Scandinavian Journal of Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Socioeconomic development and the rising challenge of depressive disorders: A worldwide examination spanning from 1990 to 2021.","authors":"Nan Cheng, Zhen Yao, Zhenliang Hui, Shaowei Li, Jun Chen","doi":"10.1177/14034948251348324","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14034948251348324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To analyze the global burden of depressive disorders (1990-2021), examining trends in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and incidence across SDI regions, sex, and during COVID-19, and to assess the contribution of early-life risk factors and the complex socioeconomic-depression relationship.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study, we analyzed the global burden of depressive disorders from 1990 to 2021. We examined age-standardized DALYs and incidence rates, assessing temporal changes across regions and socioeconomic contexts defined by the Social Development Index (SDI). Statistical analyses explored relationships between depression burden and factors such as sex, regional variations, the COVID-19 pandemic, and early-life risk factors like childhood sexual abuse and bullying.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DALYs due to depression increased from 600.5 per 100,000 in 1990 to 681.1 per 100,000 in 2021. Post-2018, high-SDI regions saw significant rises in DALYs (Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) = 0.388) and incidence (EAPC = 0.487), while low-SDI regions saw modest declines. High-income areas reported higher depressive burdens despite better healthcare. Women, especially in adolescence and later life, bore a greater burden. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest burden, and high-income Asia Pacific the lowest. During COVID-19, depression rates slightly increased globally, with regional and gender variations. Early-life adversities notably contributed to the rising depression burden, particularly in high-SDI regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The relationship between socioeconomic development and depression burden is complex and non-linear. High-SDI regions benefit from better healthcare access but face rising depression rates due to urbanization, social isolation, and work-related stress, exacerbated by COVID-19. In contrast, low-SDI regions maintain protective social support networks despite limited healthcare resources. Addressing gender disparities and regional variations requires tailored mental-health interventions, focusing on early-life support, gender-specific strategies, and strengthening mental-health infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":49568,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health","volume":" ","pages":"611-625"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trauma-informed care for women who are forced migrants: a qualitative study among service providers.","authors":"Linda Jolof, Patricia Rocca, Tommy Carlsson","doi":"10.1177/14034948241237591","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14034948241237591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The aim was to explore service providers' perspectives on trauma-informed care for women who are forced migrants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Service providers (<i>n</i>=32) employed at one of six centres providing trauma-informed care for forced migrants were recruited by way of managers. Audio-recorded and transcribed semi-structured focus group discussions were analysed with systematic text condensation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed exposure to gender-based violence and abuse within patriarchal structures as the main challenges for women. Participants recognised remarkable strength and resilience among women. A range of structural, psychosocial and individual barriers to trauma-informed care were addressed. While trauma-informed care was considered to have the potential to improve the health for many women, participants articulated room for improvement in the competence of service providers and the conditions impacting women's opportunities to access support.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>\u0000 <b>Violence, abuse and oppression against forced migrant women severely impact their health and possibilities of accessing support. Services providing trauma-informed care for forced migrants need to empower women, and carefully consider gender-related aspects impacting women's opportunities to access and utilise trauma-informed care. To ensure that women who need support access it, trauma-informed services should work with outreach efforts, ensure competence development among providers, counteract practical barriers and coordinate with health and social services.</b>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":49568,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health","volume":" ","pages":"594-599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12374007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140121148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Workplace sexual and gender-based harassment in Denmark: a comparison of the self-labelling and behavioural list method.","authors":"Maj Britt Dahl Nielsen, Alberte Boukaidi Andersen, Gry Grundtvig, Kathrine Sørensen, Josefine Ranfelt Andersen, Nanna P Larsson, Sofie Smedegaard Skov, Anna Paldam Folker, Susie Kjær, Per Tybjerg Aldrich, Reiner Rugulies, Thomas Clausen, Ida E H Madsen","doi":"10.1177/14034948241228158","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14034948241228158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Knowledge about the prevalence of sexual and gender-based harassment is hampered by disagreements about definitions and measurement methods. The two most common measurement methods are the self-labelling (a single question about exposure to sexual harassment) and the behavioural list method (an inventory of sexually harassing behaviours). The aim of this paper was to compare the self-labelling and the behavioural list methods for measuring sexual harassment and assess the association with depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study is based on a convenience sample of 1686 individuals employed in 29 workplaces in Denmark. Survey data were collected from November 2020 until June 2021 and there were 1000 participants with full data on key variables. We used a linear mixed-effects model to examine the relationship between sexual harassment and depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 2.5% self-labelled as being sexually harassed, while 19.0% reported exposure to at least one type of sexual and gender-based harassment using the behavioural list method. Both groups reported higher levels of depressive symptoms compared with non-exposed employees. The most common types of behaviours were: that someone spoke derogatorily about women/men (11.6%); being belittled because of one's gender or sexuality (4.7%); and unwanted comments about one's body, clothes or lifestyle (4.5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>\u0000 <b>The behavioural list method yielded a higher prevalence of sexual and gender-based harassment compared with the self-labelling method. Self-labelling and reporting at least one type of sexual and gender-based harassment was associated with depressive symptoms.</b>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":49568,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health","volume":" ","pages":"586-593"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139900752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to physical, sexual and emotional violence and health-related factors among the adult population in the Faroe Islands.","authors":"Tóra Petersen, Heri Joensen, Heri Á Rógvi, Magni Mohr, Anna SofÍa Veyhe","doi":"10.1177/14034948241307269","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14034948241307269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The Faroe Islands is a small homogenous archipelago located in the North Atlantic Ocean with no prior study of violence among adults. In an adult population-based sample, we studied physical, sexual and emotional violence and health and socio-economic determinants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A population-based cross-sectional survey conducted between November 2020 and February 2021 was based on a newly initiated questionnaire that included 1068 randomly selected individuals aged 18-75.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 34.8% reported exposure to physical violence, 21.8% to sexual violence and 22.3% to emotional violence. A total of 12.6% of the women and 7.6% of the men reported exposure to all three types of violence. The consequences of childhood violence had a more significant effect on the subjects compared to adult-life violence. Additionally, individuals exposed to violence had significantly lower odds of achieving any educational attainment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>\u0000 <b>Compared to men and after adjustments, women had 50% lower odds of exposure to physical (odds ratio=0.5, <i>p</i><0.001) and more than three times the odds of exposure to sexual violence (odds ratio=3.1, <i>p</i><0.001). The odds of emotional violence were sex independent, both unadjusted and adjusted. Moreover, exposure to violence showed a life-long negative impact.</b>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":49568,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health","volume":" ","pages":"568-577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142899843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health literacy and screen use among 13-year-old students in Norway - A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Kristin Sofie Waldum-Grevbo, Solveig Holen, Åse Sagatun","doi":"10.1177/14034948251358570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948251358570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescence is a life phase in which future life opportunities and patterns of adult health are established. There is growing concern about excessive screen use among adolescents. Health literacy is associated with various health behaviours, but the association with screen use is scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between health literacy and diverse types of screen use among students and to identify possible gender differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional data was collected from a self-report survey distributed to 1425 (68.5% of those invited) 13-year-old students across 48 schools from 19 municipalities in Norway. Associations between self-reported health literacy (gathered using the Health Literacy in School Aged Children scale) and time spent on gaming, social media, TV, and total screen use were studied using linear mixed effect models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, a statistically significant association between health literacy and screen use was identified: an increase in health literacy tends to be associated with a decrease in screen time. This association was stronger for girls than boys and varied with different screen activities. The health literacy mean score was statistically significantly higher for boys (30.43) than girls (29.81), but the difference was small. About 25% of the students spend seven hours or more on screens on weekdays outside school hours. Girls are more likely to use social media and boys are more occupied with gaming.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>\u0000 <b>This study adds screen use to the list of health behaviours that are associated with health literacy among adolescents. Results indicate that increasing health literacy might help reduce screen time in conjunction with other targeted actions.</b>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":49568,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health","volume":" ","pages":"14034948251358570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monthly changes in well-being among Danish employees from 2018 to 2022. Was there an influence of the COVID-19 pandemic?","authors":"Sandra Nielsen, Iben L Karlsen, Marie L Bak, Johan S Abildgaard, Reiner Rugulies, Jeppe K Sørensen","doi":"10.1177/14034948251352659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948251352659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic affected life for a large proportion of the global population. In this study, we examined changes in well-being among employees in Denmark before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used secondary survey data collected by a private company that had developed and provided a smartphone app to monitor employees' well-being using the WHO-5 questionnaire. We included 6758 employees from 77 workplaces, yielding 111,705 observations of well-being scores. We investigated time trends in well-being by comparing well-being scores in the years before (2018 and 2019), during (2020 and 2021) and after (2022) the COVID-19 pandemic. We further compared well-being scores during the months of three distinct COVID-19 waves with the corresponding months before the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed a clear seasonal variation, with higher well-being scores during the summer months (July and August) in each year, regardless of the COVID-19 situation. In both men and women, annual well-being scores were lowest during the COVID-19 years (68.6, and 67.3, respectively) compared with annual well-being scores before (68.9 and 69.3) and after (70.1 and 68.7) the COVID-19 pandemic. During three distinct COVID-19 waves in Denmark, women, but not men, showed statistically significant lower well-being scores compared with the corresponding months before the COVID-19 pandemic (all <i>p</i><0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>\u0000 <b>The study results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a slight decrease in employees' well-being that was more pronounced among women than among men. Independent of the COVID-19 situation, well-being scores showed clear seasonal variation.</b>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":49568,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health","volume":" ","pages":"14034948251352659"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overweight prevalence increases from 2 to 8 years of age among children with immigrant background in a Norwegian multiethnic population.","authors":"Ingun Toftemo, Anja Brænd, Anne K Jenum, Line Sletner","doi":"10.1177/14034948251356059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948251356059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Little is known about ethnic disparities in childhood obesity in Europe. We explored the development of ethnic differences in overweight (including obesity) from age 2 to 8 years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected routine weight and height measures for 604 children from the Norwegian multiethnic, population-based STORK Groruddalen pregnancy and birth cohort (52.6% European, 26.8% south Asian, and 20.5% Middle East/north African ethnic background). Using chi-square tests for trend and binominal logistic regression analyses adjusted for sex and maternal factors, we explored the development of ethnic differences in overweight. For children with south Asian origin, we performed body mass index adjustments considering their relatively higher adiposity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From age 2 to 8 years, prevalence of overweight was stable in European children (13.1% at 2 years, and 15.1% at 8 years). In children with immigrant background, prevalence increased; from 5.4% to 17.2% in children with south Asian origin, and from 16.2% to 35.8% in children with Middle East/north African background (<i>p</i> for trend < 0.001 in both groups). At age 8 years, the latter group had almost a threefold higher risk of overweight (odds ratio (OR) 2.89; 95% confidence interval 1.54-5.42) compared with European-origin children, while ethnic south Asian children had a double risk (OR 2.07; 1.19-3.59) after adjustments for body composition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>\u0000 <b>From 2 to 8 years of age, prevalence of childhood overweight increased in children with immigrant background but remained stable in ethnic Europeans. To reduce ethnic disparities in health, effective efforts to prevent obesity in children with immigrant background should start very early in life.</b>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":49568,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health","volume":" ","pages":"14034948251356059"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144651058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Older people's health literacy on COVID-related health behaviours during the pandemic - Results from the SWEOLD 2021 study in Sweden.","authors":"Naima Kayser Leeoza, Josefin Wångdahl, Carin Lennartsson, Janne Agerholm","doi":"10.1177/14034948251357704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948251357704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health literacy refers to an individual's ability to access, understand, and use information to promote and maintain good health. The importance of a health-literate population has been highlighted during COVID-19 when health authorities pleaded with the public to be responsible and adhere to rules and recommendations. This study investigates the relationship between health literacy levels and older people's understanding of and adherence to COVID-19 recommendations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The data for this study were obtained from the 2021 Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD), which exclusively includes individuals aged ⩾77 years. Health literacy was assessed utilising the Communicative and Critical Health Literacy (C&CHL) scale. Using logistic regression, we evaluated the association between C&CHL and vaccination coverage, as well as the comprehension of and adherence to health recommendations and the avoidance of healthcare services due to apprehension related to COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings showed that 90% of the study population understood the COVID-19 guidelines, and 63% adhered to them to a large extent. Further, 98% got vaccinated. Although limited C&CHL was statistically associated with a lower ability to understand information (odds ratio: 2.20), it was not related to following recommendations, being vaccinated, or refraining from health or dental care.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>\u0000 <b>Regardless of individual health literacy level, most older people understood and followed COVID-19 recommendations, and nearly everyone was vaccinated. The findings indicate that the information about Swedish COVID-19 recommendations and vaccination information was tailored to meet the needs of different health literacy levels.</b>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":49568,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health","volume":" ","pages":"14034948251357704"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144651057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advance directives in Finnish long-term care: Do sociodemographic characteristics and regional factors matter?","authors":"Pirita Forsius, Esa Jämsen, Harriet Finne-Soveri, Mari Aaltonen","doi":"10.1177/14034948251356016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948251356016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Advance directives (AD) help ensure quality end-of-life care by preventing inappropriate or unwanted treatments. This is particularly important for older people in long-term care (LTC).</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study examines sociodemographic and regional factors associated with the presence of ADs among Finnish round-the-clock LTC residents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective register study included 6,090 Finnish round-the-clock LTC residents aged ⩾65 years who died of chronic progressive diseases in 2019 and had undergone a comprehensive evaluation of health status and care needs using a standardized, internationally accepted tool (interRAI instrument Minimum Data Set 2.0 for LTC).Regional differences and sociodemographic characteristics associated with the presence of a do-not-resuscitate order (DNR) or other ADs were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and multivariable logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most common advance directive was a DNR order (84.8%), while other ADs were less frequent (6.7-22.9%). Both DNR orders and other ADs were associated with female sex, Finnish as the native language, having a legal guardian, and dying of neurodegenerative diseases. The prevalence of DNR orders increased with age. ADs were more common in urban than rural municipalities, but there was substantial variation between municipalities (DNR: 70.9-95.0%, other ADs: 27.1-70.0%). Several associations of sociodemographic and regional factors with ADs remained significant after adjusting for functional ability and health stability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sociodemographic characteristics and regional factors influence whether Finnish long-term care residents have advance directives, regardless of their health status. This may result in unequal care and service use despite similar clinical conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49568,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health","volume":" ","pages":"14034948251356016"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144627556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling up non-communicable disease prevention and health promotion across Europe: The Joint Action PreventNCD.","authors":"Knut-Inge Klepp, Arnfinn Helleve, Emil Høstrup, Mojca Gabrijelčič Blenkuš, Sólveig Karlsdóttir, Eeva Ollila, Rosana Peiro Pérez, Raffaella Bucciardini, Martin Thissen, Marc Van Den Bulcke, Jorunn Sofie Randby, Linda Granlund","doi":"10.1177/14034948251352040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948251352040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for more than two thirds of the burden of disease in Europe. At the population level, substantial disparities exist based on socioeconomic status, geographical area, age, disability, gender, and ethnicity. A large part of this disease burden is preventable. The aim of the Joint Action PreventNCD is to support strategies, policies, and practices designed to reduce the burden of NCDs and their common risk factors. This is achieved through collaboration between Member States of the European Union, Iceland, Norway, and Ukraine acting on health determinants and increasing protective factors for health and wellbeing, both at a personal and societal level. A critical objective is to contribute to reduced social inequalities associated with NCDs. This paper presents the overall design and rationale behind PreventNCD, highlighting the efforts to provide strategic direction and guidance while fostering consolidated efforts to NCD prevention and health promotion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Methods include analyzing opportunities for implementing evidence-informed intersectoral policies for preventing NCDs, pilot-testing innovative practices, and scaling up best practices, including both population-based and targeted prevention efforts. Furthermore, methods include building monitoring capacity in the fields of NCD mortality and morbidity, exposure to risk factors, cost of NCD care, and the impact of health promotion and disease prevention efforts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>\u0000 <b>This is an ambitious effort to strengthen the European Member States' abilities and efforts related to NCD prevention. Key outputs include the identification and implementation of effective policies and practices, and long-term institutional mechanisms for sustained NCD prevention and health promotion.</b>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":49568,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health","volume":" ","pages":"14034948251352040"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144620948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}