{"title":"Imaging of the Extracranial Vascular Lesions of the Head and Neck","authors":"Shivani Pahwa MD , Sherry L. Bayliff MD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.09.012","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.09.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vascular lesions of the head and neck are uncommon lesions but can cause significant morbidity in children and adults. The updated classification system described by the International Society for the Study of Vascular anomalies (ISSVA) categorizes these lesions as tumors and vascular malformations, with the vascular malformations further classified according to their flow characteristics. Imaging, along with a thorough clinical evaluation, plays a critical role in characterization of these lesions which is essential for appropriate treatment selection. We review the key imaging findings in the extracranial head and neck vascular lesions and the role of imaging in guiding management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 5","pages":"Pages 364-374"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145187365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryoko Egashira MD, PhD , Daisuke Yamada MD, PhD , Joseph Jacob MD, PhD
{"title":"Anatomy of Pulmonary Lymphatics and Lymphoid Tissues","authors":"Ryoko Egashira MD, PhD , Daisuke Yamada MD, PhD , Joseph Jacob MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review summarizes the 3 components of the pulmonary lymphatic system: lymphatic channels, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), and intrapulmonary lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels are distributed within the bronchovascular bundles, in the interlobular septa and visceral pleura, and around small pulmonary arteries and veins within the secondary pulmonary lobules. Normally invisible on CT, they may appear with lymphatic dilation or disease spreading via lymphatic routes. BALT is usually absent histologically in healthy lungs but may be visible in smokers or autoimmune conditions. Intrapulmonary lymph nodes present as well-defined peripheral nodules in the lower lobes, often with linear opacities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 4","pages":"Pages 266-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomás Franquet MD, PhD , Jose M. Brenes MD , Monika Radike MD, PhD , Ana Giménez MD , Pere Domingo MD, PhD
{"title":"Imaging of Immunodeficiency-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders","authors":"Tomás Franquet MD, PhD , Jose M. Brenes MD , Monika Radike MD, PhD , Ana Giménez MD , Pere Domingo MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span><span><span>Immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders represent a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by abnormal </span>lymphoid tissue proliferation in the context of </span>immune dysregulation. These disorders can range from benign </span>reactive hyperplasia<span> to overt malignant lymphoma and are strongly associated with conditions such as congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, chronic </span></span>immunosuppressive therapy<span>, and viral infections, particularly Epstein-Barr virus. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the most common immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders subtypes, their pathogenesis, imaging features, and clinical management. The role of high-resolution computed tomography in the detection, characterization, and differential diagnosis of these entities is highlighted, with a focus on practical radiologic-pathologic correlations.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 4","pages":"Pages 317-324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imaging of Diseases Involving Pulmonary Lymphatics: Focus on Pulmonary Sarcoidosis","authors":"Kiminori Fujimoto MD, PhD , Tomonori Chikasue MD , Yoshiaki Zaizen MD, PhD , Akiko Sumi MD, PhD , Saeko Tokisawa MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown cause, histopathologically characterized by the presence of non-caseating epithelioid-cell granulomas involving multiple organs, and most commonly involves the lungs and mediastinal and bilateral hilar lymph nodes (and the lymphatic systems). Although a definitive diagnosis relies on clinical and histopathological analysis, imaging plays a crucial role in early detection, lesion characterization, disease staging, and treatment response. This review focuses on imaging of pulmonary sarcoidosis, including histopathology, chest radiographic staging, and CT of mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy and parenchymal abnormalities (perilymphatic nodules, ground-glass opacity, coalescent or aggregate nodules, parenchymal fibrotic changes, and airway lesions), in addition to pulmonary hypertension and cardiac sarcoidosis. Differential diagnosis for imaging of diseases involving pulmonary lymphatics, particularly lymphangitic spread of carcinoma, is also demonstrated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 4","pages":"Pages 325-342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Letter From the Guest Editor","authors":"Takeshi Johkoh MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 4","pages":"Page 265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144585425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical Features of Pulmonary Lymphoproliferative Disorders","authors":"Vasilios Tzilas MD, PhD , Jay H. Ryu MD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 4","pages":"Pages 283-295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yeon Joo Jeong , Joungho Han , Junhun Cho , Kyung Soo Lee
{"title":"Imaging of Pulmonary Malignant Lymphoproliferative Disorders","authors":"Yeon Joo Jeong , Joungho Han , Junhun Cho , Kyung Soo Lee","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>Malignant pulmonary lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies characterized by the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes within the lung. They are classified as primary, arising in the lung without extrathoracic involvement (mostly mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma), or secondary, resulting from the spread of systemic lymphoma, often diffuse large B-cell or </span>Hodgkin lymphoma. Imaging findings correlate with histopathologic features, showing single or multiple nodules/masses, lobar or segmental consolidations, reticular patterns, or disseminated small nodules. Although a definitive diagnosis relies on histopathological and immunophenotypic analysis, imaging plays a crucial role in early suspicion, lesion localization, disease staging, and monitoring treatment response or recurrence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 4","pages":"Pages 301-316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pathologic Findings of Pulmonary Lymphoproliferative Disorders","authors":"Yoshiaki Zaizen , Junya Fukuoka MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders (PLDs) are a diverse group of rare entities characterized by abnormal lymphoid proliferation within the lung. These include both benign and malignant processes and are classified into five categories in the 2021 WHO Classification of Thoracic Tumors: benign hyperplastic disorders, primary pulmonary neoplasms, secondary involvement of the lung, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and histiocytic neoplasms. Diagnosing PLDs is often challenging due to their histological similarity to other lymphocyte-rich interstitial lung diseases, including cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. A multidisciplinary approach integrating clinical, radiologic, and pathological information is essential to reach an accurate diagnosis. This review focuses on the detailed pathological features of PLDs, particularly benign hyperplastic disorders and primary pulmonary neoplasms. It emphasizes the differential diagnosis and highlights distinguishing characteristics among key subtypes, including lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, follicular bronchiolitis, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, Castleman disease, IgG4-related disease, and primary pulmonary lymphomas such as MALT lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Special attention is paid to morphological patterns, immunophenotypes, and diagnostic challenges encountered with small biopsies. Given the broad differential diagnosis and potential overlap with infectious, autoimmune, or immunodeficiency-related conditions, careful clinicopathological correlation remains the cornerstone of accurate classification and appropriate management. This review aims to enhance diagnostic clarity and support effective interdisciplinary evaluation of suspected PLD cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 4","pages":"Pages 272-282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cynthia Lopes Pereira de Borborema MD , Julia Tagliaferri e Paletta MD , Eduardo O. Pacheco MD , Ulysses S. Torres MD, PhD , Giuseppe D’Ippolito MD, PhD
{"title":"Beyond the Common: A Pictorial Review of Rare and Atypical Periampullary Lesions","authors":"Cynthia Lopes Pereira de Borborema MD , Julia Tagliaferri e Paletta MD , Eduardo O. Pacheco MD , Ulysses S. Torres MD, PhD , Giuseppe D’Ippolito MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.04.009","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2025.04.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The periampullary region, defined as the area within 2 cm of the major papilla of the duodenum, is associated with various benign and malignant conditions. Although periampullary cancers are rare, they are the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the Western world. Tumors in this area often mimic benign lesions due to overlapping clinical presentations. Diagnostic imaging techniques, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and MR cholangiopancreatography, are commonly used in clinical practice and typically confirmed by pathological analysis. Therefore, evaluating imaging characteristics of rare and atypical periampullary conditions and classifying them into 4 categories (anatomical variations, tumors, inflammatory conditions, and miscellaneous disorders) can aid in the differential diagnosis and improve understanding of these lesions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 3","pages":"Pages 189-203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}