Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association最新文献

{"title":"Source characterization of volatile organic compounds at Carlsbad Caverns National Park.","authors":"Da Pan, Ilana B Pollack, Barkley C Sive, Andrey Marsavin, Lillian E Naimie, Katherine B Benedict, Yong Zhou, Amy P Sullivan, Anthony J Prenni, Elana J Cope, Julieta F Juncosa Calahorrano, Emily V Fischer, Bret A Schichtel, Jeffrey L Collett","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2266696","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2266696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carlsbad Caverns National Park (CAVE), located in southeastern New Mexico, experiences elevated ground-level ozone (O₃) exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 70 ppbv. It is situated adjacent to the Permian Basin, one of the largest oil and gas (O&G) producing regions in the US. In 2019, the Carlsbad Caverns Air Quality Study (CarCavAQS) was conducted to examine impacts of different sources on ozone precursors, including nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we use positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of speciated VOCs to characterize VOC sources at CAVE during the study. Seven factors were identified. Three factors composed largely of alkanes and aromatics with different lifetimes were attributed to O&G development and production activities. VOCs in these factors were typical of those emitted by O&G operations. Associated residence time analyses (RTA) indicated their contributions increased in the park during periods of transport from the Permian Basin. These O&G factors were the largest contributor to VOC reactivity with hydroxyl radicals (62%). Two PMF factors were rich in photochemically generated secondary VOCs; one factor contained species with shorter atmospheric lifetimes and one with species with longer lifetimes. RTA of the secondary factors suggested impacts of O&G emissions from regions farther upwind, such as Eagle Ford Shale and Barnett Shale formations. The last two factors were attributed to alkenes likely emitted from vehicles or other combustion sources in the Permian Basin and regional background VOCs, respectively.<i>Implications</i>: Carlsbad Caverns National Park experiences ground-level ozone exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Volatile organic compounds are critical precursors to ozone formation. Measurements in the Park identify oil and gas production and development activities as the major contributors to volatile organic compounds. Emissions from the adjacent Permian Basin contributed to increases in primary species that enhanced local ozone formation. Observations of photochemically generated compounds indicate that ozone was also transported from shale formations and basins farther upwind. Therefore, emission reductions of volatile organic compounds from oil and gas activities are important for mitigating elevated O₃ in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"914-929"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41240171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of ozone, acyl peroxy nitrates, and their precursors during summer 2019 at Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico.","authors":"Ilana B Pollack, Da Pan, Andrey Marsavin, Elana J Cope, Julieta Juncosa Calahorrano, L Naimie, K B Benedict, Amy P Sullivan, Y Zhou, B C Sive, Anthony J Prenni, Bret A Schichtel, Jeffrey Collett, Emily V Fischer","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2271436","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2271436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carlsbad Caverns National Park (CAVE) is located in southeastern New Mexico and is adjacent to the Permian Basin, one of the most productive oil and natural gas (O&G) production regions in the United States. Since 2018, ozone (O₃) at CAVE has frequently exceeded the 70 ppbv 8-hour National Ambient Air Quality Standard. We examine the influence of regional emissions on O₃ formation using observations of O₃, nitrogen oxides (NO_x = NO + NO₂), a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), and peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN). Elevated O₃ and its precursors are observed when the wind is from the southeast, the direction of the Permian Basin. We identify 13 days during the July 25 to September 5, 2019 study period when the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O₃ exceeded 65 ppbv; MDA8 O₃ exceeded 70 ppbv on 5 of these days. The results of a positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis are used to identify and attribute source contributions of VOCs and NO_x. On days when the winds are from the southeast, there are larger contributions from factors associated with primary O&G emissions; and, on high O₃ days, there is more contribution from factors associated with secondary photochemical processing of O&G emissions. The observed ratio of VOCs to NO_x is consistently high throughout the study period, consistent with NO_x-limited O₃ production. Finally, all high O₃ days coincide with elevated acyl peroxy nitrate abundances with PPN to PAN ratios > 0.15 ppbv ppbv^-1 indicating that anthropogenic VOC precursors, and often alkanes specifically, dominate the photochemistry.<i>Implications</i>: The results above strongly indicate NO_x-sensitive photochemistry at Carlsbad Caverns National Park indicating that reductions in NO_x emissions should drive reductions in O₃. However, the NO_x-sensitivity is largely driven by emissions of NO_x into a VOC-rich environment, and a high PPN:PAN ratio and its relationship to O₃ indicate substantial influence from alkanes in the regional photochemistry. Thus, simultaneous reductions in emissions of NO_x and non-methane VOCs from the oil and gas sector should be considered for reducing O₃ at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Reductions in non-methane VOCs will have the added benefit of reducing formation of other secondary pollutants and air toxics.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"951-968"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41240170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a carbon footprint model and environmental impact analysis of municipal solid waste transportation: A case study of Tehran, Iran.","authors":"Kiana Rouhi, Majid Shafiepour Motlagh, Fatemeh Dalir","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2271424","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2271424","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The greenhouse gas emitted due to transportation is the third greatest emitter globally, and its impact has become a threat to the environment, public health, and economic development. Waste transportation is excluded in studies of waste management despite its significant environmental impacts such as global warming and human toxicity. The objective of this study is to develop a quantification model to estimate the carbon footprint of waste transportation and environmental impact assessments in three categories applied in Tehran using IPCC guidelines. In Tehran, light and heavy vehicles ran on diesel fuel. Data on fuel and waste characteristics were provided by Tehran's department of transportation and municipality, respectively. In this study, transport-related emissions are 8.47 k tonCO2eq/y, and the carbon footprint of waste transportation is 93.57 g of CO2 eq per ton of waste transported (t.km), which is relevant to three main parameters: the amount of waste transported annually, the freight shipped from the temporary station to the disposal landfill site, and fossil fuels consumed. Also, an environmental impact assessment in three categories - human health (global warming, abiotic depletion, and ozone layer depletion), resources (fossil fuels), and ecosystem quality (acidification and eutrophication) - using SimaPro, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool is presented. Global warming (3.49 kg CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; eq/t MSW), human toxicity (0.95 kg 1,4-DB eq/t MSW), and freshwater aquatic eco-toxicity (0.04 kg 1,4-DB eq/t MSW) have the greatest impact among categories. Sensitivity analysis of the effective parameters allows us to conclude one of the potential implications of this study would be the introduction of natural gas or biogas-based trucks replacing diesel fuel vehicles to improve air quality and mitigate the greenhouse gas emission.&lt;i&gt;Implications&lt;/i&gt;: This paper addresses the significant issue of global warming, particularly in Iran, a developing country that ranks among the top contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. The study emphasizes the importance of evaluating emissions across various sectors such as electricity, waste, etc., Specifically, in this paper we focus on developing a model to quantify the environmental impact resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, focus on the metropolitan city of Tehran as a case study. By examining the waste transportation process, we aim to provide decision-makers with effective strategies to mitigate the environmental consequences. In this paper, we develop a simple quantification term of Carbon Footprint to calculate total greenhouse gas emission of waste transportation process. Carbon Footprint is a fraction which, its numerator is total greenhouse gas emission and its denominator is total waste transported in traveled distance. Effective parameters have been investigated and based on parameters and emission factors taken out of IPPC, the carbon footprint model have been de","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"890-901"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41240167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational analysis of an electrostatic separator design for removal of volatile organic compounds from indoor air.","authors":"Osmo Anttalainen, Elie Lattouf, Paula Vanninen, Hanna Hakulinen, Tapio Kotiaho, Gary Eiceman","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2265329","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2265329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air can be reduced in electrostatic separators where VOCs are ionized using ion-molecule reactions, extracted using electric fields, and eliminated in a waste flow. Embodiments for such separator technology have been explored in only a few studies, despite the possible advantage of purification without adsorbent filters. In one design, based on ionization of VOCs in positive polarity with hydrated protons as reactant ions, efficiencies for removal were measured as 30-40% . The results were fitted to a one-dimensional convective diffusion model requiring an unexpectedly high production rate of reactant ions to match both the model and data. A realistic rate of reactant ion production was used in finite element method simulations (COMSOL) and demonstrated that low removal efficiency could be attributed to non-uniform patterns of sample flow and to incomplete mixing of VOCs with reactant ions. In analysis of complex systems, such as this model, even limited computational modeling can outperform a pure analytical approach and bring insights into limiting factors or system bottlenecks.<i>Implications:</i> In this work, we applied modern computational methods to understand the performance of an air purifier based on electrostatics and ionized volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These were described in the publication early 2000s. The model presented was one-dimensional and did not account for the effects of flow. In our multiphysics finite element models, the efficiency and operation of the filter is better explained by the patterns of flow and flow influences on ion distributions in electric fields. In general, this work helps using and applying computational modelling to understand and improve the performance bottlenecks in air purification system designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"877-889"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41140456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating IMPROVE PM_2.5 element measurements.","authors":"Nicholas J Spada, Sinan Yatkin, Jason Giacomo, Krystyna Trzepla, Nicole P Hyslop","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2262417","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2262417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network has collected airborne particulate matter (PM) samples at locations throughout the United States since 1988 and provided chemical speciation measurements on the samples using several techniques including X-ray fluorescence (XRF). New XRF instruments for measuring PM elemental content of IMPROVE samples were introduced in 2011. To evaluate the performance of these new instruments relative to the old instruments, archived sample from three IMPROVE monitoring sites were retrieved and analyzed on the new instruments. The agreement between the two instruments varied by element. Comparisons of the results were very good (slopes within 10% of unity) for most elements regularly measured well above the detection limits (sulfur, chlorine, potassium, titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, lead). Different particle compositions at the three sites highlighted different measurement interferences. High sea salt concentrations at the coastal site emphasized corrections applied in the old systems to light elements - sodium and magnesium - and resulted in poor agreement for these elements. Comparisons of the XRF measurements with collocated sulfate measurements by ion chromatography suggest that sulfur measurements from the new instruments are more precise but slight underestimates. Comparing elemental ratios to expected ratios for soil-derived PM demonstrate the new instruments are better at resolving the aluminum and silicon peaks.<i>Implications</i>: The presented work represents a comprehensive analysis of the method change enacted within the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) air monitoring network. This work describes the implications of the last change in elemental quantification methodology. The most important point for data users performing longitudinal analyses is that light elements (e.g., sodium - sulfur) were affected; the old instrumentation overestimated these elements while the current measurements are slightly underestimated. The authors recommend these results to be taken into consideration when interpreting sea salt and crustal sources of atmospheric dust.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"843-852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41155642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Joint Clean Air Actions and air quality spillovers in China.","authors":"Lin Xiang, Ying Fan, Xueying Yu","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2255579","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2255579","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Facing severe air pollution in its North Plain, the central government of China initiated the Joint Clean Air Action (JCAA) in 2017 to facilitate pollution mitigation efforts across the region. While quite a few studies investigated the effectiveness of this regulation, much less attention is paid to the pollution spillover effects. We empirically examine the effects, and show that 1) air quality in the east of the target cities has been improved due to positive spillover of improved air quality under the JCAA; 2) the beneficiary spillover lasts for two seasons and disappeared in autumn and winter; 3) air quality in the north, south and west directions are almost not changed; 4) wind direction and topography, two determinants of atmospheric transport, have a considerable influence over the spillover effects. Our study provides a fresh perspective to understand the impacts of the JCAA policy and underlines the necessity of taking both pollution and air quality spillover effects into the cost-benefit analysis.<i>Implications:</i> Pollution regulations in one place may increase pollution in other places, as production and emissions are re-allocated under the incentives induced by regional-specific regulations. This phenomenon has long been recognized in the literature as pollution spillover. However, if the relevant production and emissions are not re-allocated, at least not re-allocated in large quantities, local air quality improvement induced by regulations may also benefit the neighboring areas. We call this effect air quality spillover. Both spillover effects should be rigorously evaluated, which is of scientific interest by itself and also contributes to a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of environmental regulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"73 11","pages":"829-842"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71428290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a CFD model indicating the quantitative relationship among reactor dimension, bed flow unevenness, and performance for VOCs biofilters.","authors":"Ziyu Liu, Dong Dong, Jinying Xi","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2267010","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2267010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based biofiltration model to investigate the airflow distribution and the impact of bed flow unevenness (BFU) on the removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in biofilters. The biofiltration model consists of a gas flow sub-model and a VOCs removal sub-model, which were validated by pilot-scale experiments. The model was used to examine the quantitative relationship among reactor dimensions, including the width to height ratio of the filter bed and empty bed residence time (EBRT), BFU, and performance for VOCs biofilters. Simulation results demonstrate that the flow unevenness index (FUI) of the packing layer changes from 0.06 to 0.48 m²‧s^-1 with reactor dimension changes. With an increase in the width to height ratio at a constant EBRT, FUI increases, BFU changes, and flow velocity fluctuation on the cross-section becomes larger, leading to a reduction of about 10% in VOCs removal efficiency. Concentration distribution of VOCs becomes uneven in the horizontal direction. At a constant width to height ratio of the filter bed, an increase in EBRT causes an increase in FUI, leading to a decrease in VOCs removal efficiency. When the width to height ratio is 0.5, velocity fluctuation of filter bed cross-section is small, the concentration of VOCs decreases evenly across the filter bed layer, and FUI is at a low level (0.06-0.11 m²‧s^-1).<i>Implication</i>: In this manuscript, a biofiltration model of VOCs biofilter based on CFD has constructed and validated. And the manuscript gave the quantitative relationship among reactor dimension, bed flow unevenness and performance for VOCs biofilters for the first time. This study can lead to enhanced VOCs removal efficiency and improved overall performance of biofilters in practical engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"865-876"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41135474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal separation of plastic components from waste crystalline silicon solar cells: Thermogravimetric characteristics and thermokinetics.","authors":"Qing Huang, Wenyi Yuan, Yaping Guo, Qinfei Ke","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2262426","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2262426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thermal treatment is a mainstream technique to separate plastic components from waste crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules. In this study, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted for a better understanding of the characteristics of plastic components mainly poly(ethylene-co-vinyl) acetate (EVA) binder and polyfluoroethylene composite membrane (TPT) backsheet in waste c-Si PV panels through thermal treatment at four different heating rates (5-20°C·min^-1) under nitrogen and air conditions, respectively. The thermal process of the EVA binder whether in a nitrogen or air atmosphere could be divided into two phases, which were 300-400°C and 400-515°C in nitrogen with the total weight loss reached 99.64%; the two phases in the air were 270-405°C and 405-570°C with the total weight loss was 99.68%. The thermal weight loss of TPT in nitrogen has only one phase occured between 380°C and 520°C, and the weight loss rate is about 83%. There are two weight loss phases in the air atmosphere, which the first phase starts from 265°C to 485°C and the second phase ends at 635°C with a final weight loss reaching 97%. Furthermore, the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method was chosen to calculate the pyrolysis kinetic parameters. The activation energy for EVA in nitrogen (261.16 kJ·mol^-1) was higher than in air (209.04 kJ·mol^-1), also the TPT in nitrogen (188.28 kJ·mol^-1) higher than in air (172.21 kJ·mol^-1). That indicated that the thermal decomposition of EVA binder was accelerated at first phase in nitrogen, but there is little difference in air atmosphere. Moreover, the activation energy of PVF of the TPT backsheet in the first phase was lower than that in the second phase. This study provides the fundamental basis to develop efficient thermal separation for the plastic components EVA and TPT in waste PV panels.<i>Implications</i>: This study mainly aims to explore the thermal separation of plastic components of waste c-Si panels for heating treatment, so that developing an accurate heat treatment approach that is efficient to implement for the separation of secondary raw material i.e., glass and silicon wafer from end-of-life PV panels. Therefore, this research findings have significant implications for providing the basic data support for waste PV panels management recycling standards, specifications, or policy documents.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"853-864"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41156047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fugitive gypsum dust deposition on a neighboring wildlife refuge, Antioch Dunes, California, USA.","authors":"Nicholas J Spada, Alison M McNally, Thomas E Gill, Hanna Q Best, Alexa M Wells, Travis Longcore","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2254267","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2254267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fugitive dust emissions play an important role in urban air quality. Much research on fugitive dust's effects has focused on human health and societal impacts, with limited work investigating effects on other species. The endangered <i>Apodemia mormo langei</i> butterfly is endemic to the Antioch Dunes, a small area on the south bank of the San Joaquin River in northern California, largely protected as a National Wildlife Refuge. Between the two protected portions of the dunes is a gypsum processing facility. Deposition of gypsum dust may adversely affect endangered insects, especially in their vulnerable larval life stage. Persistent westerly winds blow from the western section of the refuge, across the industrial facility, to the eastern protected dune area. Ambient particulate matter (PM) was collected at 30 sites in both sections of the refuge using passive samplers deployed at times matching the butterfly life cycle. The prevailing wind maintained upwind-downwind sampling orientation throughout the study. PM samples were analyzed for total mass, and elemental composition via X-ray fluorescence. Downwind concentrations of gypsum-related elements were between 4 (strontium) and 12 (sulfur) times higher than upwind loadings, suggesting deposition of PM from the gypsum facility. The effect of fugitive emissions was strongest at the industrial facility's fenceline, closest to a conveyor belt that loads gypsum. Combined with documented reductions in insect larval longevity when exposed to gypsum dust, the results suggest that gypsum deposition may be affecting the ecosystem and endangered species in the downwind unit of the Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge.<i>Implications</i>: Fugitive dust has impacts not only on humans, but on other organisms. The Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge (ADNWR) in California, set aside to protect the endangered <i>Apodemia mormo langei</i> butterfly, consists of two land units separated by a gypsum processing facility in between them. In this study, we demonstrate fugitive gypsum dust deposition on the downwind unit of the ADNWR, which may impact the endangered butterfly and its ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"813-828"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10194417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating PM_2.5 element concentration measurements for a nationwide monitoring network.","authors":"Colleen Marciel F Rosales,&nbsp;Frank Weber,&nbsp;Tracy L Dombek,&nbsp;Keith Levine,&nbsp;Andrea McWilliams,&nbsp;Nicholas J Spada,&nbsp;Nicole P Hyslop","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2247376","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2247376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Particulate matter (PM) concentrations have decreased dramatically over the past 20 years, thus lower method detection limits (MDL) are required for these measurements. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is used to quantify multiple elements simultaneously in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Chemical Speciation Network (CSN). Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is an alternative analysis with lower MDL for elements. Here, we present a side-by-side comparison of XRF and ICP-MS for elements in PM_2.5 samples collected via the EPA's CSN. For ICP-MS, a simple extraction and ICP-MS analysis technique was applied to a wide variety of samples to minimize effort and cost and serve as a feasibility test for a large monitoring network. Filter samples (<i>N</i> = 549) from various urban locations across the US were analyzed first analyzed via XRF at UC Davis and then ICP-MS at RTI International. Both methods measured 29 of the same elements out of the 33 usually reported to CSN. Of these 29, 14 elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) were found to be frequently detected (i.e. had more than 10% of values above both XRF and ICP-MS MDL). ICP-MS was found to have lower MDL for 26 out of 29 elements, namely Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, Ce, Pb; conversely, XRF had lower MDL for 3 elements, namely, P, K, Zn. Intra-method quality checks using (1) inter-elemental inspection of scatter plots using <i>a priori</i> knowledge of element sources and (2) scatter plots of routine versus collocated measurements reveal that ICP-MS exhibits better measurement precision. Lower detection limits for element measurements in nationwide PM monitoring networks would benefit human-health and source apportionment research.<i>Implications</i>: We demonstrate that ICP-MS with adilute-acid digestion method would significantly improve the element detection rates and thus be avaluable addition to the current analysis techniques for airborne PM samples in anationwide monitoring network. In this paper, we show that a hybrid method of elemental analysis for airborne particulate matter (PM) would significantly improve the detection rates for elements in PM. This would be a valuable addition to the current analysis techniques for airborne PM samples in nationwide and other large-scale monitoring networks, such as the EPA's Chemical Speciation Network (CSN). The techniques explored in this study (i.e., X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy or XRF and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry or ICP-MS) are relevant to the PM monitoring and regulatory community audience of JAWMA, especially agencies and states that are already involved in CSN. In addition, our results outline considerations that give insight on factors to consider for other large-scale and long-term ambient air monitoring efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"730-736"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10568756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}