International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Charting the Characteristics of Public Health Approaches to Preventing Violence in Local Communities: A Scoping Review of Operationalised Interventions.","authors":"Peter John Mennear, Alison Hurst, Katrina Mary Wyatt","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21101321","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph21101321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interpersonal violence is a global driver of significant physical and mental ill health. Violence prevention is now a public health priority, and there have been international calls for the development of public health approaches to address this problem. This systematic scoping review identifies the scope of the literature and characteristics of operationalised public health approaches to prevent violence in communities. Synthesising what is meant by a public health approach to violence and the characteristics of operationalised approaches will assist future intervention development. Systematic searches of published sources (published following the World Health Assembly (WHA) declaration of violence as a public problem, June 1996 to April 2023 inclusive) were completed across six leading databases. For each identified approach, and reflecting a realist-informed methodology, data were extracted under the themes of major drivers, values and principles, key components, and community involvement. Of the 43 included studies, most were conducted in high-income countries and focussed on preventing weapon-related and youth violence. The studies from middle- and low-income countries also included responses to varying sexual and gender-based violence. There is a wide variety of identified characteristics, reflecting the diversity of violent behaviours public health approaches aim to impact. Approaches included focusing on changing norms and stopping violence at the individual level, to attempts to influence wider structural prevention opportunities.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Mpox by Occupation and Industry in Seven U.S. Jurisdictions, May 2022-March 2023.","authors":"Matthew R Groenewold, Marie A de Perio, Kyle M Moller, David Bui, Kayla Saadeh, William Still, Ie Meh, Antionette Lavender, Susan Soliva, Caitlin Fields, Brandi Hopkins, Angela K Laramie, Pauline Harrington, Allen Stout, Cheri Levenson, Collin R Morris, Paul D Creswell, Hannah E Segaloff, Nicholas J Somerville, Chad H Dowell, Lisa J Delaney","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21101317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During responses to outbreaks, the collection and analysis of data on employed case patients' industry and occupation are necessary to better understand the relationship between work and health outcomes. The occurrence of mpox by occupation and industry has not previously been assessed in the context of the 2022 outbreak. We analyzed employment data from 2548 mpox cases reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from surveillance systems in seven U.S. jurisdictions and population-based reference data on employment patterns from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to describe the differential proportionate distribution of cases across occupation and industry groups using the proportionate morbidity ratio. In gender-specific analyses, we found that men employed in certain occupations and industries had a higher relative risk of mpox than others. While occupational transmission cannot be ruled out, it is more likely that individuals with personal and behavioral risk factors for mpox were more likely to work in these occupations and industries. This analysis provides an example of collecting and analyzing occupation and industry data in case reports to understand possible differences in risk by occupation and industry in infectious disease outbreak investigation and help inform resource allocation, messaging, and response.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Is Caries Prevention in Children So Difficult? A Narrative Opinion.","authors":"Svante Twetman","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21101316","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph21101316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Caries is among the most common non-communicable diseases worldwide, yet it is commonly described as preventable. Caries prevention is, however, difficult and complex, since the disease has strong social, parental, behavioral, political, medical/genetic, and psychological elements, and the payment models are targeted at traditional conservative care. The aim of this paper is to discuss some key issues that make caries prevention in children be perceived as \"difficult\": i) the communication gap between researchers and clinicians, creating unrealistic expectations of intervention efficacy; ii) the skewed distribution of caries and the problem of reaching children with the highest need; iii) limited access to care, which is a threat to oral health, in particular in low-socioeconomic-status, underserviced, and remote communities; and iv) the need to adopt behavior change models to affect the modifiable risk factors that are shared with other non-communicable diseases. Dentists cannot simply rely on fluoride exposure; proper education and training in caries risk assessment, behavior change models targeted at oral hygiene and sugar intake, and collaboration with primary healthcare and local school authorities are avenues that aid in caries prevention and reduce the uneven burden of the disease. Online education and mobile apps may help to promote oral health in areas with shortages of dental work force.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of a Digital Referral Platform to Improve Access to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: A Prospective Observational Study with Real-World Data.","authors":"Rafaela Neiva Ganga, Kristof Santa, Mustafa Ali, Grahame Smith","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21101318","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph21101318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: In the UK, mental health needs for children and young people (CYP) are rising, whilst access to care is declining, particularly in the North of England and post-COVID-19. However, Health Information Technologies (HITs) can simplify access to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), reduce waiting times, and provide anonymous support and reliable information. (2) Methods: A single-centre prospective observational study examined the impact of \"CYP as One\"-a digital referral point to CAMHS-on waiting times and referral rejection rates. (3) Results: Waiting times during the first 12 months of \"CYP as One\" implementation were compared to the 12 months prior using non-parametric tests. \"CYP as One\" demonstrated an increase of 1314 referrals, with self-referrals rising by 71%. Initial implementation showed an increase in waiting times by 16.13 days (53.89 days) compared to pre-implementation (37.76 days) (<i>p</i> < 0.001). However, months 10 (M = 16.18, <i>p</i> < 0.001), 11 (M = 17.45, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and 12 (M = 31.45, <i>p</i> < 0.001) implementation showed reduced waiting times. Rejection rates rose due to a 108% increase in referral volume. \"CYP as One\" improved access and reduced waiting times after the initial phase. (4) Conclusions: Further research is needed to assess its long-term impact and cost-effectiveness, particularly regarding specific mental health conditions and staff time.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health of Family Members of Road Transport Workers: Evaluation of Perceived Stress and Family Effectiveness.","authors":"Fernanda Lise, Mona Shattell, Raquel Pötter Garcia, Wilson Teixeira de Ávila, Flávia Lise Garcia, Eda Schwartz","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21101315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The health of road transport workers is affected by working conditions and life. However, there is a lack of studies on the level of stress and health of the families of these workers. This study aimed to evaluate the perceived stress level and family effectiveness of family members of road transport workers. A quantitative study was carried out with the family members of road transport workers in the southern region of Brazil. For data collection, a sociodemographic form, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Evaluation of Family Effectiveness Strategies were used. The data were analyzed by simple frequency, Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and descriptive analysis from the perspective of Systemic Organization. The sample was composed of 49 family members of road transport workers. Perceived stress was higher in family members who had more than nine years of education (<i>p</i> = 0.0403). Family members who scored higher in Family Effectiveness scored high on the targets of Control (<i>p</i> = 0.0353) (Control aims to reduce anxiety and prevent and eliminate events that threaten family stability) and Growth (<i>p</i> = 0.0360) (represented by attitudes that promote new roles in response to critical situations experienced by families, which require re-adaptation processes and adjustments). The Control target was significant (<i>p</i> = 0.0353) in families that had more than three people. The Coherence dimension (concerning self-esteem, body image, personal identity, self-confidence, and sexual identity) presented positive significance (<i>p</i> = 0.0244) in families with health problems and whose income was less than USD 792.00 per month (<i>p</i> = 0.0072). The Individuation dimension (including functions and responsibilities, where talents are reinforced, as well as initiatives that allow for the incorporation of knowledge to assume behaviors against personal/family and environmental pressures), was significant (<i>p</i> = 0.0138) in families with incomes over USD 792.00. The Maintenance System (strategies for decision-making, problem negotiation, ritual and traditional roles, communication patterns, standards, financial management, and approaches to maintaining family harmony) presented positive significance (<i>p</i> = 0.0151) in families where drivers worked as intercity drivers, as did the Stability target (<i>p</i> = 0.0196) (concerning the continuity of routines, structure, organization, traditions, and values assumed by the family and transmitted from generation to generation, which promote unity and the development of values, attitudes, and beliefs). In conclusion, social factors, such as education, income, diseases, type of worker activity in road transport, and number of people in the family, influenced perceived stress and family effectiveness, which demonstrates the need to increase the promotion of health care for the families of road transport workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Knife Use and Overlapping Gloves on Finger Temperature of Poultry Slaughterhouse Workers.","authors":"Adriana Seára Tirloni, Diogo Cunha Dos Reis, Antônio Renato Pereira Moro","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21101314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brazilian poultry slaughterhouses employ many workers, consequently exposing them to various ergonomic risks. This study aimed to analyze the effects of knife use and overlapping gloves on the finger temperatures of poultry slaughterhouse workers. Employees (<i>n</i> = 571) from seven Brazilian poultry slaughterhouses participated in this cross-sectional study. A Flir^® T450SC infrared camera was used to record thermographic images of the workers' hands. The workers were interviewed about work organization, cold thermal sensations, and the perception of upper-limb musculoskeletal discomfort. Dependent and independent sample <i>t</i>-tests and binary logistic regression models were applied. The results proved that the workers wore up to five overlapping gloves and had at least one finger with temperatures of ≤15 °C (46.6%) or ≤24 °C (98.1%). Workers that used a knife and wore a chainmail (CM) glove on their non-dominant hand had average finger temperatures significantly colder on the palmar surface than the anti-cut (AC) glove group (<i>p</i> = 0.029). The chance of one worker who wore a CM glove to have finger temperatures of ≤15 °C was 2.26 times greater than a worker who wore an AC glove. Those who wore an AC glove and those wearing a CM glove presented average overall finger temperatures significantly lower on the non-dominant hand (products) than the dominant hand (knife) (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Status of People Who Are and Are Not Experiencing Homelessness: Opportunities for Improvement.","authors":"Susan J Gordon, Nicky Baker, Tania S Marin, Margie Steffens","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21101313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed the physical and psychological health parameters of adults experiencing homelessness to inform the development and delivery of health services by comparing with a housed population in the same South Australian city. Adults experiencing homelessness, known to existing support services, were invited to participate in a comprehensive assessment of their physical and mental health using questionnaires and objective assessments. Descriptive analyses using the percentage of participants failing to attain recommended published thresholds and accumulated health deficits for 16 health assessments were compared for the young group of people experiencing homelessness (18-40 years), the middle aged and older people experiencing homelessness (40-75 years), and a housed population of the middle aged and older people (40-75 years). Those experiencing homelessness had multiple and potentially inter-related health deficits compared with a population of people not experiencing homelessness in the same city. They were significantly less likely to meet healthy population norms for clinical frailty (<i>p</i> < 0.001), psychological distress (<i>p</i> < 0.001), grip strength (<i>p</i> < 0.001), lung function (<i>p</i> < 0.001), sleep quality (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and pelvic floor bother (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Significantly more accumulated health deficits were found for people experiencing homelessness when compared with the same ages for those who were not (mean 6.5 (SD 2.4) compared with 5.0 (SD 2.1)). This considerably increased for people experiencing homelessness aged less than 40 years (mean 8.7 (1.7)). Priorities for health service provision for people of different ages experiencing homelessness, when compared with housed community dwellers, have been described. The provision of targeted health assessments and service provision that specifically address healthcare needs among people experiencing homelessness are likely to have the biggest impacts across multiple health domains.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of the LiiNK Intervention on Physical Activity and Obesity Rates among Children.","authors":"David Farbo, Yan Zhang, Robyn Braun-Trocchio, Deborah J Rhea","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21101304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obesity and inactivity among children are at an all-time high and have been steadily increasing in prevalence over the last thirty years. The school environment provides the ideal setting for reaching a large number of children across diverse populations in order to reverse these trends. However, there are many inconsistent results yielded by school-based physical activity interventions due to implementation length, time for activities, and the use of structured physical activities. The LiiNK Project^® is a whole-child intervention addressing these gaps by providing children 45-60 min of recess (unstructured, outdoor play) in their schools daily, while the control children are allowed to engage in recess for 30 min daily. The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity intensity and obesity rates of third- and fourth-grade children participating in the LiiNK intervention, which provides 60 min of recess for third graders and 45 min for fourth graders, to those in a control group allowed 30 min of daily recess.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The children were 8-10 years old (M = 9.2; 52% females and 48% males). The intervention children comprised 90 third graders and 100 fourth graders, and the control children comprised 101 third graders and 92 fourth graders. Physical activity levels were monitored using accelerometers to assess sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Obesity rates were evaluated using bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA), in which body fat percentage is calculated based on normative values using age and sex in the equation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The third-grade intervention children engaged in 13 more MVPA minutes and took 900 more steps daily than their control counterparts, and also presented a greater proportion of overweight children transitioning to a healthy weight status from the fall to the spring semester. Conversely, the fourth-grade control children increased their activity by 500 steps and 15 more MVPA minutes daily. Despite this, the intervention children overall demonstrated a reduction in body fat percentage, while the control children demonstrated an increase in body fat percentage.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ultimately, 60 min of unstructured, outdoor play in schools provides children the best opportunity to engage in MVPA, which may positively impact body fat percentages, offering a potential strategy for combatting childhood obesity in school settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Critical Thinking in Mitigating Social Network Addiction: A Study of TikTok and Instagram Users.","authors":"Rosa Angela Fabio, Stella Maria Iaconis","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21101305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study addresses the growing concern of social network (SN) addiction, with a focus on TikTok and Instagram. Guided by the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT), we explored the motivations (escapism and social interaction), attitudes (critical thinking), and states (flow and sense of belonging) that influence SN use. Our objective was to investigate whether critical thinking acts as a protective factor against SN addiction. A sample of 332 university students completed questionnaires assessing motivations, attitudes, states, and SN addiction. Critical thinking was measured using the Critical Thinking Attitude Scale (CTAS), and critical thinking skills were assessed through the Critical Reasoning Assessment (CRA). Statistical analyses revealed significant associations between motivations, critical thinking, states, and SN addiction. Specifically, critical thinking (CTAS scores) demonstrated a negative correlation with SN addiction (r = -0.34, <i>p</i> < 0.01), indicating that higher critical thinking is associated with lower SN addiction. Regression analysis further indicated that escapism (β = 0.45, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and social interaction (β = 0.31, <i>p</i> < 0.05) positively predicted SN addiction, while critical thinking negatively predicted SN addiction (β = -0.28, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Additionally, states of flow and sense of belonging showed significant positive correlations with SN addiction (r = 0.42, <i>p</i> < 0.01 and r = 0.37, <i>p</i> < 0.01, respectively). These findings highlight the potential of critical thinking as a safeguard against SN addiction. This study offers valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of SN use, with implications for promoting healthier digital engagement. Understanding the factors influencing SN addiction and the roles of motivations, dispositions, and states can inform interventions aimed at fostering responsible and mindful online behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods for a Non-Targeted Qualitative Analysis and Quantification of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of E-Liquids and Aerosols in Commercially Available Electronic Cigarettes in Mexico.","authors":"Alejandro Svarch-Pérez, María Vanessa Paz-González, Carlota Ruiz-Juárez, Juan C Olvera-Chacón, Angelina Larios-Solís, Santiago Castro-Gaytán, Eugenia Aldeco-Pérez, Jorge Carlos Alcocer-Varela","doi":"10.3390/ijerph21101308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The chemical components of the e-liquids and aerosols contained in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs), better known as vapes, were evaluated. The analytical technique used was gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, where the extraction and injection methods were established in this study. The work consisted of the analysis of twenty samples of disposable electronic cigarettes prefilled with new e-liquid, of a known brand, flavor, volume, and, in some of them, the percentage of nicotine and the number of puffs per device were indicated on the label. We detected the presence of many substances (at a qualitative and semi-quantitative level), and we achieved the quantification of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX), dangerous substances that cause severe damage to health. Several of the e-liquids and aerosols present BTX concentrations above the permissible exposure limit (PEL), recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): benzene in aerosol samples 80% > PEL, and toluene in aerosol samples 45% > PEL. The number of chemical compounds found in the samples increases from 13 to 167, the average being 52 compounds for the water extraction method, 42 compounds for the methanol extraction method of e-liquids, and 107 compounds for the direct aerosol analysis. It is a fact that many of those compounds, especially BTX, can cause serious effects on human health, affecting the respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and immune systems, as well as the brain. Therefore, the use of these devices should be considered with caution, since the substances and their chemical nature may pose significant health risks to both users and those exposed to secondhand emissions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}