American Journal of Audiology最新文献

{"title":"Longitudinal Trends in Medicaid Hearing Aid Coverage for Adults in the United States: 2003-2023.","authors":"Michelle L Arnold, Lauren Tonti, Serena Phillips, Stacie P Kershner, Brandy Lipton, Brianna Heslin, Benjamin Ukert, Reginald Hebert, Michael F Pesko","doi":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00204","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to create a database of Medicaid fee-for-service hearing aid coverage policies for adults over 20 years old from 2003 to 2023 and quantify yearly averages of the share of beneficiaries living with hearing aid coverage benefits.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Policy surveillance and data triangulation were used to retrieve and code Medicaid fee-for-service coverage policies. Policy data were combined with a subset of individual-level data from the American Community Survey to estimate the annual share of adult Medicaid beneficiaries over 20 years old residing in states with hearing aid coverage.</p><p><strong>Survey population: </strong>Policy data were combined with sociodemographic variables from the American Community Survey to estimate the share of adult Medicaid beneficiaries covered by a Medicaid hearing aid coverage policy from 2003 to 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>States (<i>N</i> = 32) offered Medicaid hearing aid coverage for adults in 2003. By 2013, that decreased to 27 states but increased to 31 states in 2023. Between 2003 and 2023, four states implemented, four states interrupted, and four states removed coverage. In 2008, 65.4% of adults with Medicaid had hearing aid coverage; this percentage increased to 70.3% by 2023. The longitudinal Medicaid hearing aid policy database is active and continues to be updated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the known impacts of untreated hearing loss on quality of life and health, a lack of Medicaid hearing aid coverage for adults may undermine states' health equity goals and public health efforts to promote health over the life course.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.32270619.</p>","PeriodicalId":49241,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Audiology","volume":" ","pages":"883-892"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13549736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148007277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect Sizes and Statistical Power in Hearing Aid Research.","authors":"Preeti Pandey, Marien Graham, Anu Sharma, De Wet Swanepoel, Vinaya Manchaiah","doi":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00223","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Effect sizes quantify the magnitude of group differences, yet hearing aid research still relies on Cohen's benchmarks (0.20, 0.50, 0.80). These cutoffs are not field specific and may misrepresent typical effects.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aims of this study were to characterize the distribution of effect sizes in adult hearing aid research and use these data to estimate sample sizes required to achieve varying levels of statistical power.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase identified English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults with mild-to-severe hearing loss using commercially available air-conduction hearing devices. Eligible outcomes included standardized self-reports and behavioral measures. Absolute Hedges's <i>g</i> values were calculated, with the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles representing small, medium, and large effects, respectively. A priori power analyses estimated required sample sizes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 15,066 records, 33 trials (4,471 participants) met the inclusion criteria; of these, 17 trials provided 63 effect sizes. Across all outcomes, the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile values (Hedges's <i>g</i> = 0.10, 0.22, and 0.48, respectively) were smaller than Cohen's conventional thresholds (0.20, 0.50, and 0.80, respectively), indicating that Cohen's standardized benchmarks may portray effects in hearing aid research as smaller than they typically are. Estimated sample sizes showed that few published studies met 80% power for a medium effect.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The empirical distribution of effect sizes in hearing aid RCTs is shifted toward smaller numerical values relative to Cohen's conventional benchmarks. Therefore, using Cohen's generic benchmarks makes an effect appear smaller than it is in the context of this field. We recommend using the effect sizes of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 for small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively, when interpreting hearing aid trial results. Adoption of these empirically derived benchmarks will improve the accuracy of interpretation, guide more realistic sample size planning, and enhance the replicability of future trials.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.32559894.</p>","PeriodicalId":49241,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Audiology","volume":" ","pages":"945-954"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13549739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148213087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotion-Specific Associations Between Perceived Sound Quality and Auditory Emotion Recognition in Children With Cochlear Implants.","authors":"Erva Degirmenci Uzun, Buket Utku, Gizem Özdemir, Berkant Santur, Tankut Uzun","doi":"10.1044/2026_AJA-26-00021","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2026_AJA-26-00021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived sound quality and auditory emotion recognition in children with cochlear implants (CIs) and to compare auditory emotion recognition and hearing-related quality of life (HRQoL) between pediatric CI users and age-matched normal-hearing peers.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Forty-two children aged 7-18 years participated (CI group: <i>n</i> = 21; control group: <i>n</i> = 21). Auditory emotion recognition was assessed using the Montreal Affective Voices (MAV) with 60 nonverbal affective vocalizations representing six emotions (anger, fear, happiness, pain, surprise, and neutral). Perceived sound quality was evaluated with Hearing Implant Sound Quality Index Questionnaire (HISQUI19) and HRQoL with age-appropriate Hearing Environments and Reflection on Quality of Life (HEAR-QL) versions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CI group demonstrated poorer auditory emotion-recognition performance and lower HRQoL than controls. Correlational analyses in the CI group indicated positive associations between perceived sound quality (HISQUI19) and happiness recognition and between HEAR-QL and both happiness and fear recognition; chronological age was positively associated with neutral emotion recognition, whereas age at implantation was negatively associated with pain recognition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pediatric CI users showed poorer nonverbal auditory emotion recognition and lower HRQoL than age-matched normal-hearing peers. Exploratory findings further suggest that perceived sound quality may be selectively associated with happiness recognition in CI users.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.32691078.</p>","PeriodicalId":49241,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Audiology","volume":" ","pages":"1013-1021"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148334034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Long-Term Contact Lens Use on Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Using Rotary Chair and Video Head Impulse Testing.","authors":"Hanna Kolwyck, Raghav H Jha","doi":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00275","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated whether long-term contact lens wear influences vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain and suppression across a range of stimulus frequencies. Despite frequent use of contact lenses in clinical populations, it remains unclear how optical correction affects VOR assessment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Twelve myopic adults (four men, eight women; 21-25 years) who wore contact lenses at least 12 hr per day, 5 days per week, participated. VOR gain and suppression were measured using sinusoidal harmonic acceleration (SHA) rotary chair testing at 0.04-0.64 Hz, and VOR gain at high frequencies using the video head impulse test (vHIT). Each participant was tested twice: with and without contact lenses. Investigators also noted pupil tracking accuracy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VOR gain increased with frequency, consistent with physiological norms. No significant differences were observed between contact lens and no-contact lens conditions for VOR gain or suppression (SHA and vHIT, right and left canals). Pupil tracking was occasionally more challenging, and variability in VOR gain was higher with contact lenses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Long-term contact lens wear does not significantly affect VOR gain or suppression. Clinicians may test patients with or without contact lenses; however, caution is advised when lenses are worn due to occasional pupil tracking difficulties and increased response variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":49241,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Audiology","volume":" ","pages":"1022-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148450187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Borderland Hearing Health: Insights From Community-Based Screenings.","authors":"Amelia M Rau, Carlos Benitez-Barrera, Erik Jorgensen, Paola Gallegos, Vannesa Mueller","doi":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00287","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>Underserved populations, especially Hispanics along the U.S.-Mexico border, are systematically excluded from early hearing loss detection efforts. Without targeted, culturally informed approaches, existing health disparities will only be exacerbated. This study addresses a critical gap in equitable access to hearing health care for Hispanic individuals in the United States.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to examine the outcomes of community-based hearing screenings embedded within a mobile health outreach program in El Paso, Texas, and identify demographic predictors of screening failure.</p><p><strong>Design, setting, and participants: </strong>This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 305 participants (274 Hispanics) who underwent hearing screenings at six mobile health events. Screenings included otoscopy, pure-tone audiometry, and a brief case history. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between demographic variables and hearing screening outcomes.</p><p><strong>Main outcomes and measures: </strong>The primary outcome was hearing screening failure. Demographic predictors included age, gender, ethnicity, primary language, insurance status, and zip code-based income category.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 305 participants, 57% failed the hearing screening. A majority (64.4%) reported suspected hearing loss. Older age was significantly associated with screening failure. Compared with privately insured individuals, those with no insurance or public insurance had significantly higher odds of failure. Males were also more likely to fail than females. Primary language and income-based zip code were not significantly associated with screening outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>Embedding hearing screenings within community health outreach initiatives can improve access among underserved populations, though uptake remains low. Age, insurance status, and gender were significant predictors of hearing screening failure among participants, highlighting individual differences that can inform more targeted outreach and intervention strategies in Hispanic communities. To reduce disparities and advance equity in hearing health care access, mobile outreach programs should integrate culturally responsive care, bilingual providers, and robust follow-up systems. These findings support the development of inclusive, community-based models to reach populations historically underserved by traditional health care systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":49241,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Audiology","volume":" ","pages":"785-795"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148438750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Hearing Health Care Choices and Customer Archetypes in an Era of Over-the-Counter Hearing Aids.","authors":"Jasleen Singh, Sumitrajit Dhar","doi":"10.1044/2026_AJA-26-00032","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2026_AJA-26-00032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study was to identify factors influencing consumer choice toward hearing health care (HHC) delivery pathway (provider-driven vs. over-the-counter [OTC] hearing aids) and to characterize customer archetypes. A secondary purpose was to evaluate shifts in consumer choices and archetypes in light of the recent availability of OTC hearing aids.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A 27-item survey, adapted from prior work, was administered via Qualtrics Research Panels to over 1,000 U.S. residents aged 50 years and older with no prior hearing aid experience. Multiple linear regressions identified predictive factors for delivery pathway. Principal components analysis and <i>k</i>-means clustering were utilized to develop customer archetypes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Completed surveys obtained from 1,013 respondents showed that while 39% of respondents reported being comfortable with purchasing an OTC hearing aid, 84% preferred a provider-driven model. Insurance coverage and stage of HHC journey were predictive of pathway choice. Three customer archetypes emerged: Empowered Evaluator, Passive Traditionalist, and Disengaged Skeptic. Customer archetypes varied on stage of the HHC journey and comfort managing online transactions. Passive Traditionalists were more likely to pursue provider-driven models of HHC compared to Empowered Evaluators.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Respondents report a strong preference for provider-driven care despite growing comfort with OTC hearing aid options. Insurance coverage, care journey stage, and customer archetypes may influence HHC decisions.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.33071336.</p>","PeriodicalId":49241,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Audiology","volume":" ","pages":"1102-1112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148649593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factor Analysis of Auditory Processing Measures in School-Age Children: Evidence for a Four-Factor Structure.","authors":"Mohsin Ahmed Shaikh, Jenna Barrett, Leah Ruiz-Velasco, Yuval Pinchasov","doi":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00218","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Traditional auditory processing (AP) test batteries rarely include validated measures of spatial speech segregation, despite clinical guidelines demonstrating the importance of spatial hearing. This study aimed to explore the factor structure of nine AP tests in school-age children, hypothesizing a multifactor model that includes degraded speech processing, dichotic listening, temporal processing, and spatial processing, using both traditional tests and the Listening in Spatialized Noise-Sentences (LiSN-S) test.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective, cross-sectional study examined clinical AP measures through factor analysis. The sample included 68 children (24 girls, 44 boys), 8.0-10.67 years of age, referred for AP evaluation from 2012 to 2025. All had normal hearing (thresholds ≤ 20 dB HL), normal middle ear function, no neurological or psychological conditions, English spoken as primary language, and typical cognitive functioning. The sample size met guidelines with a 7.6:1 participant-to-variable ratio.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A four-factor solution accounting for 68.7% of the variance was identified: (1) dichotic processing (27.81%; Competing Sentences = 0.98, Competing Words-Free Recall = 0.76), (2) degraded speech processing (15.48%; Auditory Figure Ground = 0.88, Time Compressed Sentences = 0.51, Phonemic Synthesis = 0.47), (3) spatial processing (13.62%; LiSN-S spatial advantage = 0.69, high cue = -0.42), and (4) temporal processing (11.82%; Frequency Pattern Test = 0.73). Intercorrelations were moderate (<i>r</i> = .08-.45), and internal consistency ranged from α = .64 to Spearman-Brown coefficient = .80 for multi-item factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A multidimensional model of AP was supported, emphasizing the need for including spatial processing measures in routine AP assessment batteries.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.33228396.</p>","PeriodicalId":49241,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Audiology","volume":" ","pages":"1150-1163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148809156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to \"Perspectives on Aural Rehabilitation From Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1044/2026_AJA-26-00073","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2026_AJA-26-00073","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49241,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Audiology","volume":" ","pages":"1196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148228799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subclinical Vestibular Involvement in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: Perforation Size and Mediolateral Postural Sway.","authors":"Nargiz Salahova, Burak Kabiş, Mehmet Akif Dündar","doi":"10.1044/2026_AJA-26-00011","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2026_AJA-26-00011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to assess postural stability and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and to elucidate how vestibular involvement varies according to otoscopic findings and demographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study included 51 individuals with CSOM aged 18-65 years (<i>M</i>_age = 34.55 years) and 40 healthy controls (<i>M</i>_age = 33.26 years). All patients had tympanic membrane perforation in at least one ear, for which localization and perforation size were documented. Pure-tone audiometry and immittance measurements were performed. Vestibular assessment consisted of subjective symptom evaluation using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory, semicircular canal-specific VOR gain measurements using the video head impulse test (vHIT), and functional balance analysis using computerized dynamic posturography (CDP).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences were found between groups in vHIT gains for any semicircular canal. While anteroposterior CDP parameters showed no group differences, mediolateral vestibular (VEST), preference (PREF), and Global scores were significantly reduced in the CSOM group. Both disease duration and perforation severity significantly affected mediolateral CDP outcomes, with higher severity and durations longer than 5 years associated with lower VEST, PREF, and Global scores. Somatosensory score, visual score, perforation location, laterality, and anteroposterior sway measures showed no significant differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CSOM is associated with subclinical yet measurable impairments in vestibular function and postural stability, characterized by preserved high-frequency semicircular canal function on vHIT but significant mediolateral instability on posturography, even in the absence of self-reported dizziness. These findings indicate early vestibular-mediated balance deficits beyond conductive hearing loss and underscore the importance of routine vestibular assessment for timely identification and targeted rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49241,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Audiology","volume":" ","pages":"994-1005"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: A Survey of Texas Shop Teachers.","authors":"Leigh Ann Reel, Candace Bourland Hicks","doi":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00260","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2026_AJA-25-00260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Agricultural mechanics (i.e., \"shop\") teachers may be at risk for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) due to exposure to loud tools and equipment in their classes. To address gaps in previous research, the purpose of this study was to survey Texas shop teachers about their risk of NIHL.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A nonexperimental survey design was utilized. The online survey was distributed to agriculture teachers in Texas. To participate, respondents had to teach one or more junior high/high school shop classes where loud tools/equipment were used. Questions focused on noise exposure, use of hearing protection, symptoms of hearing loss, and training on hearing conservation. Results from 219 teachers were included in the analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over half the teachers taught three to five courses involving loud tools/equipment each semester. Over two thirds of the teachers reported being exposed to loud noise between 3 and 6 hr a day. For 22/27 tools included in the survey, over 70% of teachers reported exposure. When exposed, between 52% and 93% rarely/never wore hearing protection, depending on the type of tool being used. Over half the teachers reported experiencing different types of hearing problems. In addition, over half of the teachers reported not receiving information on NIHL in college, with only approximately one third receiving such information after college.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current results suggest that many shop teachers may be at risk for NIHL. Future research should include audiometric evaluations and measurement of noise levels in shop classes, in addition to focusing on areas of need (e.g., training and prevention programs).</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.32653461.</p>","PeriodicalId":49241,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Audiology","volume":" ","pages":"919-935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148310221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}