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Laboratory evaluation of a biodegradable surfactant for In Situ soil flushing 生物可降解表面活性剂在原位土壤冲洗中的实验室评价
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383583
C. Bruell, D. Ryan, C. C. Barker, J. Lazzaro
{"title":"Laboratory evaluation of a biodegradable surfactant for In Situ soil flushing","authors":"C. Bruell, D. Ryan, C. C. Barker, J. Lazzaro","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383583","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory studies were performed to examine the removal of NAPL m‐xylene from porous media using a biodegradable 5% sodium lauroy/sarcosinate surfactant flushing solution (Hamposyl L‐30, Hampshire Chemical Corp., Nashua, NH). Vertical glass columns were packed with 0.6‐mm glass beads or washed sand and contaminated with m‐xylene. Columns were drained by gravity so that the media initially contained three phases: air, water, and m‐xylene. Removal of m‐xylene was primarily by enhanced solubilization. Recovery of 95% of residual m‐xylene from washed sand was obtained with an average of 43.2 pore volumes of surfactant solution, as opposed to an estimated 477 pore volumes required when flushing with water alone. Addition of surfactants caused decreases in interfacial tensions and therefore column dewatering that resulted in decreased flow rates through the unsaturated media. Effluent samples were acidified to induce phase separation via formation of water insoluble sarcosine acid, which was observed as a whit...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383583","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Enhancement and inhibition of soil petroleum biodegradation through the use of fertilizer nitrogen: An approach to determining optimum levels 通过使用氮肥促进和抑制土壤石油生物降解:确定最佳水平的方法
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383580
J. Walworth, C. Woolard, J. Braddock, C. Reynolds
{"title":"Enhancement and inhibition of soil petroleum biodegradation through the use of fertilizer nitrogen: An approach to determining optimum levels","authors":"J. Walworth, C. Woolard, J. Braddock, C. Reynolds","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383580","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship between soil water content and microbial response to soil nitrogen (N) in petroleum‐contaminated soils. Various levels of N were added to a sand, a sandy loam, and a silt loam. Measurements of the extent of biodegradation in each soil (petroleum loss or CO2 production) indicated that biodegradation was related to soil N expressed as a function of soil water (mg N/kg soil H2O or mg N/I) better than N expressed as a function of soil dry matter (mg N/kg soil). A loamy sand was treated with four levels of N (0, 250, 500, 750 mg N/kg soil) and incubated at three water contents (5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% on a dry soil weight basis). Soil water potential and O2 consumption were best related to N expressed on the basis of soil water. It is concluded that expressing N in units of mg N/kg soil H2O (easily obtained by dividing [mg N/kg dry soil] by [soil moisture content]) can be used to determine fertilization rates for bioremediation processes. On this basis...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383580","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59969981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 79
Amelioration of zinc toxicity in cotton using lime or mushroom compost 石灰或蘑菇堆肥改良棉花锌毒性
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383576
L. M. Shuman, Zhenbin Li
{"title":"Amelioration of zinc toxicity in cotton using lime or mushroom compost","authors":"L. M. Shuman, Zhenbin Li","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383576","url":null,"abstract":"Limited areas of cropland in Georgia have been amended with a high‐Zn flue‐dust material, which is causing Zn toxicities to crops. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of lime and mushroom compost in reducing Zn uptake by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L). A pot experiment was carried out using a high‐Zn toxic soil anda low‐Zn non‐toxic soil. There were four lime rates (0, 2.24, 4.48, and 8.96 Mg ha−1) and two compost treatments (67.2 Mg ha−1 compost and the same rate of compost plus 4.48 Mg ha−1 lime). There was a steady decline in plant Zn with increasing lime rates for the low‐Zn soil up to 8.96 Mg ha‐1 (soil pH 7.1). For the high‐Zn soil, the lime did little to increase growth up to 8.96 Mg ha−1 (soil pH 6.3), but the compost and compost plus lime gave normal plants (soil pH 6.9). The DTPA‐extractable Zn responded to lime and compost treatments, but Mehlich‐1 Zn was not responsive to treatments. Liming and compost amendments redistributed Zn from the exchangeable fraction to the Mn o...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59969950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
BETTER CHARACTERIZATION OF ARSENIC AND CHROMIUM IN SOILS: A FIELDSCALE EXAMPLE 更好地表征土壤中的砷和铬:一个实地规模的例子
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383573
J. Hale, A. Foos, J. S. Zubrow
{"title":"BETTER CHARACTERIZATION OF ARSENIC AND CHROMIUM IN SOILS: A FIELDSCALE EXAMPLE","authors":"J. Hale, A. Foos, J. S. Zubrow","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383573","url":null,"abstract":"The characterization of arsenic and chromium in soil (and site remediation decisions) is commonly based on total concentration results and U.S. EPA TCLP results. Further evaluation of arsenic and chromium within the soil media by application of geostatistlcs, selective extraction laboratory procedures, and X‐ray diffraction determination of soil mineralogy provides valuable additional information. Arsenic‐and chromium‐contaminated soils at a chemical manufacturing facility represent a case study for application of this approach. From 0 to 6 ft deep, the soils are characterized by mottled, yellowish brown, silt and clay with fine sand, grading downward into light yellowish brown, sllty, micaceous, fine sand, dominated by small, gray, foliated, lithic fragments and muscovite. Total arsenic and chromium are concentrated in the upper silt and clay, but are more readily leached from the lower sandy soil, suggesting partitioning based on soil composition. Selective extraction data Indicate that arsenic is prima...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383573","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Aqueous phase permeability in the region of discontinuous NAPL 不连续NAPL区域的水相渗透率
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383575
L. R. Chevalier, R. Wallace
{"title":"Aqueous phase permeability in the region of discontinuous NAPL","authors":"L. R. Chevalier, R. Wallace","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383575","url":null,"abstract":"In saturated soil, a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) can become a discontinuous immobile phase when capillary forces are stronger than the opposing viscous and buoyancy forces. In regions where this occurs, the aqueous phase permeability is less than the water saturated permeability of the surrounding medium, which may cause treatment to bypass the targeted contaminated region. As an in situ treatment is applied, the saturation of residual NAPL (Srn) is reduced, while the aqueous phase saturation (Sa ) and the relative permeability of the aqueous phase (kra) increases. Hence, in situ treatment of NAPL must account for various levels of heterogeneity. In this study, column experiments measure Kra‐Sa during the application of a surfactant that enhances the dissolution of NAPL Into the aqueous phase. The results indicated that the surfactant initially decreases kra followed by a steady increase as Srn is reduced. In multiphase models, it is common practice to use empirical coefficients measured from pressure‐...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Effects of emulsion viscosity during surfactant‐enhanced soil flushing in porous media 多孔介质中表面活性剂增强土壤冲洗过程中乳化液粘度的影响
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383572
S. C. Crawford, C. Bruell, D. Ryan, John W. Duggan
{"title":"Effects of emulsion viscosity during surfactant‐enhanced soil flushing in porous media","authors":"S. C. Crawford, C. Bruell, D. Ryan, John W. Duggan","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383572","url":null,"abstract":"Surfactants can potentially improve the efficiency of pump‐and‐treat technology for remediation of aquifers contaminated by nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). However, the formation of emulsions during the removal process can Increase the viscosity in the system. This can result in pore clogging and reduction of flow, which inhibits the contaminant removal process. Formation of viscous emulsions has been identified in previous research as one of the probable causes for in situ field test failures using surfactant‐enhanced soil‐flushing technology. However, the effects of in situ emulsification and viscosity increases have not been quantified previously. The purpose of this article is to investigate effects of in situ emulsification on the remediation process. Laboratory column studies examined the mobilization of m‐xylene from porous media using a 1% alcohol ethoxylate surfactant solution (Witconol® SN90). Effects of in situ emulsification were determined. Glass columns (1.1 cm i.d. × 30 cm) were packed wi...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Is bioremediation a green technology 生物修复是一种绿色技术吗
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383561
H. Strauss
{"title":"Is bioremediation a green technology","authors":"H. Strauss","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383561","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383561","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Thermal variation of organic fluid properties and impact on thermal remediation feasibility 有机流体性质的热变化及其对热修复可行性的影响
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383566
B. Sleep, Yanfang Ma
{"title":"Thermal variation of organic fluid properties and impact on thermal remediation feasibility","authors":"B. Sleep, Yanfang Ma","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383566","url":null,"abstract":"Preliminary evaluations of the feasibility of thermal remediation techniques such as hot water flooding and steam flushing can be conducted with a knowledge of the influence of temperature on organic fluid properties such as interfacial tension, density, viscosity, solubility, vapor pressure, and Henry's constant. Relationships quantifying the effect of these fluid properties on organic removal and empirical equations for predicting the thermal variation of fluid properties are reviewed. Methods for measuring these properties are reviewed and applied to the characterization of perchloroethylene and a transformer oil. The importance of various removal mechanisms associated with thermal remediation is evaluated for these two fluids. Perchloroethylene solubilities increased by approximately 60% as temperature increased from 30°C to 90°C, suggesting that increased solubilization at higher temperatures would not be a significant removal mechanism. Viscosity and density reductions for both NAPLs were small, ind...","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383566","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 45
Adsorption of linuron and metamitron on soil and peats at two different decomposition stages 土壤和泥炭在两个不同分解阶段对linuron和metamitron的吸附
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383567
I. Franco, C. Vischetti, M. T. Baca, M. Nobili, C. Mondini, L. Leita
{"title":"Adsorption of linuron and metamitron on soil and peats at two different decomposition stages","authors":"I. Franco, C. Vischetti, M. T. Baca, M. Nobili, C. Mondini, L. Leita","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383567","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the adsorption of two herbicides of different polarity, linuron and metamitron, by a mineral soil and two peats at different decomposition stages and determined Freundlich and distribution coefficients per unit of organic matter. The Freundlich adsorption constant (K1) was 20‐to 30‐fold higher in the case of linuron and 40‐to 90‐fold higher for metamitron for the organic materials (peats) than for the mineral soil, reflecting adsorption dependence on both organic matter content and type. The well‐decomposed peat showed the highest affinity for both herbicides. Hydro‐phobic bonding is suggested as a possible explanation. For linuron, the variation in K, was reduced to less than a twofold variation in Koc by normalizing adsorption to organic carbon, whereas for metamitron, Koc values were not constant, confirming that this parameter may be of little meaning for polar compounds.","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383567","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Soil ingestion rates in children identified by parental observation as likely high soil ingesters 经家长观察，儿童土壤摄食率可能较高
IF 2 4区 环境科学与生态学
Soil & Sediment Contamination Pub Date : 1997-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383565
E. Calabrese, E. Stanek, R. Barnes
{"title":"Soil ingestion rates in children identified by parental observation as likely high soil ingesters","authors":"E. Calabrese, E. Stanek, R. Barnes","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383565","url":null,"abstract":"Soil ingestion was estimated over seven consecutive days in a soil tracer‐based mass‐balance methodology in 12 children, aged 1 to 3 years. The children had been identified by parents as likely high soil ingesters based on retrospective observation of daily soil ingestion behavior over the past 30 d. While one of the 12 children displayed high soil ingestion (0.5 to 3.05 g/d) on 4 of 7 d, median soil ingestion rates for the 12 children were comparable to those published in other soil ingestion studies of young children selected for studies based on age and not assumed or observed soil ingestion behavior. The lack of ability of parental judgments to predict high soil ingestion rates represents both an important observation and a significant limitation in current methods to efficiently and accurately identify children who ingest high amounts of soil.","PeriodicalId":49505,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Sediment Contamination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15320389709383565","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59970338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
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