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Chromium chemistry and implications for environmental fate and toxicity 铬的化学性质及其对环境命运和毒性的影响
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383589
J. Barnhart
{"title":"Chromium chemistry and implications for environmental fate and toxicity","authors":"J. Barnhart","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383589","url":null,"abstract":"The same chemical properties that make chromium such an important component of so many industrial and consumer products are the important factors controlling its environmental fate and toxicity. Although only about 15% of the chromium mined is used in the manufacture of chromium chemicals, the chemistry of chromium is important in nearly all applications. For instance, the “stainless” nature of stainless steel is due to the chemical properties of the chromium oxides that form on the suriace of the alloy. Similarly, the product protection afforded by chrome plating of metals, CCA treatment of wood, and chrome tanning of leather is directly dependent on chromium chemistry. In all of these applications the most important chemical property is that under typical environmental and biological conditions of pH and oxidation‐reduction potential, the most stable form of chromium is the trivalent oxide. This form has very low solubility and low reactivity resulting in low mobility in the environment and low toxicity...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"561-568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383589","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 162
Oxidation‐reduction chemistry of chromium: Relevance to the regulation and remediation of chromate‐contaminated soils 铬的氧化还原化学:与铬酸盐污染土壤的调节和修复相关
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383590
B. James, J. C. Petura, R. Vitale, G. R. Mussoline
{"title":"Oxidation‐reduction chemistry of chromium: Relevance to the regulation and remediation of chromate‐contaminated soils","authors":"B. James, J. C. Petura, R. Vitale, G. R. Mussoline","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383590","url":null,"abstract":"Developing health‐protective clean‐up standards and remediation strategies for chromium‐contaminated soils based on the hexavalent forms of this heavy metal is a complex and controversial issue, because certain forms of Cr(III) can oxidize to Cr(VI) and Cr(VI) can be reduced to Cr(III) under diverse soil conditions. The extent of oxidation of Cr(III) in soils amended with wastes is based on four interacting parameters: (1) solubility and form of Cr(III) related to oxidation (waste oxidation potential, or WOP), (2) reactive soil Mn(III,IV) (hydr)oxide levels (soil oxidation potential for Cr(III), or SOP), (3) soil potential for Cr(VI) reduction (soil reduction potential, or SRP), and (4) soil‐waste pH as a modifier of the first three parameters (pH modification value, or PMV). Each of these four parameters can be quantified with laboratory tests and ranked numerically; the sum of which is the Potential Chromium Oxidation Score (PCOS) for assessing the relative hazard of a waste‐soil combination. The PCOS v...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"569-580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 93
Evaluation of 10% minimum elicitation threshold for Cr(VI)‐Induced allergic contact dermatitis using benchmark dose methods 使用基准剂量法评估Cr(VI)诱导的过敏性接触性皮炎10%最小激发阈值
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383594
P. Scott, D. Proctor
{"title":"Evaluation of 10% minimum elicitation threshold for Cr(VI)‐Induced allergic contact dermatitis using benchmark dose methods","authors":"P. Scott, D. Proctor","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383594","url":null,"abstract":"Historical patch test data have been used to propose health‐based soil cleanup levels for Cr(VI) that are protective of eliciting allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) among previously sensitized individuals. Shortcomings regarding the use of these historical studies in the risk assessment of Cr(VI) have been identified and include the use of concentration as the dosimetric for ACD eiicitation rather than the mass per surface area. Information on the surface areas of the patches used by the authors of three of the historical studies have been made available recently, and their dose levels have been converted from units of concentration to mass per surface area. For this study, benchmark dose methods were used to estimate the 10% minimum eiicitation threshold (MET) based on the converted patch test data from these historical studies and from the data presented in a more recent patch test study by Nethercott et ah (1994). A truncated lognonmal model was fitted to the historical data from each individual histori...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"707-731"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Effects of chromite ore‐processing residue on concrete structures 铬铁矿加工渣对混凝土结构的影响
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383596
A. Whitlock, Christopher L. Galitz
{"title":"Effects of chromite ore‐processing residue on concrete structures","authors":"A. Whitlock, Christopher L. Galitz","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383596","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1960s, a number of industrial and commercial buildings in the Kearny, New Jersey, area were constructed on or adjacent to locally produced chromite ore‐processing residue (COPR). This residue, which has the properties of a sandy/silty soil, was used as a fill material to reclaim the indigenous swampy ground conditions, known locally as the “Meadowlands”. Generally, the fill stratum is between 4 and 10 ft thick and contains varying amounts of hexavalent and trivalent chromium. It has been alleged that chromium causes damage to structures through various mechanisms. The authors have considered these allegations through research and review of the literature, field investigations of over 100 structures built on or near COPR, field studies involving concrete exposed to COPR, and laboratory studies. The results of the investigations and studies are discussed in this article. It has been found that the existing distress on building and bridge structures is no different from the types and magnitudes of dis...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"751-765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383596","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Cr(vi) soil analytical method: A reliable analytical method for extracting and quantifying Cr(vi) in soils Cr(vi)土壤分析方法:一种可靠的土壤中Cr(vi)提取和定量的分析方法
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383591
R. Vitale, G. R. Mussoline, J. C. Petura, B. James
{"title":"Cr(vi) soil analytical method: A reliable analytical method for extracting and quantifying Cr(vi) in soils","authors":"R. Vitale, G. R. Mussoline, J. C. Petura, B. James","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383591","url":null,"abstract":"Chromium has been used in the industrialized world in many applications for more than a century. Chromium is a trace metallic element found in the Earth's crust, and when it is found in concentrated ore deposits it is principally as FeCr2O4 (chromite ore). In the environment, chromium is typically found in the trivalent and hexavalent states. These two oxidation states have differing toxicities and mobilities. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is classified as a known human carcinogen (via inhalation) and is rather mobile, whereas trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] is comparatively benign (it is an essential dietary element for humans) and relatively immobile. This significant toxicological and geochemical disparity between the two valence states necessitates that environmental investigators be able to quantitatively distinguish between these two forms in solid environmental media. Several regulatory‐approved analytical techniques exist for the quantitative differentiation between Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in aqueous solut...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"581-593"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Traditional and innovative treatment methods for Cr(VI) in soil 土壤中铬(VI)的传统与创新处理方法
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383597
T. Higgins, A. Halloran, J. C. Petura
{"title":"Traditional and innovative treatment methods for Cr(VI) in soil","authors":"T. Higgins, A. Halloran, J. C. Petura","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383597","url":null,"abstract":"There are several treatment technologies available for soils that have elevated levels of chromium. The technologies applicable to a particular chromium site depend on the clean‐up goals, the form of the chromium present, and the volume and physical chemical properties of the chromium‐containing soils. In many cases the clean‐up goals are based on the Cr(VI) concentration in the soils. Therefore, most of the available treatment technologies consist of (1) removing the Cr(VI)‐containing soils from the site, (2) immobilizing the chromium so that it will not leach after treatment under field conditions, or (3) reducing the Cr(VI) in the soils to the Cr(III) state. This article discusses the treatment technologies available for each of these remediation strategies, their advantages and disadvantages, and their relative treatment costs. Technologies evaluated include excavation and off‐site disposal, soil washing, soil flushing, electrokinetics, solidification/stabilization, vitrification, and chemical and bio...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"767-797"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383597","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 43
Health‐based soil action levels for trivalent and hexavalent chromium: A comparison with state and federal standards 三价和六价铬的健康土壤作用水平:与州和联邦标准的比较
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383592
D. Proctor, E. Shay, P. Scott
{"title":"Health‐based soil action levels for trivalent and hexavalent chromium: A comparison with state and federal standards","authors":"D. Proctor, E. Shay, P. Scott","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383592","url":null,"abstract":"As part of the Brownfields initiatives being enacted at both the state and federal levels, environmental regulatory agencies are developing health‐based screening or action levels to facilitate the reclamation of unused industrial properties. By the end of 1997, approximately 90% of the states will have either adopted federal values or developed their own non‐site‐specific action levels. These standards can be applied as default cleanup levels, or alternative remediation standards may be developed based on a site‐specific risk assessment. A state and federal survey of cleanup levels for hexavalent and trivalent chromium [Cr(VI) and Cr(III)] indicated a general concurrence of approaches (i.e., most states are using the USEPA standard risk assessment model with upper‐bound estimates of exposure and USEPA toxicity criteria), although the proposed values vary by as much as 5 orders of magnitude. To understand the variability and uncertainty in these levels, the USEPA Soil Screening Level (SSL) (1996a) equatio...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"595-648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383592","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 34
Using applied research to reduce uncertainty in health risk assessment: Five case studies involving human exposure to chromium in soil and groundwater 利用应用研究减少健康风险评估中的不确定性:涉及人类接触土壤和地下水中的铬的五个案例研究
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383593
B. Finley, D. Paustenbach
{"title":"Using applied research to reduce uncertainty in health risk assessment: Five case studies involving human exposure to chromium in soil and groundwater","authors":"B. Finley, D. Paustenbach","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383593","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, five case studies are presented that involve original research conducted in order to better understand the potential health risks associated with human exposure to Cr(VI) in soils and groundwater. Each study was designed to address a specific data gap, and all of these studies involved the use of human volunteers and/or the study of human biological fluids. The results of this research can be summarized as follows: (1) soil concentrations of approximately 1240 ppm Cr(VI) or less do not elicit allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in a vast majority of the general population (>99.9%), and soil concentrations much higher than this value are also health protective if the Cr(VI) is not readily bioavailable; (2) exposure to soil concentrations up to 400 ppm total chromium is unlikely to influence urinary chromium levels; (3) the human gastrointestinal tract can reduce ingested Cr(VI) to Cr(III) at concentrations up to 10 mg Cr(VI)/1; and (4) at water concentrations of up to approximately 22 mg Cr(...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"649-705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Pilot study to determine levels of contamination in indoor dust resulting from contamination of soils 确定由土壤污染引起的室内粉尘污染程度的初步研究
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383584
E. Rutz, J. Valentine, R. Eckart, Anyang Yu
{"title":"Pilot study to determine levels of contamination in indoor dust resulting from contamination of soils","authors":"E. Rutz, J. Valentine, R. Eckart, Anyang Yu","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383584","url":null,"abstract":"In order to develop more realistic risk assessments, an experimental program was conducted to characterize indoor, residential environments and the relationship between the indoor environment and contaminants that originated from the outdoor environment. Parameters measured included concentration of uranium in soils, mass loading of dust on indoor surfaces, and concentrations of uranium in indoor dust. Samples of indoor dust were collected using a personal air sampler modified to act as a low flow rate vacuum cleaner. The concentrations of uranium in indoor dust were measured using kinetic phosphorescence analysis, while the concentrations of uranium in outdoor soil were measured by analyzing the thorium‐234 activity using gamma‐ray spectrometry. This pilot study derived an estimate of 20 to 30% of indoor contamination resulting from sources in soil.","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"525-536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Soil contamination from oil lakes in northern Kuwait 来自科威特北部油湖的土壤污染
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383581
M. Al-Senafy, M. Viswanathan, Y. Senay, A. Sumait
{"title":"Soil contamination from oil lakes in northern Kuwait","authors":"M. Al-Senafy, M. Viswanathan, Y. Senay, A. Sumait","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383581","url":null,"abstract":"The Gulf War resulted in the contamination of large areas of ground surface in Kuwait. In northern Kuwait, ground water of potable quality exists as lenses and the integrity of these lenses is threatened by the pollution over the ground surface. In 1991, the total area covered by oil lakes, oil sludge, and soot in northern Kuwait was about 32 km2, 5 km2, and 150 km2, respectively. Several natural and man‐made measures significantly affected the distribution of contaminants. In 1995, the area covered by oil lakes, oil sludge, and soot changed to 2 km2, 35 km2, and 25 km2, respectively. Soil samples were collected to depths of 10 m. The analysis of soil samples showed maximum contaminant levels of about 20 ppm, 10 ppm, and 1 ppm at ground surface, 4 m and 10 m depths, respectively. Rainfall played a significant role in the downward movement of contaminants to depths in excess of 10 m in 1995.","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"481-494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59969992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
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