Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of PM_2.5, black carbon, and trace metals measurements from the Kansas City Transportation and Local-Scale Air Quality Study (KC-TRAQS).","authors":"Rachelle M Duvall, Evelyn S Kimbrough, Stephen Krabbe, Parikshit Deshmukh, Richard W Baldauf, Lydia H Brouwer, Timothy McArthur, Carry Croghan, Joshua Varga, Matthew Brown, Michael Davis","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2365708","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2365708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Communities near transportation sources can be impacted by higher concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and other air pollutants. Few studies have reported on air quality in complex urban environments with multiple transportation sources. To better understand these environments, the Kansas City Transportation and Local-Scale Air Quality Study (KC-TRAQS) was conducted in three neighborhoods in Southeast Kansas City, Kansas. This area has several emissions sources including transportation (railyards, vehicles, diesel trucks), light industry, commercial facilities, and residential areas. Stationary samples were collected for 1-year (October 24, 2017, to October 31, 2018) at six sites using traditional sampling methods and lower-cost air sensor packages. This work examines PM less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM_2.5), black carbon (BC), and trace metals data collected during KC-TRAQS. PM_2.5 filter samples showed the highest 24-h mean concentrations (9.34 μg/m³) at the sites located within 20-50 m of the railyard. Mean 24-h PM_2.5 concentrations, ranging from 7.96 to 9.34 μg/m³, at all sites were lower than that of the nearby regulatory site (9.83 μg/m³). Daily maximum PM_2.5 concentrations were higher at the KC-TRAQS sites (ranging from 25.31 to 43.76 μg/m³) compared to the regulatory site (20.50 μg/m³), suggesting short-duration impacts of localized emissions sources. Across the KC-TRAQS sites, 24-h averaged PM_2.5 concentrations from the sensor package (P-POD) ranged from 3.24 to 5.69 µg/m³ showing that, out-of-the-box, the PM sensor underestimated the reference concentrations. KC-TRAQS was supplemented by elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) and trace metal analysis of filter samples. The EC/OC data suggested the presence of secondary organic aerosol formation, with the highest mean concentrations observed at the site within 20 m of the railyard. Trace metals data showed daily, monthly, and seasonal variations for iron, copper, zinc, chromium, and nickel, with elevated concentrations occurring during the summer at most of the sites.<i>Implications</i>: This work reports on findings from a year-long air quality study in Southeast Kansas City, Kansas to understand micro-scale air quality in neighborhoods impacted by multiple emissions sources such as transportation sources (including a large railyard operation), light industry, commercial facilities, and residential areas. While dozens of studies have reported on air quality near roadways, this work will provide more information on PM_2.5, black carbon, and trace metals concentrations near other transportation sources in particular railyards. This work can also inform additional field studies near railyards.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11361304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141318727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parameterization of H₂SO₄ and organic contributions to volatile PM in aircraft plumes at ground idle.","authors":"Stephen H Jones, Richard C Miake-Lye","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2354820","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2354820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Volatile Particulate Matter (vPM) emissions are challenging to measure and quantify, since they are not present in the condensed form at the engine exit plane and they evolve to first form in the aircraft plume and then continue to grow and change as they mix and dilute in the ambient atmosphere. To better understand the issues associated with the initial formation and growth of vPM, a modeling study has been undertaken to examine several key parameters that affect the formation and properties of the vPM that is created in the initial cooling and dilution of the aircraft exhaust. A modeling tool (Aerosol Dynamic Simulation Code, ADSC) that was developed and enhanced over a series of past research projects supported by NASA, DoD's SERDP/ESTCP, and FAA was used to perform a parametric analysis of vPM. The parameters of fuel sulfur content (FSC), emitted condensable hydrocarbon (HC) concentrations, and the species profile of the HCs were used to construct a computational matrix that framed a wide range of expected parameter values. This computational matrix was executed for two representative commercial aircraft engines at ground idle and results were obtained for distances of 250 m and 1000 m downstream. From prior results, the most significant vPM emissions occur at the lowest power settings, so an engine power condition of 7% rated thrust was used. A primary goal of the parametric study is to develop an updated vPM modeling methodology and also to help interpret data collected in experimental campaigns. The parameterization proposed here allows the vPM emission composition and particle numbers to be estimated in greater detail than current methods. The aim is to provide additional understanding on how the vPM properties vary with fuel and engine parameters to increase the utility of vPM predictions.<i>Implications</i>: Volatile Particulate Matter (vPM) is an important contribution to the total PM emitted by aviation engines. While vPM is not currently a part of engine emissions certification regulations, vPM is used in aviation environmental impact assessments and for air quality modeling in and around airports. Current methods in use, such as FOA, were developed before many recent advances in experimental data acquisition and in understanding of vPM processes. The parameterization proposed here allows the vPM emission composition and particle numbers to be estimated in greater detail than current methods. These estimates can be used to develop inventories and provide a better estimate of total emission for most aviation engines. Its use in international regulatory tools can inform possible future regulatory actions regarding vPM.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141077041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case study of surface ozone source contributions in the Seoul metropolitan area using the adjoint of CMAQ.","authors":"Arash Kashfi Yeganeh, Mahmoudreza Momeni, Yunsoo Choi, Jincheol Park, Jia Jung","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2361021","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2361021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To quantitatively investigate the transboundary behaviors and source attributions of ozone (O₃) and its precursor species over East Asia, we utilize the adjoint technique in the CMAQ modeling system (the CMAQ adjoint). Our focus is on the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) in South Korea, which is the receptor region of this study. We examine the contributions of both local and transported emissions to an O₃ exceedance episode observed on June 3, 2019, estimating up to four days in advance. By using the CMAQ adjoint, we can determine the sensitivity of O₃ remaining in the SMA to changes in O₃ precursor emissions (emissions-based sensitivity) and concentrations (concentrations-based sensitivity) along the long-range transport pathways and emission source regions overseas. These include Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Shandong, Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Central China. CMAQ adjoint-derived source attributions suggest that overseas precursor emissions and O₃ contributed significantly to the O₃ exceedance event in SMA. The emissions-based sensitivities revealed that precursor emissions originating from Shandong, YRD, Central China, and BTH contributed 11.42 ppb, 4.28 ppb, 1.24 ppb, 0.9 ppb, respectively, to the O₃ exceedance episode observed in the SMA. Meanwhile, Korean emissions contributed 31.1 ppb. Concentrations-based sensitivities indicated that 19.3 ppb of contributions originated in regions beyond eastern China and directly affected the O₃ level in the SMA in the form of background O₃. In addition to capturing the transboundary movements of air parcels between the source and receptor regions, we performed HYSPLIT backward trajectory analyses. The results align with the trajectories of O₃ and its precursors that we obtained from the adjoint method. This study represents a unique effort in employing the adjoint technique to examine the impacts of regional O₃ on South Korea, utilizing a combination of emissions-based and concentrations-based sensitivities.<i>Implications</i>: This research brings to light the critical role of both local and regional precursor emissions in contributing to an ozone (O₃) exceedance event in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea. Utilizing the CMAQ adjoint technique, a novel approach in the context of South Korea's O₃ investigations, we were able to delineate the quantitative contributions of different regions, both within South Korea and from overseas areas such as Beijing, Shandong, Shanghai, and Central China. Importantly, the results underscore the substantial influence of transboundary pollutant transport, emphasizing the need for international collaboration in addressing air quality issues. As metropolitan areas around the globe grapple with similar challenges, the methodology and insights from this study offer a potent tool and framework for regions seeking ","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141176648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fate and transport of viable <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> simulant spores in ambient air during a large outdoor decontamination field exercise.","authors":"Joseph P Wood, Erin Silvestri, Michael Pirhalla, Shannon D Serre, M Worth Calfee, Katrina McConkey, Timothy Boe, Mariela Monge, Denise Aslett, Ahmed Abdel-Hady","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2359122","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2359122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Wide Area Demonstration (WAD) was a field exercise conducted under the U.S. EPA's Analysis of Coastal Operational Resiliency program, in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the U.S. Coast Guard. The purpose of the WAD was to operationalize at field scale aspects of remediation activities that would occur following an outdoor release of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> spores, including sampling and analysis, decontamination, data management, and waste management. The WAD was conducted in May 2022 at Fort Walker (formerly known as Fort A.P. Hill) and utilized <i>Bacillus atrophaeus</i> as a benign simulant for <i>B. anthracis</i>. <i>B. atrophaeus</i> spores were inoculated onto the study area at the beginning of the study, and air samples were collected daily during each of the different phases of the WAD using Dry Filter Units (DFUs). Ten DFU air samplers were placed at the perimeter of the study area to collect bioaerosols onto two parallel 47-mm diameter polyester felt filters, which were then subsequently analyzed in a microbiological laboratory for the quantification of <i>B. atrophaeus</i>. The study demonstrated the use of DFUs as a rugged and robust bioaerosol collection device. The results indicated that the highest <i>B. atrophaeus</i> spore air concentrations (up to ~ 5 colony forming units/m³) occurred at the beginning of the demonstration (e.g. during inoculation and characterization sampling phases) and generally downwind from the test site, suggesting transport of the spores was occurring from the study area. Very few <i>B. atrophaeus</i> spores were detected in the air after several weeks and following decontamination of exterior surfaces, thus providing an indication of the site decontamination procedures' effectiveness. No <i>B. atrophaeus</i> spores were detected in any of the blank or background samples.<i>Implications</i>: Following an incident involving a release of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> spores or other biological threat agent into the outdoor environment, understanding the factors that may affect the bioagent's fate and transport can help predict viable contaminant spread via the ambient air. This paper provides scientific data for the first time on ambient air concentrations of bacterial spores over time and location during different phases of a field test in which <i>Bacillus atrophaeus</i> (surrogate for <i>B. anthracis)</i> spores were released outdoors as part of a full-scale study on sampling and decontamination in an urban environment. This study advances the knowledge related to the fate and transport of bacterial spores (such as those causing anthrax disease) as an aerosol in the outdoor environment over the course of three weeks in a mock urban environment and has exposure and health risk implications. The highest spore air concentrations occurred at the beginning of the study (e.g. during inoculation of surfaces and characterization sampling), and in the downwind direct","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11331556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141077040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The catalytic hydro-dechlorination of 2, 4, 4' trichlorobiphenyl at mild temperatures and atmospheric pressure.","authors":"Kevin Johnson, Juan Xu, Alyssa Yerkeson, Mingming Lu","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2353643","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2353643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including all 209 congeners, are designated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their high toxicity and bioaccumulation in human bodies and the ecosystem. The need for PCB remediation still remains long after their production ban. In this study, a catalytic hydro-dechlorination (HDC) method was employed to dechlorinate 2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 28), a congener found ubiquitously in multiple environmental media. The HDC of PCB 28 was experimentally studied at mild temperatures viz. ~20, 50, and ~77°C and atmospheric pressure. Et₃N (triethylamine) was added as a co-catalyst. The dechlorination rates increased with temperature as well as Et₃N dosage, and the HDC pathway was hypothesized based on the product and intermediates observed. The less chlorinated intermediates suggested that the position of the chlorine strongly impacted HDC rates, and the preference of HDC at para positions can be orders of magnitudes higher than the ortho. The activation energy was estimated in the range of 12.4-13.9 kJ/mole, indicating a diffusion-controlled HDC system.<i>Implications:</i> The remediation need for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) still remains long after their production ban around the world. The development of low-cost methods is highly desirable, especially for developing countries, in response to the Stockholm Convention. In this study, the dechorination of a ubiquitously present PCB congener was studied using a catalytic hydro-dechlorination (HDC) method in low temperatures up to ~77°C and was able to achieve near 100% dechlorination in 6 hr. Results indicated that the HDC process can be performed under mild temperatures and atmospheric conditions and can be a potential solution to real world PCB contamination issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140960058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective sludge management: Reuse of biowaste and sewer sediments for fired bricks.","authors":"Hoa Nhan Nguyen, Huyen T T Dang, Lan T N Pham, Huan Xuan Nguyen, Kien Ton Tong, Thuy T Pham, Khai M Nguyen, Hang T M Tran","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2369294","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2369294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study partially replaced the clay with sewer sludge (SS) and rice husk (RH-SS) to make fired bricks. The brick samples were examed in terms of shrinkage, water absorption, and compressive strength. Besides, they were analyzed via XRD and metal extraction to determine the heavy metal residuals in the products. The results showed that it was possible to fabricate fired bricks using sewer sludge or rice husk-blended sludge with up to 30% by weight. These brick samples complied with the technical standard for clay brick production, in which the compressive strength was more than 7.5 MPa, water absorption was from 11-16%, and the linear shrinkage was all less than 5%. The rice husk addition helped mitigate the heavy metal residuals in the bricks and leaching liquid, in which all the values were lower than the US-EPA maximum concentration of contaminants for toxicity characteristics.<i>Implications</i>: Previous studies have proved the possibility of mixing sewage sludge from different origins (sewage sludge, river sediment, canal sediment, sewer sediment, etc.) with clay and some wastes to make bricks. In which, mostof the studies used sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants, very fewdealt with lake/river or sewer sediment. This study shall be the first to study the possibility of employing sewer sediments with the addition of rice husk powder to achieve two targets, including (1) the reuse of biowaste and sludge for brick fabrication and (2) the reduction of heavy metals in final calcined bricks. Different ratios of the rice-husk blended sewer sludge (RH-SS) - clay mixture shall be tested to find the optimized compositions. The results showed that it was possible to fabricate fired bricks using sewer sludge or rice husk-blended sludge with up to 30% by weight, which meant reduce 30% of clay in the brick production. The final products were proved to meet the quality standard in terms of compressive strength (more than 10 MPa), water absorption(from 11-16%), and the linear shrinkage (less than 5%). Larger scale of this study can be an evident to recommend for policy change in the waste reuse in construction field.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141447422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the temperature-mortality relationship over 16 years in Cyprus.","authors":"Barrak Alahmad, Qinni Yuan, Souzana Achilleos, Pascale Salameh, Stefania I Papatheodorou, Petros Koutrakis","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2345637","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2345637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In many regions of the world, the relationship between ambient temperature and mortality is well-documented, but little is known about Cyprus, a Mediterranean island country where climate change is progressing faster than the global average. We Examined the association between daily ambient temperature and all-cause mortality risk in Cyprus. We conducted a time-series analysis with quasipoisson distribution and distributed lag non-linear models to investigate the association between temperature and all-cause mortality from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2019 in five districts in Cyprus. We then performed a meta-analysis to estimate the overall temperature-mortality dose-response relationship in Cyprus. Excess mortality was computed to determine the public health burden caused by extreme temperatures. We did not find evidence of heterogeneity between the five districts (<i>p</i> = 0.47). The pooled results show that for cold effects, comparing the 1st, 2.5th, and 5th percentiles to the optimal temperature (temperature associated with least mortality, 25 ℃), the overall relative risks of mortality were 1.55 (95% CI: 1.32, 1.82), 1.41 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.64), and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.52), respectively. For heat effects, the overall relative risks of mortality at the 95^th, 97.5th and 99th percentiles were 1.10 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.16), 1.17 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.29), and 1.29 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.5), respectively. The excess mortality attributable to cold days accounted for 8.0 deaths (95% empirical CI: 4.5-10.8) for every 100 deaths, while the excess mortality attributable to heat days accounted for 1.3 deaths (95% empirical CI: 0.7-1.7) for every 100 deaths. The results prompt additional research into environmental risk prevention in this under-studied hot and dry region that could experience disproportionate climate change related exposures.<i>Implications:</i> The quantification of excess mortality attributable to temperature extremes shows an urgent need for targeted public health interventions and climate adaptation strategies in Cyprus and similar regions facing rapid climate change. Future steps should look into subpopulation sensitivity, coping strategies, and adaptive interventions to reduce potential future risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140892646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term effects of nitrogen dioxide on inpatient acute myocardial infarction in Lanzhou, China.","authors":"Wancheng Zhang, Anning Zhu, Jianglong Ling, Runping Zhang, Tong Liu, Tian Tian, Jingping Niu, Jiyuan Dong, Ye Ruan","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2350441","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2350441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) represents a deleterious effect on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but few relevant studies have been conducted in China. We aim to evaluate the acute effects of NO₂ exposure on hospitalization for AMI in Lanzhou, China. In this study, we applied a distributional lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to assess the association between NO₂ exposure and AMI hospitalization. We explored the sensitivity of various groups through stratified analysis by gender, age, and season. The daily average concentration of NO₂ is 47.50 ± 17.38 µg/m³. We observed a significant exposure-response relationship between NO2 concentration and AMI hospitalization. The single pollutant model analysis shows that NO₂ is positively correlated with AMI hospitalization at lag1, lag01, lag02, and lag03. The greatest lag effect estimate occurs at lag01, where a 10 µg/m³ increase in NO₂ concentrations is significantly associated with a relative risk (RR) of hospitalization due to AMI of 1.027 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.013, 1.042]. The results of the stratified analysis by gender, age, and season indicate that males, those aged ≥65 years, and the cold season are more sensitive to the deleterious effects caused by NO₂ exposure. Short-term exposure to NO₂ can enhance the risk of AMI hospitalization in urban Lanzhou.<i>Implications</i>: Exposure to particulate matter can lead to an increased incidence of AMI. Our study once again shows that NO₂ exposure increases the risk of AMI hospital admission. AMI is a common and expensive fatal condition. Reducing NO₂ exposure will benefit cardiovascular health and save on healthcare costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the 2024 Critical Review: Atmospheric reduced nitrogen: Sources, transformations, effects, and management.","authors":"Susan S G Wierman, Bret Schichtel","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2342767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2024.2342767","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141181329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric reduced nitrogen: Sources, transformations, effects, and management.","authors":"Charles Driscoll, Jana B Milford, Daven K Henze, Michael D Bell","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2342765","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2024.2342765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human activities have increased atmospheric emissions and deposition of oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen, but emission control programs have largely focused on oxidized nitrogen. As a result, in many regions of the world emissions of oxidized nitrogen are decreasing while emissions of reduced nitrogen are increasing. Emissions of reduced nitrogen largely originate from livestock waste and fertilizer application, with contributions from transportation sources in urban areas. Observations suggest a discrepancy between trends in emissions and deposition of reduced nitrogen in the U.S., likely due to an underestimate in emissions. In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with oxides of sulfur and nitrogen to form fine particulate matter that impairs health and visibility and affects climate forcings. Recent reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have limited partitioning with ammonia, decreasing long-range transport. Continuing research is needed to improve understanding of how shifting emissions alter formation of secondary particulates and patterns of transport and deposition of reactive nitrogen. Satellite remote sensing has potential for monitoring atmospheric concentrations and emissions of ammonia, but there remains a need to maintain and strengthen ground-based measurements and continue development of chemical transport models. Elevated nitrogen deposition has decreased plant and soil microbial biodiversity and altered the biogeochemical function of terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal ecosystems. Further study is needed on differential effects of oxidized versus reduced nitrogen and pathways and timescales of ecosystem recovery from elevated nitrogen deposition. Decreases in deposition of reduced nitrogen could alleviate exceedances of critical loads for terrestrial and freshwater indicators in many U.S. areas. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency should consider using critical loads as a basis for setting standards to protect public welfare and ecosystems. The U.S. and other countries might look to European experience for approaches to control emissions of reduced nitrogen from agricultural and transportation sectors.<i>Implications</i>: In this Critical Review we synthesize research on effects, air emissions, environmental transformations, and management of reduced forms of nitrogen. Emissions of reduced nitrogen affect human health, the structure and function of ecosystems, and climatic forcings. While emissions of oxidized forms of nitrogen are regulated in the U.S., controls on reduced forms are largely absent. Decreases in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides coupled with increases in ammonia are shifting the gas-particle partitioning of ammonia and decreasing long-range atmospheric transport of reduced nitrogen. Effort is needed to understand, monitor, and manage emissions of reduced nitrogen in a changing environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141181373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}