International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Exploring Climate and Air Pollution Mitigating Benefits of Urban Parks in Sao Paulo Through a Pollution Sensor Network.","authors":"Patrick Connerton, Thiago Nogueira, Prashant Kumar, Maria de Fatima Andrade, Helena Ribeiro","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22020306","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph22020306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ambient air pollution is the most important environmental factor impacting human health. Urban landscapes present unique air quality challenges, which are compounded by climate change adaptation challenges, as air pollutants can also be affected by the urban heat island effect, amplifying the deleterious effects on health. Nature-based solutions have shown potential for alleviating environmental stressors, including air pollution and heat wave abatement. However, such solutions must be designed in order to maximize mitigation and not inadvertently increase pollutant exposure. This study aims to demonstrate potential applications of nature-based solutions in urban environments for climate stressors and air pollution mitigation by analyzing two distinct scenarios with and without green infrastructure. Utilizing low-cost sensors, we examine the relationship between green infrastructure and a series of environmental parameters. While previous studies have investigated green infrastructure and air quality mitigation, our study employs low-cost sensors in tropical urban environments. Through this novel approach, we are able to obtain highly localized data that demonstrates this mitigating relationship. In this study, as a part of the NERC-FAPESP-funded GreenCities project, four low-cost sensors were validated through laboratory testing and then deployed in two locations in São Paulo, Brazil: one large, heavily forested park (CIENTEC) and one small park surrounded by densely built areas (FSP). At each site, one sensor was located in a vegetated area (Park sensor) and one near the roadside (Road sensor). The locations selected allow for a comparison of built versus green and blue areas. Lidar data were used to characterize the profile of each site based on surrounding vegetation and building area. Distance and class of the closest roadways were also measured for each sensor location. These profiles are analyzed against the data obtained through the low-cost sensors, considering both meteorological (temperature, humidity and pressure) and particulate matter (PM₁, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) parameters. Particulate matter concentrations were lower for the sensors located within the forest site. At both sites, the road sensors showed higher concentrations during the daytime period. These results further reinforce the capabilities of green-blue-gray infrastructure (GBGI) tools to reduce exposure to air pollution and climate stressors, while also showing the importance of their design to ensure maximum benefits. The findings can inform decision-makers in designing more resilient cities, especially in low-and middle-income settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Challenges in Southern Brazil: Impacts of Pollution and Extreme Weather Events on Biodiversity and Human Health.","authors":"Joel Henrique Ellwanger, Marina Ziliotto, Bruna Kulmann-Leal, José Artur Bogo Chies","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22020305","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph22020305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Amazon rainforest plays a fundamental role in regulating the global climate and therefore receives special attention when Brazilian environmental issues gain prominence on the global stage. However, other Brazilian biomes, such as the Pampa and the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil, have been facing significant environmental challenges, either independently or under the influence of ecological changes observed in the Amazon region. The state of Rio Grande do Sul is located in the extreme south of Brazil and in 2024 was hit by major rainfalls that caused devastating floods. The Pampa is a non-forest biome found in Brazil only in Rio Grande do Sul. This biome is seriously threatened by loss of vegetation cover and many classes of pollutants, including pesticides and plastics. Mining ventures are also important sources of soil, water and air pollution by potentially toxic elements in Rio Grande do Sul, threatening both the Pampa and the Atlantic Forest. Furthermore, southern Brazil is often affected by pollution caused by smoke coming from fires observed in distant biomes such as the Pantanal and the Amazon. Considering the significant environmental challenges observed in southern Brazil, this article revisits the historical participation of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazilian environmentalism and highlights the main environmental challenges currently observed in the state, followed by an in-depth analysis of the effects of pollution and extreme weather events on biodiversity and human health in the region. This review encompassed specifically the following categories of pollutants: potentially toxic elements (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, titanium), air pollutants, plastics, and pesticides. Pathogen-related pollution in the context of extreme weather events is also addressed. This article emphasizes the critical importance of often-overlooked biomes in Brazilian conservation efforts, such as the Pampa biome, while also underscoring the interconnectedness of climate change, pollution, their shared influence on human well-being and ecological balance, using Rio Grande do Sul as a case study.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11855841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPECT/CT Scan Images to Evaluate COVID-19 Pulmonary Complications: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Ana Carolina Coelho-Oliveira, Redha Taiar, Luelia Teles Jaques-Albuquerque, Ana Gabriellie Valério-Penha, Aline Reis-Silva, Luiz Felipe Ferreira-Souza, Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo, Mario Bernardo-Filho","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22020308","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph22020308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The highly contagious 2019 novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 increased the scientific community's interest in diagnosing and monitoring COVID-19. Due to the findings about the association between COVID-19 infection and pulmonary disturbances, the need for the use of complementary tests that can be carried out, preserving the health of patients, has grown. In this context, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess and try to diagnose lung lesions. The aim of this current review was to investigate the types of SPECT images most commonly used and the main pulmonary parenchymal lesions and different lung perfusion abnormalities observed in these images in individuals with COVID-19 in different countries in the world.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Electronic searches in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases were conducted in December 2022. Studies that used SPECT/CT scans to evaluate pulmonary involvements due to COVID-19, with no language restriction, were included. Two reviewers, who independently examined titles and abstracts, identified records through the database search and reference screening, and irrelevant studies were excluded based on the eligibility criteria. Relevant complete texts were analyzed for eligibility, and all relevant studies were included in a systematic review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight studies with regular methodological quality were included. The types of SPECT examinations used in the included articles were SPECT/CT, Q SPECT/CT, and V/Q SPECT. The possible pulmonary complication most observed was pulmonary embolism.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This systematic review demonstrated that SPECT/CT scans, mainly with perfusion methods, allow the maximum extraction of benefits from pulmonary images, in safety, suggesting efficiency in the differential diagnosis, including of respiratory diseases of different etiology, and with diagnostics and additional analyses, can possibly aid the development of suitable therapeutic strategies for each patient. Randomized clinical trials and studies of good methodological quality are necessary to confirm the findings of this review and help better understand the types of SPECT images most commonly used and the main pulmonary parenchymal lesions observed in the images in individuals with COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11855629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathway from Exposure to an E-Cigarette Prevention Social Media Campaign to Increased Quitting Intentions: A Randomized Trial Among Young Adult E-Cigarette Users.","authors":"Alexander P D'Esterre, Shreya Tulsiani, Elizabeth C Hair, Madeleine Aseltine, Linda Q Yu, Megumi Ichimiya, Jeffrey B Bingenheimer, Jennifer Cantrell, W Douglas Evans","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22020307","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph22020307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2022, 26-31% of young adults reported using e-cigarettes in the previous 30 days. Research supports the effectiveness of mass media health campaigns in changing targeted attitudes and behaviors regarding nicotine use. However, the effect of social media campaigns and the pathway through which they change attitudes and behaviors require more research. This randomized controlled experiment examines the pathway through which exposure to an e-cigarette prevention social media campaign influences intentions to quit e-cigarettes among young adults who currently use e-cigarettes. Participants (<i>n</i> = 160) aged 18 to 24 years old were recruited through Virtual Lab in Facebook and Instagram. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the pathway from campaign exposure, to changes in targeted attitudes, and finally to intentions to quit e-cigarettes in the next year. Ad exposure was significantly associated with stronger anti-industry attitudes, independence from e-cigarettes, and risk perceptions. These campaign-targeted attitudes were significantly associated with greater intentions to quit e-cigarettes (anti-industry attitudes (OR = 1.43), independence (OR = 1.50), and risk perception (OR = 1.71)). The findings suggest that exposure to an e-cigarette prevention social media campaign can affect targeted attitudes, which in turn improve intentions to quit. Future research should examine behavior changes and compare the effects between those currently using e-cigarettes and those not using them.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11855058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Initial Requirements for the Prototyping of an App for a Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project: An Integrative Review.","authors":"Fagner Alfredo Ardisson Cirino Campos, Fabio Biasotto Feitosa, Marciana Fernandes Moll, Igor de Oliveira Reis, José Carlos Sánchez García, Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22020310","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph22020310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project (PRP) is a tool designed to structure and organize mental health care, guided by the theoretical and practical principles of Psychosocial Rehabilitation (PR). This article aims to identify the initial requirements for the prototyping of a \"Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App\". To achieve this, an integrative review was conducted with the research question: what initial requirements are important to compose the prototype of the \"Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App\" in mental health? In the search process, 834 articles were identified and exported to the online systematic review application Rayyan QCRI, resulting in 36 eligible articles for this study, along with one app. The reading of this material allowed the elicitation of three themes: privacy and data protection policy; design; and software and programming. The prototyping of the \"Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App\" should prioritize data security and protection, simplicity in design, and the integration of technological resources that facilitate the management, construction, monitoring, and evaluation of psychosocial rehabilitation projects by mental health professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11855392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Lenses to Unearth Hidden Voices: Living with Diabetic Foot Ulceration in an Afro-Caribbean Community.","authors":"Laura Lovell, Michael H Campbell, Natalie Greaves","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22020304","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph22020304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: This study was conducted in the small island developing state of Barbados, which has dubiously earned the title of \"amputation capital of the world\", to understand perspectives of persons living with diabetic foot ulceration. (2) Methods: An exploratory multi-lens approach was used (focus groups; dyads; and triads) to gather indigenous Afro-Caribbean perspectives of living with diabetic foot ulceration that may be obscured by using a single method. (3) Results: Findings in this group highlighted the necessity of creating culturally sensitive education tools, as well as understanding how mistrust of local health systems may play a role in decisions to delay seeking health services despite ease of access with no cost at point of care. Problematic historical relationships with health systems among Afro-Caribbean people, for whom oral traditions motivate preference for traditional medicines instead of Western/colonial treatments from North America or Europe, may be deeply entrenched in this population and contribute to health beliefs and behaviors. (4) Conclusions: This paper addresses the gap in the literature regarding the use of qualitative methodologies to explore the beliefs of Afro-Caribbean people within their native context to inform design of culturally responsive self-education programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11854952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neighborhood Vulnerability and the Consumer Food Environment in an Urban Area.","authors":"Cecilia Craveiro, Mariana Lopes, Patricia Freitas, Aline Lopes","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22020303","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph22020303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The consumer food environment is an important medium for understanding complex interactions regarding food consumption, health outcomes and social vulnerability. We aimed to analyze the diversity, variety and quality of natural and ultra-processed foods in a Brazilian metropolis. We performed a cross-sectional study, analyzing food stores within a buffer (1600 m) area around 18 randomly selected Health Promotion Program units. We used descriptive analyses and regression models, adjusted by the area's population, to examine associations of consumer food environment variables with the health vulnerability (HVI) of the territory and store type. Low HVI areas had higher fruits and vegetables variety adequacy and better quality, when compared to medium and high/very high HVI areas (<i>p</i>-value < 0.001 and <i>p</i>-value = 0.001). Supermarkets in low HVI areas had almost twice the prevalence of adequate vegetable variety (65.2% vs. 33.3% in high/very high HVI areas, <i>p</i>-value = 0.005). Adjusted by population, areas with high/very high HVI had lower odds of adequate fruit variety when compared to low HVI areas (OR = 0.06; CI 95% = 0.01-0.44; <i>p</i>-value = 0.006). Although consumer preference is important in food acquisition, disparities in quality, diversity and variety within the consumer food environment could lead to difficulties in access to healthy options for vulnerable populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11855928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"<i>I Must Be the One to Change; He's Doing the Best He Can</i>\": Care Partner Evaluation Results from a Four-Part, In-Person, Dementia Community Education Program.","authors":"Olivia C Rubio, Erica K Husser, Rollin Wright, Diane Berish, Janice Whitaker, Marie Boltz, Donna Fick","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22020295","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph22020295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We created a comprehensive, four-part, in-person, interactive community education series to teach informal, unpaid care partners of persons living with dementia (PLWD) how to support their PLWD, negotiate common day-to-day challenges, and navigate predictable situations that arise as the disease progresses over time. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the series impact on participant knowledge, care practices, and perceptions of caregiving. Inspired by the U.S. Medicare Cognitive Assessment and Care Plan Service visit and the 4Ms of the Age-Friendly Health Systems Framework, our curriculum focused on (1) expanding knowledge about the disease and disease progression, (2) developing skills to better connect and work with PLWD, (3) self-care for care partners, and (4) sharing resources to support future planning. The program was delivered in three communities in Central Pennsylvania (one rural, one small, and one medium metropolitan) and was attended by 146 individuals. Both session and final qualitative evaluation data were assessed using thematic analysis and five major categories emerged: lessons learned, activating new knowledge, impact and changes, assuming responsibility is challenging, and I need more help. Ongoing education, emotional support, and access to quality assistance for long-term planning are all needed and require sustained support.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11855293/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Canadian English and French Versions of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in Quebec Nursing Staff.","authors":"Céline Gélinas, Marc-André Maheu-Cadotte, Élisabeth Di Nardo, Mélanie Lavoie-Tremblay, Maria Cecilia Gallani, Émilie Gosselin, Christine Maheu, Sylvie D Lambert, Melissa Richard-Lalonde, Eric Tchouaket Nguemeleu, José Côté","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22020297","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph22020297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nursing staff have been at the forefront of the pandemic, reporting high traumatic stress and anxiety levels related to high fear of COVID-19. Recommendations from previous studies include using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) as a screening tool to identify any individuals who may benefit from targeted psychological support. Thus far, the accuracy of the Canadian English and French versions of FCV-19S to detect high levels of traumatic stress and anxiety symptoms has not been examined. The objectives of this methodological psychometric study were to examine among nursing staff: (a) the structure and internal consistency of the Canadian versions of the FCV-19S and (b) its ability in detecting high levels of traumatic stress and anxiety symptoms. An anonymous online survey was distributed among nursing staff (<i>n</i> = 387) in the province of Quebec (Canada). This survey included the FCV-19S and scales measuring their traumatic stress (PCL-5) and anxiety symptoms (GAD-7). Exploratory factor analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed. The one-factor structure of the FCV-19S was supported (Cronbach alpha = 0.87). The FCV-19S showed better accuracy for the detection of traumatic stress (area under the curve (AUC) 0.75 [95% CI 0.68, 0.82]) in comparison to anxiety symptoms (AUC 0.65 [95% CI 0.60, 0.74]). The FCV-19S may benefit from adaptation for its use in nursing staff and in a future pandemic context.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11855782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"20 Years Since the Enactment of Italian Law No. 40/2004 on Medically Assisted Procreation: How It Has Changed and How It Could Change.","authors":"Gianluca Montanari Vergallo, Susanna Marinelli, Gabriele Napoletano, Lina De Paola, Michele Treglia, Simona Zaami, Paola Frati","doi":"10.3390/ijerph22020296","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ijerph22020296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article examines the changes to Italian legislation on assisted reproductive technology (ART) resulting from rulings by Italian courts, highlighting unresolved ethical-legal issues and potential future regulatory approaches consistent with these decisions. Additionally, it addresses the amendment defining surrogacy as \"universal crime\", effective as of 18 November 2024. Through an analysis of decisions by the Constitutional Court and the Court of Cassation, it emerges that Law No. 40/2004 has been deemed unconstitutional in relation to the following: heterologous fertilization, the number of embryos that can be created, cryopreservation, the implantation of only healthy embryos, and access to ART for fertile couples. Controversial aspects include the fate of surplus embryos, access to ART for single individuals, and the recognition of parenthood for same-sex couples. The \"universal crime\" classification of surrogacy raises the possibility of legal consequences for individuals engaging in surrogacy abroad, even where it is lawful. Courts are unlikely to legislate on the allocation of surplus embryos without parliamentary intervention or to allow single individuals access to ART, given the perceived inconsistency with the child's best interests. However, case-by-case evaluations are essential for recognizing non-biological or non-genetic parents in same-sex relationships and for assessing the effectiveness of the universal crime approach in safeguarding rights and public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":49056,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11855168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}