frequency and by comparing it with those reported for MXL population in the 1000 Genomes Project database.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this Mexican population, the percentage of diffuse gastric tumors with reduced expression of E-cadherin was similar to that reported in other populations. All gastric tumors of DGC patients studied had somatic <i>CDH1</i> gene variants; however, the rs114265540, rs34939176, and rs33964119 variants were importantly related to DGC.</p>","PeriodicalId":49612,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"037-044"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9387511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silvia Cid-Juárez, Norma A Téllez-Navarrete, Anaid Bautista-Bernal, Pablo León-Gómez, Isabel Salas-Escamilla, Laura Gochicoa-Rangel, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla
{"title":"Arterial Blood Gases in Normal Subjects at 2240 Meters Above Sea Level: Impact of Age, Gender, and Body Mass Index.","authors":"Silvia Cid-Juárez, Norma A Téllez-Navarrete, Anaid Bautista-Bernal, Pablo León-Gómez, Isabel Salas-Escamilla, Laura Gochicoa-Rangel, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla","doi":"10.24875/RIC.22000281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.22000281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The values of arterial blood gases (ABG) change with altitude above sea level; empirical verification is essential because ventilatory acclimatization varies with ethnicity and a population's adaptation.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study was to describe ABG in a healthy population residing at 2,240 meters above sea level, to identify the mean level of alveolar ventilation (PaCO<sub>2</sub>), and to know whether a progressive increase in PaCO<sub>2</sub> occurs with age and the impact of increasing body mass index (BMI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study in a referral center for respiratory diseases in Mexico City. Associations among variables with correlation coefficient and regression models of PaO<sub>2</sub>, SaO<sub>2</sub>, and P(A-a)O<sub>2</sub> as dependent variables as a function of age, BMI, minute ventilation, or breathing frequency were explored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two hundred and seventeen healthy subjects were evaluated with a mean age of 40 ± 15 years, mean of the PaO<sub>2</sub> was 71 ± 6 mmHg, SaO<sub>2</sub> 94% ± 1.6%, PaCO<sub>2</sub> 30.2 ± 3.4 mmHg, HCO<sub>3</sub> 20 ± 2 mmol/L, BE-2.9 ± 1.9 mmol/L, and the value of pH was 7.43 ± 0.02. In a linear regression, the main results were PaO<sub>2</sub> = 77.5-0.16*age (p < 0.0001) and with aging P(A-a)O<sub>2</sub> tended to increase 0.12 mmHg/year. PaCO<sub>2</sub> in women increased with age by 0.075 mmHg/year (p = 0.0012, PaCO<sub>2</sub> =26.3 + 0.075*age). SaO<sub>2</sub> and PaO<sub>2</sub> decreased significantly in women with higher BMI 0.14% and 0.52 mmHg per kg/m<sup>2</sup>, (p = 0.004 and 0.002 respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mean PaCO<sub>2</sub> was 30.7 mmHg, implying a mean alveolar ventilation of around 30% above that at sea level.</p>","PeriodicalId":49612,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10817808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carmen Rubio, Fernando Gatica, Eric Uribe, Ernesto Ochoa, Victoria Campos, Moisés Rubio-Osornio
{"title":"Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity During Anti-seizure Medications Use.","authors":"Carmen Rubio, Fernando Gatica, Eric Uribe, Ernesto Ochoa, Victoria Campos, Moisés Rubio-Osornio","doi":"10.24875/RIC.22000260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.22000260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Epilepsy is a multifactorial pathology that has allowed the development of various drugs aiming to combat it. This effort was formally initiated in the 1940s when phenytoin began to be used. It eventually turned out to be a drug with great anticonvulsant efficacy. At present, several potentially good new generation anti-seizure medications (ASMs) have been developed. Most of them present more tolerability and less toxic effects. However, they continue to have adverse effects at different levels. In addition, some seizures are difficult to treat with ASMs, representing 30% of the total cases of people who suffer from epilepsy. This review aims to explore the genetic and molecular mechanisms of ASMs neurotoxicity, proposing the study of damage caused by epileptic seizures, in addition to the deterioration generated by anti-seizure drug administration within the central nervous system. It is beyond question that there is a need to develop drugs that lower the lower the risk of secondary and toxic effects of ASMs. Simultaneously, we must find strategies that produce fewer harmful interactions and more health benefits when taking anti-seizure drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49612,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10817810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis F Oñate-Ocaña, Roberto Herrera-Goepfert, Alejandro Avilés-Salas, Carlo C Cortés, Sagrario González-Trejo, José F Carrillo, Erika Ruiz-García, Francisco J Ochoa-Carrillo, Vincenzo Aiello-Crocifoglio, Claudia M García-Cuellar
{"title":"Multivariate Prognostic Models for Patients with Stages I and Ii Colon Carcinoma: a Strobe-Compliant Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Luis F Oñate-Ocaña, Roberto Herrera-Goepfert, Alejandro Avilés-Salas, Carlo C Cortés, Sagrario González-Trejo, José F Carrillo, Erika Ruiz-García, Francisco J Ochoa-Carrillo, Vincenzo Aiello-Crocifoglio, Claudia M García-Cuellar","doi":"10.24875/RIC.23000158","DOIUrl":"10.24875/RIC.23000158","url":null,"abstract":"UNASSIGNED\u0000Background: Colorectal cancer is the most frequent gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide. The value of adjuvant treatment is controversial in Stages I and II. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct post-operative prognostic models applicable to patients with stages I-II colon carcinoma (CC). Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with Stage I-II CC treated over a 25-year period. Exposure was defined as clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical factors (including CDX2 and MUC2 expression). Patients were randomly allocated to either a \"modeling set\" or a \"validation set\". Factors associated with recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were defined in the \"modeling set\". Their performances were tested in the \"validation set\". Results: From a total of 556 recruited patients, 339 (61%) were allocated to the \"modeling set\" and 217 (39%) to the \"validation set\". Three models explaining recurrence, DFS, and OS were described. Tumor location in the left colon (Hazards ratio [HR] = 1.57; 95% Confidence interval [CI] 0.99-2.48), lymphocyte (HR = 0.46; 96% CI 0.27-0.88) and monocyte (HR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.99-1) counts, neutrophil/platelet ratio (HR = 1.3; 95% CI 0.74-2.3, and HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.3-4.1; for second and third category, respectively), albumin/monocyte ratio (HR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.21-0.87), and microscopic residual disease after surgery (HR = 8.7; 95% CI 3.1-24) were independently associated with OS. T classification and expression of CDX2 and/or MUC2 were not independently associated with recurrence or prognosis. Conclusion: These models are simple and readily available, and distinguish the risk and prognosis in patients with CC stages I and II; these models require cheaper processes than the use of more sophisticated molecular biology techniques. They may guide either the need for adjuvant therapy versus post-operative surveillance only, as well as aid in the design of clinical trials. (REV INVEST CLIN. 2023;75(5):259-71).","PeriodicalId":49612,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation","volume":"75 5","pages":"259-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71428379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miguel Ahumada-Ayala, Regina Aguilar-López, Nicolai González-Stoylov, Esmeralda Palacio-Sosa, David E Cervantes-Barragán, Liliana Fernández-Hernández
{"title":"Editing the Human Genome with CRISPR/Cas: A Review of its Molecular Basis, Current Clinical Applications, and Bioethical Implications.","authors":"Miguel Ahumada-Ayala, Regina Aguilar-López, Nicolai González-Stoylov, Esmeralda Palacio-Sosa, David E Cervantes-Barragán, Liliana Fernández-Hernández","doi":"10.24875/RIC.22000252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.22000252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>CRISPR/Cas genes evolved in prokaryotic organisms as a mechanism of defense designed to identify and destroy genetic material from threatening viruses. A breakthrough discovery is that CRISPR/Cas system can be used in eukaryotic cells to edit almost any desired gene. This comprehensive review addresses the most relevant work in the CRISPR/Cas field, including its history, molecular biology, gene editing capability, ongoing clinical trials, and bioethics. Although the science involved is complex, we intended to describe it in a concise manner that could be of interest to diverse readers, including anyone dedicated to the treatment of patients who could potentially benefit from gene editing, molecular biologists, and bioethicists. CRISPR/Cas has the potential to correct inherited diseases caused by single point mutations, to knock-in the promoter of a gene whose expression is highly desirable or knockout the gene coding for a deleterious protein. CRISPR/Cas technique can also be used to edit <i>ex vivo</i> immune cells and reinsert them in patients, improving their efficiency in attacking malignant cells, limiting the infectious potential of viruses or modulating xenotransplant rejection. Very important bioethical considerations on this topic include the need to internationally regulate its use by <i>ad hoc</i> expert committees and to limit its use until safety and bioethical issues are satisfactorily resolved.</p>","PeriodicalId":49612,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation","volume":"75 1","pages":"13-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10872646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Resurgence of Hallucinogen Drugs in Clinical Research.","authors":"María T Rivera-García, Silvia L Cruz","doi":"10.24875/RIC.23000108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.23000108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the dawn of civilization, ancient cultures have utilized hallucinogens from plants and fungi in the context of religious and healing practices. Recently, their use has expanded to other cultures. Hallucinogens are natural or synthetic substances that alter the perception of reality at nontoxic doses, producing intense psychological and physiological effects. The initial research on hallucinogens began in the 1950s. However, their non-medical use, studies without proper controls, and negative social opinion resulted in legal restrictions that limited their use for clinical and preclinical research for more than two decades. A renewed interest in studying hallucinogens as potential therapeutic agents for treating different psychiatric conditions has recently re-emerged. This review summarizes the effects of main hallucinogen drugs and their therapeutic potential. Classic hallucinogens such as LSD, dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, and mescaline have chemical structures similar to serotonin and directly activate 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT<sub>2A</sub>) receptors. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with antagonist effects at the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, indirectly activating 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors. Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects and reduces suicidal ideation, but its effects are short-lasting. Other hallucinogens are under study. It is necessary to continue this research with a more rigorous methodology and include studying the long-term effects of psychedelics use.</p>","PeriodicalId":49612,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation","volume":"75 3","pages":"169-178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9817998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>Cannabis</i>: Drug of Abuse and Therapeutic Agent, Two Sides of the Same Coin.","authors":"Ana Canseco-Alba, Gabriela Rodríguez-Manzo","doi":"10.24875/RIC.23000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.23000112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The consumption of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> plant, known as marijuana in the Western world, for different purposes (therapeutic, intoxicating, and spiritual) due to its psychoactive effects, can be traced back to ancient times. <i>Cannabis</i> is the most used illicit drug worldwide; however, its legal status is changing rapidly. <i>Cannabis</i> regulation will allow a better understanding of its effects as a misused drug, including new challenges, such as the availability of highly potent <i>Cannabis extracts</i>. Furthermore, scientific research is making significant efforts to take advantage of the potential therapeutic uses of <i>Cannabis</i> active compounds. The science of <i>Cannabis</i> derivatives started with the identification of the phytocannabinoids Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), allowing the formal study of the complex set of effects triggered by <i>Cannabis</i> consumption and the deciphering of its pharmacology. Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC is recognized as the compound responsible for the psychoactive and intoxicating effects of <i>Cannabis</i>. Its study led to the discovery of the endocannabinoid system, a neuromodulatory system widespread in the human body. CBD does not induce intoxication and for that reason, it is the focus of the search for cannabinoid potential clinical applications. This review examines the current state of knowledge about contrasting perspectives on the effects of <i>Cannabis</i>, Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC, and CBD: their abuse liability and potential therapeutic use; two sides of the same coin.</p>","PeriodicalId":49612,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation","volume":"75 3","pages":"105-128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9817999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}