Sports Biomechanics最新文献

{"title":"Eccentric finger joint movements for different grip types in sport climbing.","authors":"Gabriella Fischer, Andreas Schweizer, Peter Wolf, Anais Farr, Maurizio Calcagni, Lisa Reissner","doi":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2621171","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2621171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eccentric finger movements have been identified as risk factor in the injury mechanism of pulley ruptures during climbing. So far, they have mainly been associated with inadvertent events. Whether eccentric movements also occur as regular motion patterns was not assessed. Main purpose of this study was to examine eccentric finger movements during typical climbing tasks. Therefore, kinematics and interaction force of eleven elite climbers was recorded during a sequence of four climbing moves. Participants were instructed to use crimp, half-crimp, open-hand grip and campusing. Change of flexion angle in the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints from the start to the end of the holding phase (ΔPIP_P2) was calculated. Mean ΔPIP_P2 was -1.5° (SD 6.6°), 0.2° (5.1°), -2.9° (3.4°) and -6.0° (9.6°) for the open-hand, half-crimp, crimp and campusing task, respectively, whereby negative values represent eccentric movements. Eccentric finger joint movements (ΔPIP_P2 < 0°) during the holding phase were very common (59-73%) across all grip types. The loading rate was highest during campusing and lowest using the crimp grip. Climbers exhibit eccentric finger movements not only during accidental slips or when fatigued, but also as consistent patterns. Further research is needed to assess whether these differences are associated with an individual's risk of pulley injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":49482,"journal":{"name":"Sports Biomechanics","volume":" ","pages":"1179-1199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146120686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower limb mechanics in kendo <i>men</i> and <i>kote</i> strikes: a within-subject comparison of joint-torque and ground-reaction-force temporal coordination and timing strategies.","authors":"Naoki Murase","doi":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2632112","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2632112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kendo striking depends on temporal coordination across joints from the ground to the upper limbs, and task demands differ between <i>men</i> and <i>kote</i>. We aimed to compare, within subjects, lowerlimb joint torques and groundreaction forces-and their temporal coordination-between kendo <i>men</i> and <i>kote</i> strikes. Nineteen trained collegiate kendo athletes performed both strikes. Three-dimensional kinematics (250 Hz) and GRF (1000 Hz) were synchronised from movement onset-defined as centre-of-mass speed ≥0.15 m·s^-1 -to the instant before impact. Torques (hip, knee, ankle) and GRF (Fy, Fz, Fyz) were normalised to body mass; paired t-tests were used for discrete variables, and point-wise paired t-tests with Benjamini-Hochberg false-discovery-rate control (q < .05) for waveforms. Strike time was shorter in <i>kote</i> than <i>men</i> (0.745 ± 0.101 s vs. 0.818 ± 0.085 s). These findings suggest that <i>men</i> strikes rely more on a late, large impulse, whereas <i>kote</i> strikes rely on earlier, proximally initiated torques; therefore, both the magnitude and timing of lower‑limb mechanics should be considered when coaching and monitoring kendo performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":49482,"journal":{"name":"Sports Biomechanics","volume":" ","pages":"1257-1268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147311956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baseball has an elbow injury problem: biomechanics may have the solution.","authors":"Glenn S Fleisig","doi":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2689508","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2689508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elbow injuries-particularly to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL)-have been a problem in sports medicine for at least half a century. As a pitcher rotates his trunk to face the target and externally rotates his throwing arm, varus torque is produced at the elbow to decelerate arm cocking and initiate arm acceleration. With today's pitchers being larger, throwing harder, and playing more often during their development years, repetition of large varus torque leads to more UCL injuries. Pitch count limits for games, seasons, and per year may provide some prevention of overuse injuries. Varying efforts of pitching (instead of maximum effort on every pitch) may both reduce UCL damage and also improve performance (by throwing off the timing of hitters). Improving pitching biomechanics can lead to both increased pitch performance metrics (ball velocity, spin rate, and movement) and reduced elbow varus torque. The proliferation of baseball biomechanics in professional baseball, universities, and performance centres has amplified the potential of biomechanical intervention. In addition, a novel proposal is to modify the baseball itself; initial research shows reduced torque with slightly increased ball weight and circumference. In summary, baseball has an elbow injury problem; biomechanics may have the solution.</p>","PeriodicalId":49482,"journal":{"name":"Sports Biomechanics","volume":" ","pages":"1137-1155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148273558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct arm angle versus release-based proxies in Major League Baseball pitchers: a large-scale validation study.","authors":"Morgan Dillon, Nicholas Frappa, Michael A Mastroianni, Robert A Ablove, Kristen F Nicholson","doi":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2638934","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2638934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arm slot has been implicated in pitching biomechanics and injury risk, yet large-scale studies relied on indirect release-based proxies, yielding contradictory findings. With Statcast's Hawk-Eye system providing an anatomically defined measure of arm angle, this study evaluated how well surrogate metrics track fluctuations in true arm orientation. We analysed Major League Baseball pitchers using two approaches: (1) a year-over-year comparison of 336 pitchers who threw ≥ 100 four-seam fastballs in both 2023 and 2024, and (2) a pitch-level analysis of 63,824 four-seam fastballs from the 10 highest-volume pitchers between 2020 and 2025. In the season-over-season analysis, vertical release position changes correlated most strongly with arm angle changes (<i>r</i> = 0.74, ρ = 0.68; <i>p</i> < 0.001), whereas a geometric proxy showed moderate correlation (<i>r</i> = 0.47, ρ = 0.51; <i>p</i> < 0.001), and horizontal release was inversely correlated (<i>r</i> = -0.38, ρ = -0.41; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Pitch-level analyses revealed similar patterns, with vertical release consistently tracking short-term arm angle drift (<i>r</i> = 0.35-0.71). These findings show release-based proxies only partially track true arm angle. While vertical release is the strongest proxy, fidelity varies across pitchers and timeframes. This variability complicates the interpretation of prior injury-risk literature, highlighting the importance of incorporating direct arm angle into future biomechanical research to better investigate pitching mechanics and injury mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":49482,"journal":{"name":"Sports Biomechanics","volume":" ","pages":"1303-1312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147357205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetics of the lower limb during the rotational movement of the body in osoto-gari: a comparison between black belt and white belt judokas.","authors":"Lingjun Liu, Tatsuya Deguchi, Mitsuhisa Shiokawa, Kazuto Hamaguchi, Masahiro Shinya","doi":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2636943","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2636943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to clarify how pivot leg kinetics influence body rotation during the osoto-gari throw by comparing black- and white-belt judokas. Twenty male judokas (10 black and 10 white belts) performed osoto-gari. Three-dimensional coordinate data were acquired using a Mac3D motion analysis system (250 Hz), and the ground reaction force (GRF) of the pivot leg was measured using a force plate (1,000 Hz). During the throwing phase, the angular impulse of the tori was greater in black belts than in white belts (<i>p</i> = 0.043). Black belts exhibited a significantly higher external moment generated from the pivot leg's GRF between 50% and 65% of the throwing motion (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Additionally, the upward GRF, ankle plantar flexion moment, and ankle positive power of the pivot leg were significantly greater in the black belts during 60-84%, 56-88%, and 59-64% of the throwing motion. These findings highlight the critical role of the ankle plantar flexor force in modulating external moment and enhancing whole-body rotation, which is essential for the effective execution of the osoto-gari throw.</p>","PeriodicalId":49482,"journal":{"name":"Sports Biomechanics","volume":" ","pages":"1286-1302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147357211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of lower body kinematics in optimising trunk dynamics and ball speed during the field hockey drag-flick.","authors":"B J Ladru, I Tak, B Kortekaas, M Gijssel, G Kerkhoffs, R Langhout","doi":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2631507","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2631507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Timing and coordination of body kinematics are crucial for drag-flick performance in field hockey. This study aimed to clarify how coordination between the lower limbs and trunk contributes to effective energy transfer by (1) comparing lower body and trunk kinematic patterns between senior and junior national-level players, (2) examining whether peak kinematic values and keypoints occur in temporal synchrony, and (3) determining whether lower body peak kinematics predict trunk deceleration and ball speed. Kinematic data and ball speed were collected from 57 players (9 senior, 48 junior) from the Royal Dutch Hockey Federation using a 3D motion capture suit (240 Hz) and radar gun. Senior players achieved significantly higher ball speeds and shorter flick phases, associated with more synchronised timing of peak movements and keypoints. Specifically, left foot touchdown (LFT) aligned with trunk acceleration onset, while onset of right wrist flexion (ORWF) corresponded with trunk deceleration onset. The lead leg acted as a braking mechanism converting linear to angular momentum of the trunk, while the trail leg contributed to propulsion and trunk deceleration. Junior players showed delayed peak kinematics and reduced synchronisation. These findings highlight the role of lower limb and trunk mechanics in optimising drag-flick performance through targeted training.</p>","PeriodicalId":49482,"journal":{"name":"Sports Biomechanics","volume":" ","pages":"1240-1256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147272495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanical inter-relationships between physical and motor features in maximal effort locomotion.","authors":"Natsuki Sado","doi":"10.1080/14763141.2025.2596762","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14763141.2025.2596762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper summarises research on the biomechanical inter-relationships between motor and physical features in maximal-effort locomotion. It first addresses separately conducted motion analyses and physical measurements, and then discusses their integration. In running single-leg jump, the human-specific, highest jumping mode, movements induced by actions other than lower-limb extension, such as stance-leg pivoting and pelvic elevation, generate more than half of the effective energy directly contributing to centre-of-mass height, highlighting the relevance of human-specific morphological features. Some effective energy generation by non-extensor movements is common to other locomotion modes, such as sprinting and cutting. These non-extensor contributions to propulsion during maximal-effort locomotion suggest that the way locomotion is executed reflects general human morphological and mechanical properties. Among morphological and mechanical properties, this paper emphasises those passively related to motor execution, in particular, inertial properties and tendon stiffness, as potential determinants of individually optimised motor solutions. These passive properties exhibit substantial inter-individual variability even within a single population; for example, the highest recorded lower-limb moment of inertia was 1.7 times the lowest. Meanwhile, studies combining motion and mechanical/morphological measurements remain limited. The integration of different areas within biomechanics is suggested as a key to unlocking the principles underlying human motor performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":49482,"journal":{"name":"Sports Biomechanics","volume":" ","pages":"1156-1178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145710114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Net force analysis during streamlined glide, dolphin kick, and front crawl at high velocities in competitive swimming : implications for optimal propulsion timing.","authors":"Tsuyoshi Takeda, Daiki Koga, Takaaki Tsunokawa, Yasuo Sengoku, Hideki Takagi","doi":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2627415","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2627415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to identify the optimal transition velocities between streamlined glide (SL), underwater dolphin kick (DK), and front crawl (FC) during high-speed swimming. Ten elite female swimmers performed front crawl and dolphin kick trials in a long-course pool, and repeated the same motions under tethered conditions in a water flume to measure net force. Power-law fitting was applied to model net force as a function of flow velocity across the three movement conditions. The results revealed distinct patterns in the scaling coefficients <math><mfenced><mi>A</mi></mfenced></math> and exponents <math><mfenced><mi>n</mi></mfenced></math>, following the order: <math><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mrow><mi>SL</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>></mo><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mrow><mi>DK</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>></mo><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mrow><mi>FC</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math> and <math><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>SL</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo><</mo><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>DK</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo><</mo><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>FC</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math>. The fitted net force curves intersected at two velocities, <math><mrow><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mi>SL</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>DK</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math> and <math><mrow><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mi>DK</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>FC</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math>, and for most swimmers, these intersection velocities exceeded their respective constant velocities, <math><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>DK</mi><mo>_</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>const</mi></mrow></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></math> and <math><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>FC</mi><mo>_</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>const</mi></mrow></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></math>. These intersection points indicate the optimal timing for initiating propulsive actions to minimise deceleration during the post-start and post-turn phases. A conceptual model was proposed to explain the phase transition strategy based on velocity-dependent net force profiles. Although individual variation was observed, most swimmers exhibited similar trends, supporting the applicability of the model. These findings provide a fluid mechanical perspective for optimising underwater strategies and may contribute to enhanced start and turn performance in competitive swimming.</p>","PeriodicalId":49482,"journal":{"name":"Sports Biomechanics","volume":" ","pages":"1220-1239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147272283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in knee biomechanics during unexpected cutting and their correlation with sensorimotor function.","authors":"Peng Chen, Menghan Xu, Chaoyu Guo, Teck Cheng Tan, Van Minh Le, Lin Wang","doi":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2705265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2026.2705265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to investigate sex differences in knee biomechanics during unexpected cutting and their correlation with sensorimotor function. Sixteen male and 16 female athletes were recruited. Participants were asked to complete six unexpected cutting tasks on their dominant side. Peak muscle force, position sense, and force sense of the dominant knee were measured using a CON-TREX isokinetic dynamometer. Results suggested that female athletes demonstrated a higher knee valgus angle at initial contact (<i>p</i> = 0.004) and peak knee valgus angle (<i>p</i> = 0.027) than males. Females also had a lower peak knee flexion angle (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and knee flexion moment (<i>p</i> = 0.002) than males. Quadriceps force sense errors were correlated with peak knee valgus angle in female (<i>r</i> = 0.558, <i>p</i> = 0.025) and male (<i>r</i> = 0.550, <i>p</i> = 0.027) athletes. In addition, in female athletes, higher quadriceps strength was related to a greater peak knee flexion angle (<i>r</i> = 0.525, <i>p</i> = 0.037). In summary, female athletes exhibit knee biomechanical characteristics associated with a higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury compared with male athletes. Insufficient quadriceps strength and larger force sense error are associated with the knee biomechanical characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":49482,"journal":{"name":"Sports Biomechanics","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148551264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elbow joint loading and spatiotemporal performance under different hand positions during the forward handspring.","authors":"Beomsoo Kim, Sabin Chun, Soo-Ji Han, Jongchul Park","doi":"10.1080/14763141.2026.2700671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2026.2700671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined how different hand positions influence key biomechanical characteristics of elbow joint loading and performance during the forward handspring. Nine adolescent male gymnasts performed five trials using parallel (PHP) and outward (OHP) hand positions. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using eight infrared cameras (250 Hz) and two force plates (1,000 Hz), with analysis conducted on the arm in contact with the force plate. The OHP produced greater maximum vertical and resultant ground reaction forces and net vertical impulse than the PHP, while exhibiting a shorter contact time. As a result, vertical velocity at take-off, change in centre of mass height, and flight time increased, indicating mechanical characteristics favourable for forward handspring performance. Meanwhile, the OHP exhibited greater elbow adduction moments, suggesting higher elbow joint loading. In contrast, the PHP attenuated elbow joint loading through greater flexion and internal rotation, facilitating shock absorption and propulsion over a longer contact time. This was reflected in greater negative and positive elbow joint work in the PHP than in the OHP, despite similar net joint work. These findings suggest that hand position selection may involve a balance between performance and elbow joint loading, highlighting its importance during the forward handspring.</p>","PeriodicalId":49482,"journal":{"name":"Sports Biomechanics","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148551275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}