Faraday Discussions最新文献

{"title":"Asymmetric phase transitions in lipid bilayers: coupling or bending?†","authors":"Mona Krompers, Miriam Jaki, Sinja Götz, Jan Lembeck, Laurine Kaul, Martin Holzer and Heiko Heerklotz","doi":"10.1039/D5FD00003C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FD00003C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Biomembranes show asymmetric lipid composition of their two leaflets. The phenomenon that ordered domains in one leaflet may affect the order of the other has been referred to as interleaflet coupling and discussed in terms of transmembrane signaling. Many coupling mechanisms have been proposed; one potential mechanism should arise from the fact that the isolated melting of an ordered, <em>e.g.</em>, gel phase gives rise to a significant expansion of this leaflet, resulting in a mismatch between the intrinsic areas of the leaflets. This asymmetry stress can be accommodated in a number of ways. One is interleaflet coupling – individually higher- and lower-melting leaflets melt together at intermediate melting temperature. Alternatively, the membrane may bend towards the larger-intrinsic-area leaflet, bud and release very small daughter vesicles (DVs). Here, we prepared lipid-asymmetric large unilamellar vesicles (aLUVs) with low-melting stearyl-oleyl-phosphatidylcholine (SOPC) in the inner and SOPC with ∼20 mol% of high-melting dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) in the outer leaflet. Phase transitions in aLUVs <em>versus</em> LUVs were recorded with pressure perturbation calorimetry; vesicle budding was monitored by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and visualized by cryo-transmission electron microscopy. An HPLC protocol was established to quantify the total DPPG content; zeta potential was used to detect outer-leaflet DPPG. It turned out to be possible to prepare aLUVs at 5 and 15 °C, with the outer leaflet partially in the gel phase. The properties of the final aLUVs depended on the preparation temperature. aLUVs prepared at 5 and 15 °C caused the budding of exovesicles upon heating and only weak coupling of the phase transitions of the leaflets. aLUVs prepared at 30 °C with both leaflets in the fluid state showed stronger coupling upon asymmetric freezing/melting at lower temperature. This is in line with the hypotheses that (i) the exchange of lipid between close-to lipid-saturated cyclodextrin and acceptor vesicles at a given temperature results in largely stress-free bilayers and (ii) that outside budding and coupling are, to some extent, alternative responses of the bilayer to asymmetric expansion. These hypotheses help explaining our and some literature data; the overall understanding and prediction of coupling for any given aLUV system remains an urgent, open question.</p>","PeriodicalId":49075,"journal":{"name":"Faraday Discussions","volume":"259 ","pages":" 107-128"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/fd/d5fd00003c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploiting nanoprobe X-ray techniques for imaging of biomineralisation; chemical, structural and in situ opportunities","authors":"Jessica M. Walker, Miguel A. Gomez-Gonzalez, Johannes Ihli and Julia E. Parker","doi":"10.1039/D5FD00037H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FD00037H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Advances in X-ray nanoprobe beamlines at synchrotrons across the world present exciting opportunities for rich multimodal imaging of biomineral structures and their formation processes. The combination of techniques provides a sensitive probe of both chemistry and structure, making X-ray nanoprobes an important tool for investigating crystallite growth and orientations, interfaces, and assembly of building blocks into hierarchical structures. A discussion of these capabilities is presented with reference to recent examples using a range of nanoprobe imaging techniques for investigating enamel structure, as well as coccolith properties. Key opportunities for the use of X-ray nanoprobes lie in exploiting the penetrating power and coherence properties of synchrotron X-rays in order to image <em>in situ</em> processes or apply coherent diffractive imaging techniques to obtain higher resolutions. To this end initial results demonstrating the observation of calcium phosphate mineralisation, in a liquid environment, using nano-X-ray fluorescence mapping are presented, and the role of X-ray dose and beam induced effects is considered. Finally novel results from tomographic ptychography imaging of <em>Mytilus edulis</em> mussel shell calcite prisms are discussed, where the segmentation of the phase density into organic and mineral content gives insights into the mechanisms underlying mineral prism formation and the role of the organic matrix in biomineralisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49075,"journal":{"name":"Faraday Discussions","volume":"261 ","pages":" 231-250"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/fd/d5fd00037h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using phase-resolved vibrational sum-frequency imaging to probe the impact of head-group functionality on hierarchical domain structure in lipid membranes†","authors":"Ben John, Sarabjeet Kaur, Martin Wolf, Martin Thämer and Alexander P. Fellows","doi":"10.1039/D4FD00187G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4FD00187G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The substantial diversity in phospholipids within a plasma membrane, varying in tail length, degree of saturation, and head-group functionality, generates widespread structural heterogeneity. This exists both laterally across the membrane through the spontaneous formation of condensed domains that differ from their surrounding expanded phase in density, composition, and molecular packing order, as well as between its two leaflets, which normally maintain significant compositional asymmetry. Of particular importance is the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids which is a marker for important physiological processes <em>e.g.</em> apoptosis. Despite this, the molecular-level alterations to the phase-structure of the membrane that result from PS exposure remain generally unknown. In this work, we utilise recently developed phase-resolved azimuthal-scanned sum-frequency generation (SFG) microscopy to investigate structural changes that occur heterogeneously across model membranes as a result of PS-lipid exposure. Specifically, by probing mixed monolayers of 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and deuterated 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (dPOPC) in both the C–H and C–D stretching regions as well as equivalent films with DPPC exchanged with DPPS, we analyse the variations in the apparent phase distributions and domain morphologies, and quantitatively extract the density, composition, and relative out-of-plane packing order for both mixtures. We find that, in these mixtures, DPPS shows vast differences in the domain growth and coalescence behaviour compared to DPPC, as well as in the relative compositions and molecular ordering within each phase. This demonstrates the critical role the head-group plays in the heterogeneous phase structure of the membrane and may give insights into their impact on important physiological processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49075,"journal":{"name":"Faraday Discussions","volume":"259 ","pages":" 366-383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/fd/d4fd00187g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143951439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative structural analysis of stereom polymorphs in the sea urchin test†","authors":"Ronald Seidel, Konrad Handrich, Marie Albéric, Jonathan Perrin, Derk Joester, Yael Politi and Luca Bertinetti","doi":"10.1039/D5FD00033E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FD00033E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The fenestrated ultrastructure of the sea urchin endoskeleton has attracted the attention of researchers in different fields due to its morphological complexity and crystallographic properties. Microscopic calcitic trabeculae form an intricate bicontinuous network, called the stereom. The stereom exhibits a wide variation of pore patterns, but is essentially a single calcite crystal (mono-crystalline). The polymorphism and crystal orientation in the skeletons of sea urchins have both been previously extensively described, mostly for taxonomical reasons and for mechanical studies. Moreover, while the resemblance of the stereom architecture to constant-mean-curvature (CMC) structures has been pointed out, a quantitative description and critical analysis is still lacking. Here, we use synchrotron micro-computed tomography to capture the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the skeletal stereom in sea urchins for morphological quantification. By characterising the different stereom types, we define a data processing pipeline that allows inter-individual and interspecies comparison of stereom architectures, with implications for sea urchin taxonomy, mechanics, and skeletal growth. We further show that the various stereom morphologies are bicontinuous CMC surfaces that are unconstrained by crystallography. Our results highlight the properties of the soft tissue filling the stereom pore space in defining the shape of sea urchin biocalcite.</p>","PeriodicalId":49075,"journal":{"name":"Faraday Discussions","volume":"261 ","pages":" 340-358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/fd/d5fd00033e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144214398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concluding remarks: Atmospheric chemistry in cold environments†","authors":"Markus Ammann","doi":"10.1039/D5FD00042D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FD00042D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Atmospheric chemistry in cold environments refers to key chemical processes occurring in Earth’s atmosphere in locations relevant for society including the polar areas, the free and upper troposphere, and the stratosphere. Atmospheric chemistry in these areas is relevant for local air quality, ecosystem health, regional and global climate. This <em>Faraday Discussion</em> comprised excellent coverage of these areas in terms of longitude and latitude, altitude and temperature. It also featured a broad coverage of disciplines between physical, analytical and theoretical chemistry and also the related fields covering aspects of biology, health, meteorology, social sciences and even including policy and economic aspects. A core aspect of the discussions was rooted in interfacing the related diverse competences. Because traditional atmospheric chemistry has evolved around knowledge of mechanisms and kinetics of chemical reactions first in the gas phase and later including condensed phases of aerosol particles and ground surfaces centering around room temperature, the speciality of relevance in this <em>Faraday Discussion</em> was the recent progress in better understanding the evolution of multiphase chemistry at low temperatures, where many relevant properties such as solubility and volatility change dramatically. This was embedded in discussions of the results and challenges of the most recent measurements from a range of campaigns and long-term observations at research stations. The discussion evolved around the chemical cycles of important trace constituents, the formation and evolution of particulate matter under cold conditions, the link between cloud glaciation and air-mass characteristics, air-quality in cold urban environments, biosphere–atmosphere interactions in a warming Arctic, but also the role of interfacial chemistry and reactivity as they are involved in multiphase chemistry processes. Future threats for the cold part of our atmosphere come from increasing human activities in both polar regions with their impacts on ecosystems, air quality and broader scale atmospheric composition as well as from discussions of geoengineering <em>via</em> solar radiation modification by stratospheric aerosol injection.</p>","PeriodicalId":49075,"journal":{"name":"Faraday Discussions","volume":"258 ","pages":" 597-613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12056704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143953058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging the orientation of hydroxyapatite crystallites across full mouse femora†","authors":"Thorbjørn Erik Køppen Christensen, Takeshi Moriishi and Toshihisa Komori","doi":"10.1039/D5FD00009B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FD00009B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Imaging the orientations of crystallites in bone requires the usage of synchrotron X-ray radiation, which is a limited resource for researchers. Thus scans have historically been limited to either small regions or few samples. In the present study, we scan 16 full frontal cross sections of mouse femora. This makes it possible to study structure, orientation, and composition, statistically across many different bones and animals, while preserving the structural context. From the following analysis, we can deduce that while the trabecular bone in the shaft has a larger fraction of oriented crystallites than other regions in the bone, the oriented fraction is more well aligned in the cortical bone in the shaft compared to other regions in the bone. We also see that the crystallites in the cortical and trabecular bone are longer than those in the femoral head and the condyle. The study also shows a larger Sr content in the cortical bone compared to other regions, and a larger Zn content in the femoral head compared to other regions of the bones. This study shows the need for and possibility of scanning larger regions to understand bioinorganic materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":49075,"journal":{"name":"Faraday Discussions","volume":"261 ","pages":" 446-460"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/fd/d5fd00009b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spiers memorial lecture: Experimental discovery of asymmetric bilayers, and a recent asymmetry example","authors":"Gerald W. Feigenson","doi":"10.1039/D5FD00041F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FD00041F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This introductory <em>Faraday Discussions</em> lecture considers the wide range of subjects that involve asymmetric bilayer membranes. The <em>Discussions</em> organizers have chosen four themes that describe the current interest in asymmetric bilayers. The main part of this introductory lecture starts with the discovery from over 50 years ago that the plasma membrane of mature, human erythrocytes has different composition and properties in each leaflet of the plasma membrane. We also comment on what is newly recognized in the asymmetric membrane field. The asymmetric bilayer is a remarkable state of matter. Newly recognized, we can describe it as a “new state of matter”. Like other biological matter, it evolved to be in its particular form. There is new appreciation for the properties of the asymmetric bilayer, and there has been progress in understanding these emerging properties. Asymmetric lipid bilayers have a remarkable range of characteristics that involve the physically and chemically special connection of the two different monolayer leaflets. Much of this work is an explanation of how the “van Deenen researchers”, over 50 years ago, quantitatively measured the phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylethanolamine content of the erythrocyte plasma membrane exoplasmic leaflet. Their use of surface chemistry principles was important in proper quantitation, and this introductory lecture explains these research findings in detail. We also present a detailed discussion of one remarkable example of a newly-discovered behavior of asymmetric bilayers, which we term “induced order”. This discovery has an absolute requirement for microscopy image data to reveal the superposition of induced order with the thermodynamic order of liquid-ordered + disordered phase separation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49075,"journal":{"name":"Faraday Discussions","volume":"259 ","pages":" 9-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/fd/d5fd00041f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melting point matters: designing lipid nanocarriers for improved T cell activation†","authors":"Carina S. Fedosejevs, Lariana Cline and Neha P. Kamat","doi":"10.1039/D5FD00002E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FD00002E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Surface-modified lipid nanocarriers are increasingly used as artificial antigen-presenting cells for therapeutic applications in immunotherapy. Within these nanocarriers, the role of the lipids is typically limited to providing structure/stability of the particle, to anchoring a targeting moiety, and/or to altering the biodistribution of the nanocarriers <em>in vivo</em>. However, lipid membranes also possess special thermodynamic properties that impact their function. Here, we investigate the effect of the melting transition temperature of lipid nanocarriers on the activation efficiency of an immortalized line of T lymphocytes. Using an established <em>in vitro</em> activation assay and αCD3-functionalized lipid nanocarriers, we screened a variety of lipid nanocarriers with respect to their capacity to activate T cells. We observed a correlation between T cell activation efficiency and proximity of the melting transition temperature of the lipid nanocarrier to the temperature at which the activation study was conducted (37 °C). This relationship held across a variety of lipid compositions and appeared to be more important than the lipid headgroup or chain length. This trend was preserved when the activation temperature was shifted to 30 °C, supporting the role of the nanocarrier membrane state for target cell activation and the potential impact of phase-transition-related effects on nanocarrier activity. We conclude that lipid composition is indeed an important parameter for lipid-based nanocarrier design, not only for the more explored biochemical roles of the lipids but also for the thermodynamic properties the lipid mixtures generate. Our results provide a new consideration in therapeutic nanocarrier design that could significantly improve the efficacy of targeted nanocarrier formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49075,"journal":{"name":"Faraday Discussions","volume":"259 ","pages":" 129-148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/fd/d5fd00002e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143951436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the co-assembly of amphipathic peptides","authors":"Zixuan Liu, Alberto Saiani and Aline F. Miller","doi":"10.1039/D5FD00036J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FD00036J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Self-assembling peptide hydrogels (SAPHs) are increasingly recognised for their potential in biomedical and bioelectronic applications, with recent work focusing on exploiting the understanding of molecular self-assembly across the length scales. The resulting soft hydrogel materials are typically formulated by exploiting the self-assembly of short peptides into fibrillar aggregates that entangle and associate into networks. As more complex systems are thought to be needed to accommodate the needs of various applications, the mixing of peptides to form mixed SAPHs has come to the fore as a potential approach to design new systems with tailored and functional properties. This strategy has raised the question of whether mixing peptides with different chemical structures results in co-assembly or the formation of distinct fibrillar aggregates. In this work, we have used the FITC/Dabcyl FRET pair to investigate the co-assembly of a set of amphipathic short peptides. Our results show that the occurrence of co-assembly is affected the peptides’ physicochemical properties, in particular solubility and hydrophobic residue side-group nature.</p>","PeriodicalId":49075,"journal":{"name":"Faraday Discussions","volume":"260 ","pages":" 179-191"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12236388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of the Himalayan aerosol factory: results from high resolution numerical modelling of pure biogenic nucleation over the Himalayan valleys†","authors":"Giancarlo Ciarelli, Arineh Cholakian, Manuel Bettineschi, Bruno Vitali, Bertrand Bessagnet, Victoria A. Sinclair, Johannes Mikkola, Imad el Haddad, Dino Zardi, Angela Marinoni, Alessandro Bigi, Paolo Tuccella, Jaana Bäck, Hamish Gordon, Tuomo Nieminen, Markku Kulmala, Douglas Worsnop and Federico Bianchi","doi":"10.1039/D4FD00171K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4FD00171K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Observational data collected in December 2014 at the base camp of Mount Everest, Nepal, indicated frequent new particle formation events of pure biogenic origin. Those events were speculated to be controlled by the along-valley winds forming in the valley connecting the Indo-Gangetic plain to the observational site, the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid. The valley winds funnel highly oxygenated organic molecules of biogenic origin to higher elevations where they nucleate. The mechanism was referred to as “The Himalayan aerosol factory”. Its geographical extent and climate implications are currently unknown. In view of this, we conducted numerical chemical model simulations to corroborate the presence of the mechanism, and to quantify its geographical extent. Our numerical simulations confirmed that biogenic emissions located in the valleys can be converted into ultra-low volatility organic compounds, transported to the observational site by the along-valley winds, and therein nucleate. The overall time scale of the process, from the release of biogenic emissions to the conversion to ultra-low volatile organic compounds to the arrival time at the observational site, was found to be around 4 hours, consistent with the predicted along-valley winds intensity and the geographical distribution of biogenic emissions. A first estimation of the maximum injection height of biogenic particles, and highly oxygenated organic molecules, indicated the presence of efficient nucleating gases and biogenic particles at an elevation as high as 5000–6000 m a.s.l. These results suggest that the Himalayan chain, under specific weather conditions, is a main contributor to the biogenic aerosol loads in the free troposphere. Considering these findings, field campaigns, especially at the entrance of the valley’s floors, and research consortia supporting atmospheric research in Asian mountain regions, are highly encouraged.</p>","PeriodicalId":49075,"journal":{"name":"Faraday Discussions","volume":"258 ","pages":" 76-93"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11922043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}