Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association最新文献

{"title":"Environmental sampling for disease surveillance: Recent advances and recommendations for best practice.","authors":"Eric Stevenson, Roya Mortazavi, Gary S Casuccio, Judith C Chow, John A Lednicky, Richard J Lee, Alan Levine, John G Watson","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2253709","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2253709","url":null,"abstract":"Immediate Past Chair, A&WMA Critical Review Committee, Retired from Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA, USA; McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; RJ Lee Group, Monroeville, PA, USA; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health of the College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"73 10","pages":"723-729"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41178933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source apportionment of measured volatile organic compounds in Maricopa County, Arizona.","authors":"Luke Pramod,&nbsp;Matthew P Fraser","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2248927","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2248927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the goal of corroborating existing emissions inventories of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a statistical analysis was undertaken on measured ambient VOC concentrations in Maricopa County, Arizona. The Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model was used to generate emissions source contribution estimates based on ambient VOC concentrations collected at the JLG Supersite in Phoenix, Arizona, and emissions source profiles obtained from EPA's SPECIATE database. With trial-and-error, optimal model performance using a combination of emissions source profiles yielded source contribution estimates which could be compared to existing regulatory engineering-based emissions inventories. The ultimate objective of this study is to offer a comparison to the \"top-down\" emissions modeling via CMB and the \"bottom-up\" modeling traditionally used in preparing emission inventories to identify possible discrepancies and help direct future investigations to better understand local air quality. The methods used to develop the \"bottom-up\" inventory rely upon sound modeling developed to accurately capture emissions from various source categories. The results show discrepancies between the \"bottom-up\" and \"top-down\" emission inventory for VOC emissions from biogenic and natural gas combustion sources, suggesting that the emission strength from these source categories should be further investigated.<i>Implications</i>: The following implication statement has been prepared for the manuscript titled <i>Source Apportionment of Measured Volatile Organic Compounds in Maricopa County, Arizona</i>. The purpose of preparing such a study was to independently corroborate the findings of Maricopa County Air Quality Department (MCAQD) on source contribution estimates of VOC emissions as published in their <i>2020 Periodic Emissions Inventory for Ozone Precursors</i>. The goal of preparing the findings in the study was to provide additional commentary on the significance of various VOC emissions sources to tropospheric ozone formation in Maricopa County through an alternate air quality modeling approach. The findings from this study are significant to the environment and health of Maricopa County as they offer additional insights into the pathways by which tropospheric ozone may form.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"786-796"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10481776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A meta-analysis of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide air quality monitoring associated with the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"Benett Siyabonga Madonsela","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2248928","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2248928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to air pollution is a fundamental obstacle that makes it complex to realize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3) for good health and wellbeing. It is for this reason that air pollution has been characterized as the global environmental health risk facing the current generation. The risks of air pollution on morbidity, and life expectancy are well documented. This feeds directly to the substantial body of the literature that exists regarding the burden of diseases associated with ambient air pollution. However, the bulk of this literature originates from developed countries. Whilst most of the sub-Saharan African studies extrapolate literature from developed countries to contextualize the risks of elevated air pollution exposure levels associated with the burden of disease. However, extrapolation of epidemiological evidence from developed countries is problematic given that it disregards the social vulnerability. Therefore, given this observation, it is ideal to evaluate if the monitoring executions of hazardous particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide do take into consideration the concerted necessary efforts to associate monitored air pollution exposure levels with the burden of disease. Therefore, based on this background, the current meta-analysis evaluated air quality monitoring associated with the burden of disease across sub-Saharan Africa. To this extent, the current meta-analysis strictly included peer-reviewed published journal articles from the sub-Saharan African regions to gain insight on air quality monitoring associated with the burden of disease. The collected meta-analysis data was captured and subsequently analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019. This program facilitated the presentation of the meta-analysis data in the form of graphs and numerical techniques. Generally, the results indicate that the sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by a substantial gap in the number of regional studies that evaluate the burden of disease in relation with exposure to air quality.<i>Implications:</i> The work presented here is an original contribution and provides a comprehensive yet succinct overview of the monitoring associated with the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa. The author explores if the monitoring executions of hazardous particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide do take into considerations the concerted necessary efforts to associate monitored air pollution exposure levels with the burden of disease. The manuscript includes the most relevant and current literature in a field of study that has not received a deserving degree of research attention in recent years. This is especially true in sub-Saharan Africa, characterized by insufficient monitoring of air quality exposure concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"737-749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10031663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of different composting systems on an industrial scale as a contribution to the circular economy and its impact on human health.","authors":"Julián E López,&nbsp;Daniela Zapata,&nbsp;Juan F Saldarriaga","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2235299","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2235299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), large-scale composting can cause air pollution and occupational health issues. Due to this, it is necessary to determine if the amount generated poses a health risk to plant workers, which can be a starting point for those in charge of composting plant facilities. As a result, the goal of this work is to conduct a thorough analysis of both the physicochemical features and the VOC generation of three large-scale systems. For ten weeks, the three different composting plants were monitored weekly, and VOC identification and quantification were performed using GC-MS gas chromatography. It has been observed that the biggest risk related with VOC formation occurs between the fourth and fifth weeks, when microbial activity is at its peak. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that xylenes and toluene are the ones that are produced in the greatest quantity. Finally, after ten weeks of processing, it was discovered that the material obtained complies with the regulations for the sale of an amendment.<i>Implications:</i> The evaluation and monitoring of the composting processes at an industrial scale is very important, due to the implications they bring. VOCs are produced by the operation of composting facilities with substantial amounts of solid waste, such as the companies in this study. These may pose a health risk to those working in the plants; thus, it is critical to understand where the VOCs occur in the process in order to maintain workers' occupational health measures. This form of evaluation is rare or nonexistent in Colombia, which is why conducting this type of study is critical, as it will provide crucial input into determining when the highest levels of VOC generation occur. These are the ones that may pose a risk at some point, but with proper occupational safety planning, said risk may be avoided. This work has evaluated three composting systems, with different types of waste and mixtures. According to reports, while composting systems continue to produce VOCs and their generation is unavoidable, the potential risk exists only within the plant. These findings can pave the way for the implementation of public policies that will improve the design and operation of composting plants. There is no specific legislation in Colombia for the design and execution of this sort of technology, which allows the use of organic waste.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"679-694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10190030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term spatiotemporal evolution and coordinated control of air pollutants in a typical mega-mountain city of Cheng-Yu region under the \"dual carbon\" goal.","authors":"Xiaoju Li,&nbsp;Luqman Chuah Abdullah,&nbsp;Shafreeza Sobri,&nbsp;Mohamad Syazarudin,&nbsp;Siti Aslina Hussain,&nbsp;Tan Poh Aun,&nbsp;Jinzhao Hu","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2232744","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2232744","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Clarifying the spatiotemporal distribution and impact mechanism of pollution is the prerequisite for megacities to formulate relevant air pollution prevention and control measures and achieve carbon neutrality goals. Chongqing is one of the dual-core key megacities in Cheng-Yu region and as a typical mountain-city in China, environmental problems are complex and sensitive. This research aims to investigate the exceeding standard levels and spatio-temporal evolution of criteria pollutants between 2014 and 2020. The results indicated that PM10, PM2.5, CO and SO2 were decreased significantly by 45.91%, 52.86%, 38.89% and 66.67%, respectively. Conversely, the concentration of pollutant O3 present a fluctuating growth and found a \"seesaw\" phenomenon between it and PM. Furthermore, PM and O3 are highest in winter and summer, respectively. SO2, NO2, CO, and PM showed a \"U-shaped\", and O3 showed an inverted \"U-shaped\" seasonal variation. PM and O3 concentrations are still far behind the WHO, 2021AQGs standards. Significant spatial heterogeneity was observed in air pollution distribution. These results are of great significance for Chongqing to achieve \"double control and double reduction\" of PM2.5 and O3 pollution, and formulate a regional carbon peaking roadmap under climate coordination. Besides, it can provide an important platform for exploring air pollution in typical terrain around the world and provide references for related epidemiological research.&lt;i&gt;Implications&lt;/i&gt;: Chongqing is one of the dual-core key megacities in Cheng-Yu region and as a typical mountain city, environmental problems are complex and sensitive. Under the background of the \"14th Five-Year Plan\", the construction of the \"Cheng-Yu Dual-City Economic Circle\" and the \"Dual-Carbon\" goal, this article comprehensively discussed the annual and seasonal excess levels and spatiotemporal evolution of pollutants under the multiple policy and the newest international standards (WHO,2021AQG) backgrounds from 2014 to 2020 in Chongqing. Furthermore, suggestions and measures related to the collaborative management of pollutants were discussed. Finally, limitations and recommendations were also put forward.Clarifying the spatiotemporal distribution and impact mechanism of pollution is the prerequisite for cities to formulate relevant air pollution control measures and achieve carbon neutrality goals. This study is of great significance for Chongqing to achieve \"double control and double reduction\" of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; and O3 pollution, study and formulate a regional carbon peaking roadmap under climate coordination and an action plan for sustained improvement of air quality.In addition, this research can advanced our understanding of air pollution in complex terrain. Furthermore, it also promote the construction of the China national strategic Cheng-Yu economic circle and build a beautiful west. Moreover, it provides scientific insights for local policymakers to guide smart urban planning","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"649-678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9779064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of tomato waste composts on dry matter and heavy metals content in cucumber and summer squash seedlings.","authors":"Mohamed Rashwan,&nbsp;Hesham Abd El-Razzak,&nbsp;Fahad Alkoaik,&nbsp;Mansour Ibrahim,&nbsp;Ronnel Fulleros","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2235326","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2235326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Huge quantities of agricultural waste are available annually in Saudi Arabia, which are not well exploited, leading to large environmental pollution and health problems. The use of different proportions of tomato waste compost (TWC) mixed with commercial peat-moss as a natural, economical, cheap and environmentally friendly fertilizer for fertilizing vegetables is very important, therefore, this study is concerned with investigating and evaluating the dry matter content (DM) and the accumulated heavy metal contents (HMs) in the root and leaf seedlings tissues of cucumber and summer squash plants as a result of using this fertilizer. Five ratios of mixtures (vermiculite: peat moss: TWC by weight) used in the experiment, and the TWC in the mixture represents 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% (by wieght). The results indicated that, the DM contents in the root and leaf tissues were relatively close between cucumber and summer squash seedlings. However, they were higher in the root than in leaf tissues, particularly under 20% TWC. A TWC application ratio of 20% reduced concentrations of the most HMs in the two vegetable species seedlings due to high EC and pH levels. The amounts of HMs in vegetable species were not high, which proves the that transfer of HMs from the TWC substrate to the seedlings is determined chiefly by metal bioavailability and by a vegetable species. DM, mineral and nutritional quality of vegetable seedlings showed that substrates containing 5% and 10% TWC appeared to be the most suitable growing medium for economic vegetable seedlings; and it is recommended for use in the nursery production. <i>Implications</i>: The idea of this research revolves around the use of different proportions of tomato waste compost in fertilizing cucumber and summer squash seedlings and investigate the effect of this compost on dry matter (DM) and heavy metal (HMs) contents in the root and leaf tissues of the seedlings, and fruit quality of cucumber and summer squash plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"73 9","pages":"695-704"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41240172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritizing action plans to save resources and better achieve municipal solid waste management KPIs: An urban case study.","authors":"Héctor Moreno Solaz,&nbsp;Miguel-Ángel Artacho-Ramírez,&nbsp;Víctor-Andrés Cloquell-Ballester,&nbsp;Cristóbal Badenes Catalán","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2244461","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2244461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in cities is one of the most complex tasks facing local administrations. For this reason, waste management performance measurement structures are increasingly implemented at local and national levels. These performance structures usually contain strategic objectives and associated action plans, as well as key performance indicators (KPIs) for organizations investing their resources in action plans. This study presents the results of applying a methodology to find a quantitative-based prioritization of MSW action plans for the City Council of Castelló de la Plana in Spain. In doing so, cause-effect relationships between the KPIs have been identified by applying the principal component analysis technique, and from these relationships it was possible to identify those action plans which should be addressed first to manage public services more efficiently. This study can be useful as a tool for local administrations when addressing the actions included in their local waste plans as it can lead to financial savings.<i>Implications</i>: This paper introduces and implements a methodology that uses principal component analysis to analyze real data from waste management KPIs and provide municipal solid waste managers with a decision-making tool for prioritizing action plans. The methodology saves financial resources and time, as well as reinforcing the probability of reaching the meta values of the main performance system KPIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":" ","pages":"705-721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10319623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on landfilling and recycling in the city of Fargo, North Dakota, USA.","authors":"Biraj Saha,&nbsp;Md Tanbir Khan,&nbsp;Malachi Graupman,&nbsp;Hafiz Muhammad Umer Aslam,&nbsp;Anand K Gupta,&nbsp;Grant Helmin,&nbsp;Mitchell Larson,&nbsp;Kylie Chard,&nbsp;Bailey Hayes,&nbsp;Rachel Anderson,&nbsp;Stephanie C Bolyard,&nbsp;Kelly A Rusch,&nbsp;Achintya N Bezbaruah,&nbsp;Syeed Md Iskander","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2221649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2023.2221649","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic impacted different aspects of human lifestyle, including waste generation and management. The landfilled and recycled waste volume from the City of Fargo’s annual solid waste report between 2019 and 2021 was critically analyzed to understand these impacts. The analysis showed a 4.5% increase in the residential waste volume in 2020 compared to 2019 and 2021, suggesting a pandemic-induced lockdown effect. The monthly residential waste volume was approximately 5–15% greater during the mandatory quarantine period (April – November 2020) than in 2019 and 2021. Commercial waste volume decreased by 12% during 2020 and then sharply increased in 2021 as commercial facilities reopened. The total recycling volume increased slightly by 2.5% in 2020 compared to 2019 and 2021. Cardboard recycling showed a 5.8% increase in 2020 from 2019 and a 13% increase in 2021 compared to 2020. This was presumably caused by the reliance on online shopping during the pandemic and becoming habituated to online shopping. The COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly impact other classes of recycled waste volumes. In summary, COVID-19 affected landfilling and recycling in different capacities in the City of Fargo. The data will contribute to the global understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on solid waste management practices. Implications: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted waste generation and management. In Fargo, USA, the monthly residential waste volume increased by up to 15% during the mandatory quarantine period in 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 and 2021. Conversely, the monthly commercial waste volume decreased during the mandatory quarantine period in 2020. The commercial waste volume increased in 2021 as commercial activities became normal. The cardboard recycling increased significantly because people became used to online shopping during the lockdown, and the practice continues. The findings will contribute to the global understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on solid waste management practices.","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"73 8","pages":"618-624"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9892321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-nulling protocols for fast, accurate, 3-D velocity measurements in stacks.","authors":"Iosif I Shinder, Aaron N Johnson, B James Filla, Vladimir B Khromchenko, Michael R Moldover, Joey Boyd, John D Wright, John Stoup","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2218827","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2218827","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The authors present protocols for making fast, accurate, 3D velocity measurements in the stacks of coal-fired power plants. The measurements are traceable to internationally-recognized standards; therefore, they provide a rigorous basis for measuring and/or regulating the emissions from stacks. The authors used novel, five-hole, hemispherical, differential-pressure probes optimized for non-nulling (no-probe rotation) measurements. The probes resist plugging from ash and water droplets. Integrating the differential pressures for only 5 seconds determined the axial velocity &lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; with an expanded relative uncertainty &lt;i&gt;U&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt;(&lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;) ≤ 2% of the axial velocity at the probe's location, the flow's pitch (α) and yaw (β) angles with expanded uncertainties &lt;i&gt;U(α)&lt;/i&gt; = &lt;i&gt;U(β)&lt;/i&gt; = 1 °, and the static pressure &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt; with &lt;i&gt;U&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt;(&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;) = 0.1% of the static pressure. This accuracy was achieved 1) by calibrating each probe in a wind tunnel at 130, strategically-chosen values of (&lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;i&gt;α, β&lt;/i&gt;) spanning the conditions found in the majority of stacks (|&lt;i&gt;α&lt;/i&gt;| ≤ 20 °; |&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;| ≤ 40 °; 4.5 m/s ≤ &lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a &lt;/sub&gt;≤27 m/s), and 2) by using a long-forgotten definition of the pseudo-dynamic pressure that scales with the dynamic pressure. The resulting calibration functions span the probe-diameter Reynolds number range from 7,600 to 45,000.&lt;i&gt;Implications&lt;/i&gt;: The continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) that measure the flue gas flow rate in coal-fired power plant smokestacks are calibrated (at least) annually by a velocity profiling method. The stack axial velocity profile is measured by traversing S-type pitot probes (or one of the other EPA-sanctioned pitot probes) across two orthogonal, diametric chords in the stack cross-section. The average area-weighted axial velocity calculated from the pitot traverse quantifies the accuracy of the CEMS flow monitor. Therefore, the flow measurement accuracy of coal-fired power plants greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions depends on the accuracy of pitot probe velocity measurements. Coal-fired power plants overwhelmingly calibrate CEMS flow monitors using S-type pitot probes. Almost always, stack testers measure the velocity without rotating or nulling the probe (i.e., the non-nulling method). These 1D non-nulling velocity measurements take significantly less time than the corresponding 2D nulling measurements (or 3D nulling measurements for other probe types). However, the accuracy of the 1D non-nulling velocity measurements made using S-type probes depends on the pitch and yaw angles of the flow. Measured axial velocities are accurate at pitch and yaw angles near zero, but the accuracy degrades at larger pitch and yaw angles.The authors developed a 5-hole hemispherical pitot probe that accurately measures the velocity vector in coal-fired smokestacks without needing to rotate or null the probe. This non","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"73 8","pages":"600-617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10867762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9894164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey on the current leachate treatments of public municipal solid waste landfills and the potential impact of per- and polyfluorinatedalkyl substances in the Eastern and Northwestern United States.","authors":"Mert Gokgoz,&nbsp;Wuhuan Zhang,&nbsp;Nimna Manage,&nbsp;Mery Mbengue,&nbsp;Stephanie Bolyard,&nbsp;Jiannan Chen","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2023.2235313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2023.2235313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leachate from landfills can be a significant challenge to manage and treat due to conventional contaminants. The addition of emerging contaminants such as per- and polyfluorinatedalkyl substances (PFASs) makes treatment even more complex. PFASs enter landfills through consumer waste and have been detected in landfill leachates at varying concentrations. The design and decision-making on leachate treatment require essential information since it depends on local factors, e.g. climate, proximity to wastewater treatment plants, and waste type. This study conducted a survey on actively operated public municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in the Eastern and Northwestern regions of the US to understand the current leachate treatment practices and views from public MSW landfill managers on PFAS treatment. The survey aims to explore the possible adaptations from the industry to the pending regulatory guidelines for the potential PFASs treatment. Results show the majority of the landfills are currently using off-site disposal (72% of the responses), followed by complete onsite treatment (18% of the responses) and pre-treatment onsite and off-site disposal methods (10% of the responses). The factors that guided the selection of treatment methods included climate, economics, and future regulations. Evaporation and recirculation were the most prevalent onsite treatment technologies for public landfills, which reduced the leachate quantity for treatment. The public landfills expressed awareness of the potential impact of PFASs on the changes in leachate treatment. The current state-level regulation, potential federal PFAS regulation, and treatment costs are raising awareness of the onsite treatment for PFASs. The results of this study will benefit the improvement of PFAS awareness and provide critical information that will directly affect the leachate treatment process for PFASs.<i>Implications</i>: This study presents a survey on the current leachate treatment process in the public municipal solid waste landfills in the eastern and northwestern U.S. and their potential process improvement on the impact of PFASs. This study is relevant to the topic of the JA&WMA because the research falls directly within the scope of this journal, and it documents the leachate treatment of landfills, and the results of this study will immediately contribute to our understanding of the waste treatment, benefiting the improvement of PFASs awareness, and providing critical information that will directly affect the leachate treatment process.</p>","PeriodicalId":49171,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association","volume":"73 8","pages":"638-648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9947097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}