Science & Justice最新文献

{"title":"Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA): Validity, reliability, cognitive bias, and error rate","authors":"Itiel E. Dror","doi":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA) is a scientific endeavor as it is based on fluid dynamics, physics and mathematics which govern the creation of specific bloodstain patterns that are identified by BPA experts. It is used in police investigations and presented as forensic science evidence in court. However, examining bloodstain pattern analysis reveals some serious and severe concerns about its reliability, validity, vulnerability to bias, and error rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49565,"journal":{"name":"Science & Justice","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101245"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prelim 3: Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00053-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00053-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49565,"journal":{"name":"Science & Justice","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BM1: Events Guide","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00054-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00054-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49565,"journal":{"name":"Science & Justice","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IFC: Editorial Board and AIMS and Scope","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00049-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00049-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49565,"journal":{"name":"Science & Justice","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BM2: Council Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00055-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1355-0306(25)00055-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49565,"journal":{"name":"Science & Justice","volume":"65 3","pages":"Article 101271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Computed Tomography, Photogrammetry, and Structured Light Scanning for Biological Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology – A Review","authors":"Isabella Crebert ,&nbsp;Dilan Seckiner ,&nbsp;Ray Nickson ,&nbsp;Victoria Berezowski ,&nbsp;Xanthé Mallett","doi":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advanced scanning techniques are increasingly used to aid in forensic human identification by enabling rapid and non-destructive documentation of remains, and permitting measurements not possible on dry bone. However, to ensure that the results achieved are reliable, methods must be rigoursly tested and validated. By reviewing relevant literature, this paper compares the use of three popular advanced imaging techniques used to aid forensic human identification – computed tomography (CT), structured light scanning (SLS), and photogrammetry – with a focus on biological sex estimation from 3D rendered models of the cranium, mandible, and pelvis. Each technology was assessed based on its accuracy, speed, cost, portability, level of training, and software requirements in a forensic context. This review highlights that while CT continues to be considered the ‘gold standard’, structured light scanners and photogrammetry offer significant practical advantages for virtual skeletal analysis. Despite their accuracy and reliability, CT machines are expensive, difficult to transport, and require significant training to operate and utilise relevant software. SLSs can be easy to transport and do not demand significant training to operate, but extensive training is preferable for data interpretation. Further research is required to establish the accuracy of using SLS for sex estimation. Photogrammetry is cost effective, yields a high accuracy, requires minimal training, and the required equipment is easily transported. This paper highlights that both SLS and photogrammetry are viable alternatives to CT for creating accurate models of bones for biological sex estimation. This study intends to act as a guide for forensic anthropologists when selecting which advanced imaging techniques to employ in various forensic contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49565,"journal":{"name":"Science & Justice","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging research and practice: A critical review of biological profile estimation methods applied to the Mexican population","authors":"Arodi Farrera ,&nbsp;Mónica Silvy Morales Ríos ,&nbsp;María García-Velasco ,&nbsp;Jessica Alejandra Campos-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mexico faces an unprecedented humanitarian crisis of human identification that demands comprehensive efforts to increase the number of identified individuals. Reliable and accurate biological profile estimations are crucial in this process. This study presents a literature review of methods for estimating age, sex, and stature in the Mexican population, assessing their validity and suitability for specific contexts. Specifically, we extracted and critically analyzed information on sample characteristics, methodological details, reliability and accuracy metrics, and operational aspects. Out of 125 screened articles, 28 met the eligibility criteria: 12 focused on age, 12 on sex, 3 on stature estimation, and 1 on sex and age. General methods such as Demirjian’s, Íşcan’s, and Cameriere’s have proven effective for age estimation across various Mexican populations, while discriminant function analysis has been successful in estimating sex using different anatomical elements, and regression analysis of long bones in estimating height. These findings highlight the variety of methods available for reliable biological profile estimation in Mexico. Based on these results, we offer recommendations for both academic research and forensic practice, aiming to guide forensic practitioners in selecting suitable methods and to stimulate discussions on establishing minimum acceptable methodological practices in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49565,"journal":{"name":"Science & Justice","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101260"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ivory or Bone? discrimination using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics","authors":"Chandra Prakash Sharma ,&nbsp;Dimple Bhatia ,&nbsp;Rajinder Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elephant ivory is one of the most priced items/products in the illegal wildlife trade. Its increased demand and the dwindling population of elephants have led to a heavy influx of many natural and artificial elephant ivory substitutes in the illegal wildlife market. Identification of genuine elephant ivory and distinguishing it from substitutes is mandatory for<!--> <!-->subsequent legal proceedings and successful implementation of the related laws. In this study, 30 Asian elephant (<em>Elephas maximus</em>) ivory and 29 cattle (<em>Bubalus bubalis</em>) bone samples were evaluated using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics. ATR-FTIR spectra of ivory and bone samples in the mid-IR range were visually compared and subjected to advanced chemometric analysis. The developed PCA model differentiated the ivory and cattle bone samples, with 98.30 % accuracy. PLS-DA model successfully differentiated ivory and bone samples into discrete classes with a calibration R square value of 0.99. A PLSDA-V model was also developed utilizing X-variables with a VIP score &gt; 1 that distinguished ivory and bone samples into discrete classes. It was observed that the PLS-DA model outperformed the PLSDA-V model in terms of high accuracy and low error rates. Subsequently, the PLS-DA model was employed solely for external validation and blind tests. Furthermore, resin-based fake ivory samples were also differentiated from genuine ivory samples through visual comparison of their ATR-FTIR spectra. The findings of the study showed that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy could identify and differentiate ivory and bone samples, even when they are in powdered form and have lost their morphological characteristics in a quick, precise, non-destructive manner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49565,"journal":{"name":"Science & Justice","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing forensic shoeprint analysis: Application of the Shoe-MS algorithm to challenging evidence","authors":"Moonsoo Jang ,&nbsp;Alicia Carriquiry ,&nbsp;Soyoung Park","doi":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantitative assessment of pattern evidence is a challenging task, particularly in the context of forensic investigations where the accurate identification of sources and classification of items in evidence are critical. Emerging deep learning approaches can become useful tools for examiners responsible for pattern recognition and analysis. This paper explores the Shoe-MS algorithm, a deep learning-based framework specifically designed for forensic footwear analysis where the input consists of two paired images, and the output is an estimated similarity score that takes on a value between zero and one. We implement Shoe-MS on two different databases that permit assessing the algorithm’s performance for source identification and for the classification of degraded images. Our experimental results demonstrate that the Shoe-MS algorithm achieves high performance across both tasks, highlighting its potential for forensic footwear analysis. No algorithm can substitute examiners, but Shoe-MS produces reliable similarity scores and can help examiners make probabilistic, reproducible, and repeatable assessments. Initial findings suggest that Shoe-MS can be a valuable tool for examiners evaluating pattern evidence, especially when crime scene images are not of the highest quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49565,"journal":{"name":"Science & Justice","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating handheld near-infrared spectroscopy for forensic body fluid analysis","authors":"Álvaro Varela Morillas,&nbsp;Nunzianda Frascione","doi":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forensic casework and crime scene examination will often involve the identification and analysis of biological evidence found on a wide variety of surfaces. One type of biological evidence most commonly encountered at the crime scene is body fluids, such as blood, semen and saliva. During an investigation, it is crucial to confirm the nature of a stain, determine if it is a body fluid and identify which specific body fluid it is. Common chemical tests for the identification of body fluid stains, like Kastle-Meyer or Phadebas test, are presumptive in nature, meaning that they present limited specificity and a certain risk of cross-reactivity. Due to their drawbacks, current literature focuses on developing confirmatory tests that target fluid-specific biomarkers or chemical signatures. The study presented explores the capability of a handheld commercial near-infrared spectrometer for the identification of body fluid stains, as well as obtaining relevant information concerning the donor source of the evidence, such as their biological sex. For this purpose, samples of blood, semen and saliva from healthy human male and female volunteers were gathered, deposited on glass substrates, and analysed at different points in time up to 4 weeks. The spectral data collected was used to build a training library from which chemometric models were designed for the discrimination of body fluids and the identification of the biological sex of the individual source of the evidence. Once suitable models were designed, these were tested against new samples of blood, semen, and saliva, along with samples of household products—fake blood, toothpaste, apple juice— known to appear similar to a body fluid stain or produce false positive results with routine presumptive tests. Although additional data gathering and modelling are still required for the identification of other body fluids, as well as the biological sex of the donor, the results in this study further confirm the capability of this technique to identify blood stains with a low incidence of false positives, presenting itself as an alternative to current presumptive tests that is fast, affordable, and non-destructive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49565,"journal":{"name":"Science & Justice","volume":"65 4","pages":"Article 101259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}