Energy for Sustainable Development最新文献

{"title":"Household cooking energy transition in Tanzania: The interplay between energy accessibility, affordability and reliability in the shift to clean fuels","authors":"Jires Tunguhole ,&nbsp;Götz Uckert ,&nbsp;Girma Gezimu Gebre ,&nbsp;Marcel Robischon ,&nbsp;Stefan Sieber","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition from traditional to clean cooking energy in Tanzania remains sluggish despite continued efforts by government and development partners to promote clean cooking energy solutions. This study examined the determinants of household cooking energy choices using a multivariate probit (MVP) model with a control function (CF) approach. The MVP–CF framework was applied to address endogeneity in affordability and reliability measures while capturing interdependencies among multiple fuels in contexts where fuel stacking is prevalent. Using nationally representative data from Tanzania's Impact of Access to Sustainable Energy Survey (IASES) 2021/22, the analysis provides evidence of partial substitution and persistent energy stacking, confirming the interdependent nature of household fuel choices. Results show that energy accessibility, affordability, reliability, cultural perceptions, intra-household decision-making, and other household characteristics significantly influence cooking energy choices. Access to LPG and electricity increases the likelihood of clean fuel adoption, but affordability and reliability constraints limit sustained use. Even where clean fuels are available, low affordability and unreliable supply force households to rely on traditional or transitional fuels. Cultural norms, including perceptions that biomass fuels enhance food taste or repel insects, further constrain adoption. Findings also reveal rural–urban heterogeneity: rural households remain heavily dependent on firewood, whereas urban households are more likely to adopt LPG and electricity, often in combination with charcoal. Importantly, the MVP model highlights significant negative correlations among fuel alternatives, confirming substitutive relationships and validating the energy stacking hypothesis. Compared with the nested logit model, the MVP framework produces stronger marginal effects and better accounts for correlated choices, underscoring its methodological advantage. The persistence of energy stacking underscores the need for flexible, demand-sensitive policies. Integrated strategies that enhance energy affordability, reliability, and address cultural acceptability are critical to accelerating Tanzania's clean cooking transition and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101854"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household cooking energy transition in Tanzania: The interplay between energy accessibility, affordability and reliability in the shift to clean fuels","authors":"Jires Tunguhole ,&nbsp;Götz Uckert ,&nbsp;Girma Gezimu Gebre ,&nbsp;Marcel Robischon ,&nbsp;Stefan Sieber","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition from traditional to clean cooking energy in Tanzania remains sluggish despite continued efforts by government and development partners to promote clean cooking energy solutions. This study examined the determinants of household cooking energy choices using a multivariate probit (MVP) model with a control function (CF) approach. The MVP–CF framework was applied to address endogeneity in affordability and reliability measures while capturing interdependencies among multiple fuels in contexts where fuel stacking is prevalent. Using nationally representative data from Tanzania's Impact of Access to Sustainable Energy Survey (IASES) 2021/22, the analysis provides evidence of partial substitution and persistent energy stacking, confirming the interdependent nature of household fuel choices. Results show that energy accessibility, affordability, reliability, cultural perceptions, intra-household decision-making, and other household characteristics significantly influence cooking energy choices. Access to LPG and electricity increases the likelihood of clean fuel adoption, but affordability and reliability constraints limit sustained use. Even where clean fuels are available, low affordability and unreliable supply force households to rely on traditional or transitional fuels. Cultural norms, including perceptions that biomass fuels enhance food taste or repel insects, further constrain adoption. Findings also reveal rural–urban heterogeneity: rural households remain heavily dependent on firewood, whereas urban households are more likely to adopt LPG and electricity, often in combination with charcoal. Importantly, the MVP model highlights significant negative correlations among fuel alternatives, confirming substitutive relationships and validating the energy stacking hypothesis. Compared with the nested logit model, the MVP framework produces stronger marginal effects and better accounts for correlated choices, underscoring its methodological advantage. The persistence of energy stacking underscores the need for flexible, demand-sensitive policies. Integrated strategies that enhance energy affordability, reliability, and address cultural acceptability are critical to accelerating Tanzania's clean cooking transition and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101854"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen as a clean cooking fuel: Technical and economic viability and barriers in developing countries","authors":"Xiaochan Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Ge ,&nbsp;Chong Henry","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional carbon-based energy sources, including charcoal, wood, and animal manure, are used for cooking by almost 3 billion people every day. Biomass cooking results in loss of biodiversity and deforestation, greenhouse gases emission and toxic smoke that compromises human health. By mitigating indoor air pollution and lowering emissions of greenhouse gases, hydrogen can contribute to the realization of clean and secure cooking. The hydrogen models and experiments are also part of our rigorous evaluation. An analysis is conducted on renewable hydrogen technologies and their potential for implementation in low-income countries. Lastly, we establish a plan for how underdeveloped nations can produce hydrogen. Hydrogen is a safe and efficient cooking fuel, as we have identified in our analysis. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to develop new, innovative models to change the traditional methods of cooking. Hydrogen models centered on the global south should prioritize adoption and account for the difficulties faced by underdeveloped nations. Furthermore, there is a large disparity in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) because the simulations' techno-economic factors differ greatly. This paper is a review study and synthesis of the current state of hydrogen cooking technologies and systems. It also examines current modeling research and provides a conceptual framework for adoption in developing countries. This review concludes that although hydrogen cooking technologies hold the potential to reach up to 78–80 % efficiency and do not produce indoor air pollution, their cost is still considerably higher than LPG and charcoal, because of the high cost of electrolysers and infrastructure. These results demonstrate the importance of using thorough techno-economic hypotheses in order to forecast how much hydrogen cost precisely.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101852"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen as a clean cooking fuel: Technical and economic viability and barriers in developing countries","authors":"Xiaochan Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Ge ,&nbsp;Chong Henry","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional carbon-based energy sources, including charcoal, wood, and animal manure, are used for cooking by almost 3 billion people every day. Biomass cooking results in loss of biodiversity and deforestation, greenhouse gases emission and toxic smoke that compromises human health. By mitigating indoor air pollution and lowering emissions of greenhouse gases, hydrogen can contribute to the realization of clean and secure cooking. The hydrogen models and experiments are also part of our rigorous evaluation. An analysis is conducted on renewable hydrogen technologies and their potential for implementation in low-income countries. Lastly, we establish a plan for how underdeveloped nations can produce hydrogen. Hydrogen is a safe and efficient cooking fuel, as we have identified in our analysis. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to develop new, innovative models to change the traditional methods of cooking. Hydrogen models centered on the global south should prioritize adoption and account for the difficulties faced by underdeveloped nations. Furthermore, there is a large disparity in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) because the simulations' techno-economic factors differ greatly. This paper is a review study and synthesis of the current state of hydrogen cooking technologies and systems. It also examines current modeling research and provides a conceptual framework for adoption in developing countries. This review concludes that although hydrogen cooking technologies hold the potential to reach up to 78–80 % efficiency and do not produce indoor air pollution, their cost is still considerably higher than LPG and charcoal, because of the high cost of electrolysers and infrastructure. These results demonstrate the importance of using thorough techno-economic hypotheses in order to forecast how much hydrogen cost precisely.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101852"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"At-scale adoption of floating solar PV technology: The case of India","authors":"Abhinav Jindal ,&nbsp;Pradhuman Shaktawat ,&nbsp;S. Abhilash Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve net zero targets, countries worldwide are focusing on scaling renewable energy. While India has made substantial strides in solar power capacity, the adoption of Floating Solar PV (FPV) remains limited. Despite apparent benefits, scaling FPV technologies presents several challenges including identifying suitable reservoirs for FPV implementation, and higher than ground-based solar PV costs. This study addresses these challenges and provides insights into the technological, financial and other related aspects for its at-scale adoption. To address the technological aspect of FPV adoption, this study develops a novel selection framework based on specific necessary and conducive conditions to select reservoirs suitable for FPV deployment in India. Applying this framework to a comprehensive dataset of 130 reservoirs in India, 17 reservoirs were identified. We also developed a reservoir ranking framework, to evaluate and rank the 17 identified reservoirs. The analysis revealed that while <em>Almatti</em> reservoir is the most suitable reservoir, <em>Maharashtra</em> emerged as the state with the maximum number of reservoirs, followed by <em>Odisha</em>. To address the financial aspect of FPV adoption, we carried out a levelized cost based economic assessment and found that LCOE for FPV systems ranges from INR 3.16–3.80/kWh which is much lower than the national average. Among the 17 reservoirs, FPV at the <em>Tungabhadra</em> reservoir has the least LCOE of INR 3.16/kWh. For reducing LCOE of FPV vis-à-vis ground-based PV systems, we suggest policies such as interest rate subsidy, capital expenditure subsidy and Generation Based Incentives. The study's framework and insights could be useful for countries with high FPV potential looking to scale up FPV technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101830"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the rural cooking energy acceptance behavior in Gandaki Province, Nepal: Evidence from logistic regression analysis","authors":"Durga Prasad Chapagai ,&nbsp;Neeta Dhusia Sharma ,&nbsp;Manish Kumar Roy ,&nbsp;Amit Kumar Roy ,&nbsp;Suresh Baral","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rural cooking remains a critical issue in energy access and sustainability in developing countries. Despite significant policy efforts to expand clean energy access in Nepal, the continued reliance on traditional cooking fuels in rural areas highlights a critical gap in understanding the users' acceptance of renewable energy sources. This study provides empirical evidence on the socio-cultural and economic factors that influence household choices on cooking fuel options. It examined rural people's understanding of cooking energy sources, including renewable sources (electricity and biogas), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and firewood, in Gandaki Province, Nepal. The study employed the variables: reliability, cost and affordability, friendliness, health, environmental friendliness, time efficiency, accessibility, concern for safety, and food test. It has used a cross-sectional survey research design and binary logistic regression to assess the influence on rural people's preferences for cooking options. The study found that the firewood resource is perceived as cheaper, accessible, safer, and reliable, and is positively contributing to food testing. However, it is considered unhealthy, time-consuming, unfriendly, and environmentally adverse by rural users. Renewable energy, including biogas and electric cooking stoves, is perceived as a costly, unfriendly, risky, and unreliable source for cooking. Moreover, it is perceived as a healthy and environmentally friendly option. Additionally, LPG is perceived as expensive, unfriendly, poorly accessible, and unreliable energy source. However, it is perceived as a healthy, safe, time-saving, and environmentally friendly source by users. This study offers actionable and novel insights into rural households' acceptance of clean cooking by incorporating users' perspectives. The findings support the formulation of energy policies that address the actual needs and preferences of rural communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101840"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the rural cooking energy acceptance behavior in Gandaki Province, Nepal: Evidence from logistic regression analysis","authors":"Durga Prasad Chapagai ,&nbsp;Neeta Dhusia Sharma ,&nbsp;Manish Kumar Roy ,&nbsp;Amit Kumar Roy ,&nbsp;Suresh Baral","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rural cooking remains a critical issue in energy access and sustainability in developing countries. Despite significant policy efforts to expand clean energy access in Nepal, the continued reliance on traditional cooking fuels in rural areas highlights a critical gap in understanding the users' acceptance of renewable energy sources. This study provides empirical evidence on the socio-cultural and economic factors that influence household choices on cooking fuel options. It examined rural people's understanding of cooking energy sources, including renewable sources (electricity and biogas), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and firewood, in Gandaki Province, Nepal. The study employed the variables: reliability, cost and affordability, friendliness, health, environmental friendliness, time efficiency, accessibility, concern for safety, and food test. It has used a cross-sectional survey research design and binary logistic regression to assess the influence on rural people's preferences for cooking options. The study found that the firewood resource is perceived as cheaper, accessible, safer, and reliable, and is positively contributing to food testing. However, it is considered unhealthy, time-consuming, unfriendly, and environmentally adverse by rural users. Renewable energy, including biogas and electric cooking stoves, is perceived as a costly, unfriendly, risky, and unreliable source for cooking. Moreover, it is perceived as a healthy and environmentally friendly option. Additionally, LPG is perceived as expensive, unfriendly, poorly accessible, and unreliable energy source. However, it is perceived as a healthy, safe, time-saving, and environmentally friendly source by users. This study offers actionable and novel insights into rural households' acceptance of clean cooking by incorporating users' perspectives. The findings support the formulation of energy policies that address the actual needs and preferences of rural communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101840"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"At-scale adoption of floating solar PV technology: The case of India","authors":"Abhinav Jindal ,&nbsp;Pradhuman Shaktawat ,&nbsp;S. Abhilash Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve net zero targets, countries worldwide are focusing on scaling renewable energy. While India has made substantial strides in solar power capacity, the adoption of Floating Solar PV (FPV) remains limited. Despite apparent benefits, scaling FPV technologies presents several challenges including identifying suitable reservoirs for FPV implementation, and higher than ground-based solar PV costs. This study addresses these challenges and provides insights into the technological, financial and other related aspects for its at-scale adoption. To address the technological aspect of FPV adoption, this study develops a novel selection framework based on specific necessary and conducive conditions to select reservoirs suitable for FPV deployment in India. Applying this framework to a comprehensive dataset of 130 reservoirs in India, 17 reservoirs were identified. We also developed a reservoir ranking framework, to evaluate and rank the 17 identified reservoirs. The analysis revealed that while <em>Almatti</em> reservoir is the most suitable reservoir, <em>Maharashtra</em> emerged as the state with the maximum number of reservoirs, followed by <em>Odisha</em>. To address the financial aspect of FPV adoption, we carried out a levelized cost based economic assessment and found that LCOE for FPV systems ranges from INR 3.16–3.80/kWh which is much lower than the national average. Among the 17 reservoirs, FPV at the <em>Tungabhadra</em> reservoir has the least LCOE of INR 3.16/kWh. For reducing LCOE of FPV vis-à-vis ground-based PV systems, we suggest policies such as interest rate subsidy, capital expenditure subsidy and Generation Based Incentives. The study's framework and insights could be useful for countries with high FPV potential looking to scale up FPV technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101830"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade-offs in energy policy: Evidence from a best-worst discrete choice experiment in Pakistan","authors":"Qaisar Shahzad ,&nbsp;Kentaka Aruga","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates preference for energy reforms among a sampled group of participants in Pakistan, focusing on coal-dependent regions and transition-vulnerable groups to reduce CO₂ emissions using a best-worst scaling (BWS) experiment. We examined five key policy attributes: CO₂ emission reduction, energy independence, employment impact, transition time, and changes in energy price. The findings reveal a modest willingness to pay for reducing CO₂ emissions (0.47 % of energy bills per 1 % reduction) and other policy attributes, though effect sizes are small compared to economic priorities like employment and affordability. Subgroup analysis identifies demographic variations in these trade-offs within the sample. Meanwhile, survey participants exhibited significant sensitivity to potential increases in energy bills, with affordability concerns outweighing environmental preference in most subgroups. This study contributes to the literature by quantifying preferences for energy transition attributes among a sampled Pakistani population using a BWS choice experiment, offering insights for policymakers in similar developing economies. The study recommends diversifying energy sources, including nuclear and hydro-energy, as a strategic approach to balance environmental goals with economic priorities for transition-vulnerable groups in Pakistan (e.g., coal-region residents, unemployed respondents). However, these recommendations are indicative and should be validated through broader engagement and research before nationwide implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101843"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade-offs in energy policy: Evidence from a best-worst discrete choice experiment in Pakistan","authors":"Qaisar Shahzad ,&nbsp;Kentaka Aruga","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates preference for energy reforms among a sampled group of participants in Pakistan, focusing on coal-dependent regions and transition-vulnerable groups to reduce CO₂ emissions using a best-worst scaling (BWS) experiment. We examined five key policy attributes: CO₂ emission reduction, energy independence, employment impact, transition time, and changes in energy price. The findings reveal a modest willingness to pay for reducing CO₂ emissions (0.47 % of energy bills per 1 % reduction) and other policy attributes, though effect sizes are small compared to economic priorities like employment and affordability. Subgroup analysis identifies demographic variations in these trade-offs within the sample. Meanwhile, survey participants exhibited significant sensitivity to potential increases in energy bills, with affordability concerns outweighing environmental preference in most subgroups. This study contributes to the literature by quantifying preferences for energy transition attributes among a sampled Pakistani population using a BWS choice experiment, offering insights for policymakers in similar developing economies. The study recommends diversifying energy sources, including nuclear and hydro-energy, as a strategic approach to balance environmental goals with economic priorities for transition-vulnerable groups in Pakistan (e.g., coal-region residents, unemployed respondents). However, these recommendations are indicative and should be validated through broader engagement and research before nationwide implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101843"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}