International Braz J Urol最新文献

{"title":"Smoking characteristics and years since quitting smoking of US adults diagnosed with lung and bladder cancer: A national health and nutrition examination survey analysis.","authors":"Edoardo Beatrici, Muhieddine Labban, Dejan K Filipas, Benjamin V Stone, Leonardo O Reis, Filippo Dagnino, Giovanni Lughezzani, Nicolò M Buffi, Stuart R Lipsitz, Timothy N Clinton, Richard S Matulewicz, Quoc-Dien Trinh, Alexander P Cole","doi":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0625","DOIUrl":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Smoking is a recognized risk factor for bladder BC and lung cancer LC. We investigated the enduring risk of BC after smoking cessation using U.S. national survey data. Our analysis focused on comparing characteristics of LC and BC patients, emphasizing smoking status and the latency period from smoking cessation to cancer diagnosis in former smokers.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We analyzed data from the National Health and Examination Survey (2003-2016), identifying adults with LC or BC history. Smoking status (never, active, former) and the interval between quitting smoking and cancer diagnosis for former smokers were assessed. We reported descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and median with interquartile ranges (IQR) for continuous variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among LC patients, 8.9% never smoked, 18.9% active smokers, and 72.2% former smokers. Former smokers had a median interval of 8 years (IQR 2-12) between quitting and LC diagnosis, with 88.3% quitting within 0-19 years before diagnosis. For BC patients, 26.8% never smoked, 22.4% were active smokers, and 50.8% former smokers. Former smokers had a median interval of 21 years (IQR 14-33) between quitting and BC diagnosis, with 49.3% quitting within 0-19 years before diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BC patients exhibit a prolonged latency period between smoking cessation and cancer diagnosis compared to LC patients. Despite smoking status evaluation in microhematuria, current risk stratification models for urothelial cancer do not incorporate it. Our findings emphasize the significance of long-term post-smoking cessation surveillance and advocate for integrating smoking history into future risk stratification guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":49283,"journal":{"name":"International Braz J Urol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10953605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do statins decrease testosterone in men? Systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Felipe Placco Araujo Glina, Leonardo Lopes, Rodrigo Spinola E Silva, Eduardo Augusto Correa Barros, Bruno Biselli, Sidney Glina","doi":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0578","DOIUrl":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Statins are one of the most prescribed classes of drugs worldwide to treat hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia. By lowering the level of cholesterol, the use of statin could cause a reduction in testosterone levels. The objective was to evaluate whether the continued use of statins in patients with hypercholesterolemia causes a deficiency in testosterone and other sex hormones.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Systematic Review with Meta-analysis, performed in Embase, Medline and Cochrane databases, until May 2023; PROSPERO CRD42021270424protocol. Selection performed by two independent authors with subsequent conference in stages. Methodology based on PRISMA statement. There were selected comparative studies, prospective cohorts (CP), randomized clinical trials (RCT) and cross-sectional studies (CSS) with comparison of testosterone levels before and after statin administration and between groups. Bias analysis were evaluated with Cochrane Tool, The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and using the Assess the Quality of Cross-sectional studies (AXIS) tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were found on MedLine, Embase and Cochrane, after selected comparative studies, 10CP and 6RCT and 6CSS for the meta-analysis. In the Forrest plot with 6CSS, a correlation between patients with continuous use of statins and a reduction in total testosterone was evidenced with a statistically significant reduction of 55.02ng/dL (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p<0.00001).In the analysis with 5RCT, a reduction in the mean total testosterone in patients who started continuous statin use was evidenced, with a statistical significance of 13.12ng/dL (95%CI=[1.16,25.08],I²=0%,p=0.03). Furthermore, the analysis of all prospective studies with 15 articles showed a statistically significant reduction in the mean total testosterone of 9.11 ng/dL (95%CI=[0.16,18.06],I²=37%,p=0.04). A reduction in total testosterone has been shown in most studies and in its accumulated analysis after statin use. However, this decrease was not enough to reach levels below normal.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Statins use causes a decrease in total testosterone, not enough to cause a drop below the normal range and also determines increase in FSH levels. No differences were found in LH, Estradiol, SHBG and Free Testosterone analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":49283,"journal":{"name":"International Braz J Urol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10953607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The landscape of biomedical research funding in Brazil: a current overview.","authors":"Cristiano M Gomes, Giovanni Marchini, Jose de Bessa, Gustavo Carvalhal, Marina P R Caldeira, Paulo Hilario Saldiva, Jose Eduardo Krieger, Fabiana Agena, Sabrina Reis, Candice Paschoal, Milena Froes, Miguel Srougi, William C Nahas, Luciano A Favorito","doi":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2024.9905","DOIUrl":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2024.9905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the current state of research funding in Brazil.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study is based on the most recent edition of the course Funding for Research and Innovation in the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine which was a three-day course with 12 hours of instruction. The course brought together leading experts in the field to comprehensively discuss the current state of research funding in Brazil. Each speaker provided a presentation on a specific topic related to research funding. After the workshop, speakers assembled relevant topics in this manuscript.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>collaborative research is critical for securing research funding. It optimizes proposal competitiveness, amplifies societal impact, and manages risks effectively. As such, fostering and supporting these collaborations is paramount for both researchers and funding agencies. To maintain the highest integrity in research, investigators involved in these collaborations must disclose any relationships that could potentially influence the outcomes or interpretation of their projects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Brazil, the mainstay of research funding stems from public entities, with agencies such as CNPq, CAPES, and state bodies like FAPESP, FAPERJ, FAPEMIG and others at the forefront. Concurrently, industry funding offers viable pathways, especially through industry-sponsored studies, investigator-led projects, and collaborative initiatives. The Brazilian funding landscape is further enriched by innovative platforms, including crowdfunding and the contributions of institutions like the Serrapilheira Institute. Internationally, esteemed organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation stand out as potential funders.</p>","PeriodicalId":49283,"journal":{"name":"International Braz J Urol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10953608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicability and feasibility of robot-assisted cystectomy and intracorporeal urinary diversion in a patient with right renal pelvic ectopia.","authors":"Stefano Puliatti, Stefania Ferretti, Natali Rodriguez Peñaranda, Ahmed Eissa, Marco Ticonosco, Andrea De Faveri, Cosimo De Carne, Pawel Wisz, Riccardo Ferrari, Greta Tosi, Filippo Annino, Giampaolo Bianchi, Salvatore Micali","doi":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0608","DOIUrl":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ectopic pelvic kidney, a common renal anomaly, is often smaller and malformed, with a shorter and sometimes tortuous ureter (1). Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), constituting 15-25% of bladder cancer cases (2), mandates radical cystectomy with a 50% 5-year survival rate (2). Despite the growing use of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) (3, 4), there is limited data on its application in ectopic kidneys. Only one RARC case has been reported (5), in contrast to numerous open radical cystectomies (1, 6) involving an ectopic kidney.</p><p><strong>Patient and methods: </strong>After being diagnosed with T2 high-grade urothelial carcinoma, the 66-year-old patient, previously treated with multiple transurethral resections and adjuvant BCG therapy, received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Preoperative staging CT revealed a 2.6 x 2.2 cm bladder neoformation and an ectopic right pelvic kidney.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using the da Vinci Surgical System, radical cystectomy with ileal conduit (sec Wallace II) and lymphadenectomy were performed. During the demolition phase, the shorter right ureter was dissected with care to avoid damage to the renal pedicle. The reconstructive phase included intracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD) and uretero-ileal anastomosis, facilitated by the favorable position of the kidney. The 8-hour console surgery resulted in minimal blood loss. Discharged on day 16 due to COVID-19, the patient exhibited positive outcomes. A 2-month CT follow-up revealed no cancer recurrence, metastasis, hydronephrosis, and complete regression of the lymphocele. Imaging follow-up continues without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Robotic surgery with intracorporeal urinary diversion holds potential for right-sided pelvic kidney cases, but additional studies are necessary for validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49283,"journal":{"name":"International Braz J Urol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10953599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Comment: Risk Factors for Penile Fracture After Intralesional Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum in Peyronie's Disease.","authors":"Luciano A Favorito","doi":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2024.9906","DOIUrl":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2024.9906","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49283,"journal":{"name":"International Braz J Urol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10953606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robot-assisted retroperitoneal lymph node dissection as primary treatment for stage II seminoma germ cell tumor.","authors":"Stefano Cogo Badan, Willy Baccaglini, Arie Carneiro, Gustavo Caserta Lemos","doi":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0389","DOIUrl":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Historically, therapeutic avenues for patients with clinical stage II seminoma germ cell tumors (SGCT) were confined to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. While survival rates with these modalities are commendable, both entail substantial long-term morbidities. Furthermore, this youthful patient cohort exhibits elevated rates of secondary malignancies, surfacing decades post-successful primary cancer treatment (1). Recently, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) has emerged as a primary treatment consideration for individuals with low-volume metastatic seminoma (2-4). However, there is a dearth of video documentation illustrating the robotic assisted (RA) bilateral approach (5- 7).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We present the case of a 24-year-old male who underwent prior left orchiectomy for seminoma (pT1b). Despite negative serum tumor markers, a 1.7 x 1.4cm lymph node enlargement was identified in the aortic bifurcation after 4 months, classifying the patient as stage IIA per the IGCCCG risk classification. Subsequently, a RA bilateral template RPLND was performed due to the patient's refusal of chemotherapy, citing concerns about offspring.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The surgery was performed, incorporating nerve sparing techniques, lasting 4h13minutes, an estimated bleeding rate of 400ml, without intraoperative complications. The patient was discharged within 24 hours of the procedure, following a prescribed low-fat diet.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The patient experienced postoperative well-being, painlessness, and resumed work three weeks post-procedure. Preserved ejaculation was noted, and adjuvant therapy was performed with 2 cycles of EP due to the anatomopathological result. The feasibility of robotic primary RPLND for SGCT was demonstrated, showing reduced postoperative pain and early hospital discharge. Further studies are necessary to validate our findings regarding oncological, safety, and functional outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49283,"journal":{"name":"International Braz J Urol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10953600/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In this issue we will celebrate 50 years of the International Brazilian Journal of Urology.","authors":"Luciano A Favorito","doi":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2024.02.01","DOIUrl":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2024.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49283,"journal":{"name":"International Braz J Urol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10953602/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of ChatGPT in Urology and its Relevance in Clinical Practice: Is it useful?","authors":"Antonio Vitor Nascimento Martinelli Braga, Noel Charlles Nunes, Emanoel Nascimento Santos, Maria Luiza Veiga, Ana Aparecida Nascimento Martinelli Braga, Glicia Estevam de Abreu, Jose de Bessa, Luis Henrique Braga, Andrew J Kirsch, Ubirajara Barroso","doi":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0570","DOIUrl":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpouse: </strong>One of the many artificial intelligence based tools that has gained popularity is the Chat-Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT). Due to its popularity, incorrect information provided by ChatGPT will have an impact on patient misinformation. Furthermore, it may cause misconduct as ChatGPT can mislead physicians on the decision-making pathway. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of ChatGPT answers regarding urological diagnoses.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>ChatGPT 3.5 version was used. The questions asked for the program involved Primary Megaureter (pMU), Enuresis and Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR). There were three queries for each topic. The queries were inserted twice, and both responses were recorded to examine the reproducibility of ChatGPT's answers. Afterwards, both answers were combined. Finally, those rwere evaluated qualitatively by a board of three specialists. A descriptive analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>ChatGPT simulated general knowledge on the researched topics. Regarding Enuresis, the provided definition was partially correct, as the generic response allowed for misinterpretation. For VUR, the response was considered appropriate. For pMU it was partially correct, lacking essential aspects of its definition such as the diameter of the dilatation of the ureter. Unnecessary exams were suggested, for Enuresis and pMU. Regarding the treatment of the conditions mentioned, it specified treatments for Enuresis that are ineffective, such as bladder training. Therefore, ChatGPT responses present a combination of accurate information, but also incomplete, ambiguous and, occasionally, misleading details.</p>","PeriodicalId":49283,"journal":{"name":"International Braz J Urol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10953603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-dose prednisone is an effective rescue for deteriorating semen parameters following vasovasostomy.","authors":"Joshua White, Katherine Campbell, Nicholas Deebel, Akhil Muthigi, Francesco Costantini Mesquita, Lucas Campos, Christabel Egemba, Maria Camila Suarez Albaraez, Braian Ledesma, Jesse Ory, Ranjith Ramasamy","doi":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0402","DOIUrl":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2023.0402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of low-dose prednisone as a rescue therapy for patients with deteriorating semen parameters following vasovasostomy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Electronic medical records were queried at the University of Miami with documented CPT code 55400 (Bilateral Vasovasostomy) between January 2016 and April 2023. Records were then reviewed to identify patients who demonstrated ≥50% decrease in semen parameters, specifically sperm concentration, motility and total motile sperm count. Patients who were treated with 6 weeks of low-dose prednisone were identified, and baseline semen parameters and subsequent changes after prednisone therapy were assessed. A Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare semen parameter changes before and after prednisone. Adverse effects associated with prednisone were monitored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 8 patients were identified with deteriorating semen parameters who were treated with 6 weeks of low-dose prednisone. Following prednisone therapy, all patients demonstrated improvements in total motile sperm count (TMSC), with a median improvement of 6 million. The median relative improvement in TMSC was 433%. Sperm concentration and motility also improved compared to post-operative baseline. No adverse effects were reported during the treatment period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Low-dose prednisone therapy appears to be a safe and effective intervention for managing deteriorating semen parameters following VV. The observed improvements in TMSC suggest the potential of prednisone to rescue patients with delayed failure after VV. Further research with larger sample sizes is warranted to confirm the safety and efficacy of low-dose prednisone as a rescue therapy in this specific patient population. Optimizing VV outcomes is crucial in male infertility, and further exploration of steroid therapy and innovative biotechnologies is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":49283,"journal":{"name":"International Braz J Urol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10947653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139081056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advocating hormonal treatment to prevent adult in-fertility in patients diagnosed with congenital un-descended testes.","authors":"Faruk Hadziselimovic","doi":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2024.9902","DOIUrl":"10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2024.9902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2007 the Nordic group came to the following unanimous conclusions: In general, hormonal treatment is not recommended, considering the poor immediate results and the possible long-term adverse effects on spermatogenesis. Thus, surgery is to be preferred. However, defective mini puberty inducing insufficient gonadotropin secretion is one of the most common causes of nonobstructive azoospermia in men suffering from congenital isolated unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism. The extent of alteration in the unilateral undescended testis correlate with the contralateral descended testis, indicating that unilateral cryptorchidism is a bilateral disease. Idiopathic central hypogonadism explains the phenomenon of defective mini puberty in otherwise healthy cryptorchid boys. We therefore recommend hormonal treatment for cryptorchid boys with defective mini puberty. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment following surgery to correct cryptorchidism restores mini puberty via endocrinological and transcriptional effects and prevents adult infertility in most cases. Several genes are important for central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mammals, including many that are transcribed in both the brain and testis. At the molecular level, there is no convincing evidence that heat shock is responsible for the observed pathological testicular changes. Thus, impaired transformation of gonocytes is not the result of temperature stress but rather a hormonal imbalance. Cryptorchidism should therefore be considered a serious andrological problem that cannot be successfully treated by early orchidopexy alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":49283,"journal":{"name":"International Braz J Urol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10947647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139081032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}