Journal of Patient Safety最新文献

{"title":"Diagnostic Discrepancies in the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Laurens A Schols, Myrthe E Maranus, Pleunie P M Rood, Laura Zwaan","doi":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001252","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Diagnostic errors contribute substantially to preventable medical errors. Especially, the emergency department (ED) is a high-risk environment. Previous research showed that in 15%-30% of the ED patients, there is a difference between the primary diagnosis assigned by the emergency physician and the discharge diagnosis. This study aimed to determine the number and types of diagnostic discrepancies and to explore factors predicting discrepancies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective record review was conducted in an academic medical center. The primary diagnosis assigned in the ED was compared with the discharge diagnosis after hospital admission. For each patient, we gathered additional information about the diagnostic process to identify possible predictors of diagnostic discrepancies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The electronic health records of 200 patients were reviewed. The primary diagnosis assigned in the ED was substantially different from the discharge diagnosis in 16.0%. These diagnostic discrepancies were associated with a higher number of additional diagnostics applied for (2.4 versus 2.0 diagnostics; P = 0.002) and longer stay in the ED (5.9 versus 4.7 hours; P = 0.008).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A difference between the diagnosis assigned by the emergency physician and the discharge diagnosis was found in almost 1 in 6 patients. The increased number of additional diagnostics and the longer stay at the ED in the group of patients with a diagnostic discrepancy suggests that these cases reflect the more difficult cases. More research should be done on predictive factors of diagnostic discrepancies.</p>","PeriodicalId":48901,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patient Safety","volume":" ","pages":"420-425"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141628038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antithrombotic Questionnaire Tool for Evaluation of Combined Antithrombotic Therapy in Community Pharmacies.","authors":"Renate C A E van Uden, Barzo Sulaiman, Patricia A M Pols, Karina Meijer, Patricia M L A van den Bemt, Matthijs L Becker","doi":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001246","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this paper is to assess the diagnostic value of an antithrombotic questionnaire tool compared with the hospital's medical record information tool. The hypothesis of this study was that the antithrombotic questionnaire tool could identify patients with potentially incorrect antithrombotic therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted in eight community pharmacies in the Netherlands. A standardized questionnaire was developed as antithrombotic questionnaire tool. The pharmacist assessed whether the antithrombotic therapy was correct or potentially incorrect based on answers given by patients and based on the medical record. The primary outcome of the study was the sensitivity and specificity of the antithrombotic questionnaire tool to identify patients with potentially incorrect antithrombotic therapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For 95 patients, the pharmacist assessed that in 81 (85%) the antithrombotic therapy was correct and in 14 (15%) potentially incorrect. Based on the medical record, 86 patients (91%) were assessed as correct and 9 (9%) as potentially incorrect. The sensitivity of the tool was 100% and the specificity 94%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated that the antithrombotic questionnaire tool is a suitable tool to assess whether the patient's antithrombotic therapy is potentially incorrect. It can be applied to identify patients with potentially incorrect antithrombotic therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48901,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patient Safety","volume":" ","pages":"404-409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141452006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Hierarchy on Raising Concerns About Patient Deterioration: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Essi Vehvilainen, Ashleigh Charles, Jessica Sainsbury, Gemma Stacey, Sarah Elizabeth Field-Richards, Greta Westwood","doi":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000001234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Raising concerns is essential for the early detection and appropriate response to patient deterioration. However, factors such as hierarchy, leadership, and organizational culture can impact negatively on the willingness to raise concerns.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to delve into how leadership, organizational cultures, and professional hierarchies in healthcare settings influence healthcare workers, patients, and caregivers in raising concerns about patient deterioration and their willingness to do so.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study used a qualitative approach, conducting focus group discussions (N = 27), utilizing authentic audio-visual vignettes to prompt discussions about raising concerns. Deductive thematic analysis was employed to explore themes related to hierarchy, leadership, and organizational culture.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Positive leadership that challenged traditional professional hierarchies by embracing multidisciplinary teamwork, valuing the input of all stakeholders, and championing person-centered practice fostered a positive working culture. This culture has the potential to empower clinical staff, patients, caregivers, and family members to confidently raise concerns. Staff development, clinical supervision, and access to feedback, all underpinned by psychological safety, were viewed as facilitating the escalation of concerns and, subsequently, have the potential to improve patient safety.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study offers crucial insights into the intricate dynamics of leadership, hierarchy, and organizational culture, and their profound impact on the willingness of staff and patients to voice concerns in healthcare settings. Prioritizing the recommendations of this study can contribute to reducing avoidable deaths and elevating the quality of care in healthcare settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48901,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patient Safety","volume":"20 5","pages":"e73-e77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141724837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatal Adverse Events in Femoral Neck Fracture Patients Undergoing Hemiarthroplasty or Total Hip Arthroplasty-A Retrospective Record Review Study in a Nationwide Sample of Deceased Patients.","authors":"Bo Schouten, Mees Baartmans, Linda van Eikenhorst, Gooitzen P Gerritsen, Hanneke Merten, Steffie van Schoten, Prabath W B Nanayakkara, Cordula Wagner","doi":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001226","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Patient safety is a core component of quality of hospital care and measurable through adverse event (AE) rates. A high-risk group are femoral neck fracture patients. The Dutch clinical guideline states that the treatment of choice is cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) or hemiarthroplasty (HA). We aimed to identify the prevalence of AEs related to THA/HA in a sample of patients who died in the hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data of a nationwide retrospective record review study. Records were systematically reviewed for AEs, preventability and contribution to the patient's death. We drew a subsample of THA/HA AEs and analyzed these cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 2998 reviewed records, 38 patients underwent THA/HA, of whom 24 patients suffered 25 AEs (prevalence = 68.1%; 95% confidence interval, 51.4-81.2), and 24 contributed to death. Patients with a THA/HA AE were of high age (median = 82.5 y) and had severe comorbidity (Charlson score ≥5). The majority of THA/HA AEs had a patient-related cause and was considered partly preventable. Examples of suggested actions that might have prevented the AEs: refraining from surgery, adhering to medication guidelines, uncemented procedures, comprehensive presurgical geriatric assessment, and better postsurgical monitoring.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our study shows a high prevalence of (fatal) adverse events in patients undergoing THA/HA. This seems particularly valid for cemented implants in frail old patients, indicating room for improvement of patient safety in this group. Therefore, we recommend physicians to engage in comprehensive shared decision making with these patients and decide on a treatment fitting to a patient's preexisting health status, preferences, and values.</p>","PeriodicalId":48901,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patient Safety","volume":" ","pages":"e59-e72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140094974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consequences of Inpatient Falls in Acute Care: A Retrospective Register Study.","authors":"Anniina Heikkilä, Lasse Lehtonen, Kristiina Junttila","doi":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001230","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The objectives of this study were (1) to explore the consequences of falls; (2) to find out time and place of the fall events; and (3) to explore the impact of falls on the length of hospital stays in adults' inpatient acute care.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>In hospitals, falls are the most common accidents that can occur to a patient during hospitalization. Injuries resulting from serious falls can cause lifelong harm to the patient due to loss of well-being and independence.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A retrospective, cross-sectional, register study based on the data from electronic patient records was conducted.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The data included 114,951 inpatients, of which 743 had fallen. Data was collected between January 2014 and December 2016.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One-third of falls caused injury. Most injuries were to the head area, and the most common injuries were pain or confusion. The falls usually occurred at the beginning of the treatment in the patient's room or on the way to the toilet. Falls in the hospital increased the length of stay.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A large proportion of falls occur at the beginning of treatment, so it is important to start fall prevention measures as soon as the patient arrives at the hospital.</p>","PeriodicalId":48901,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patient Safety","volume":" ","pages":"340-344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140862791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Communication of Incidental Imaging Findings on Inpatient Discharge Summaries After Implementation of Electronic Health Record Notification System.","authors":"Govind Mattay, Kushanth Mallikarjun, Paula Grow, Aaron Mintz, Thomas Ciesielski, Anthony Dao, Shivani Mattay, Geoffrey Cislo, Raghav Mattay, Vamsi Narra, Andrew Bierhals","doi":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001221","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Inadequate follow-up of incidental imaging findings (IIFs) can result in poor patient outcomes, patient dissatisfaction, and provider malpractice. At our institution, radiologists flag IIFs during report dictation to trigger electronic health record (EHR) notifications to providers and patients. Nurse coordinators directly contact patients or their primary care physicians (PCPs) regarding IIFs if follow-up is not completed within the recommended time frame. Despite these interventions, many patients and their PCPs remain unaware of IIFs. In an effort to improve awareness of IIFs, we aim to investigate communication of IIFs on inpatient discharge summaries after implementation of our EHR notification system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Inpatient records with IIFs from 2018 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed to determine type of IIFs, follow-up recommendations, and mention of IIFs on discharge summaries. Nurse coordinators spoke to patients and providers to determine their awareness of IIFs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Incidental imaging findings were reported in 51% of discharge summaries (711/1383). When nurse coordinators called patients and PCPs regarding IIFs at the time follow-up was due, the patients and PCPs were aware of 79% of IIFs (1096/1383).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>With implementation of EHR notifications to providers regarding IIFs, IIFs were included in 51% of discharge summaries. Lack of inclusion of IIFs on discharge summaries could be related to transitions of care within hospitalization, provider alert fatigue, and many diagnostic testing results to distill. These findings demonstrate the need to improve communication of IIFs, possibly via automating mention of IIFs on discharge summaries, and the need for care coordinators to follow up on IIFs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48901,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patient Safety","volume":" ","pages":"370-374"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical Students' Speak-Up Barriers: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Written Vignettes.","authors":"Jesper Dybdal Kayser, Annette Kjær Ersbøll, Michaela Kolbe, Doris Østergaard, Peter Dieckmann","doi":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001227","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Little is known about medical students' speak-up barriers upon recognizing or becoming aware of risky or deficient actions of others. Improving our knowledge on these helps in preparing student to function in actual health care organizations. The aim was to examine medical students' perceived reasons for silence in respect to different speak-up situations (i.e., vignette content) and to test if vignette difficulty had an effect on reasons indicated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial, with text-based vignettes to investigate speak-up barriers. Vignette contents described speak-up situations that varied systematically with respect to speak-up barrier (i.e., environmental norm, uncertainty, hierarchy) and difficulty (i.e., easy, difficult). For each vignette, participants indicated which speak-up barriers they regarded as important.Descriptive analysis was performed for the study population, the numbers of barriers perceived and rating of vignette difficulty. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between barriers perceived and vignette contents, designed vignette difficulty and subjectively rated vignette difficulty.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 265 students were included. The response rate was 100%. Different barriers were relevant for the different vignettes and varied in a consistent way with the theme of the vignette. Significantly more speak-up barriers were indicated for participants with the difficult version for vignette 1 (not an environmental norm) and vignette 3 (hierarchy) with odds ratio (OR) = 1.52 and 95% confidence interval (95% CI: 1.33-1.73) and OR = 1.25 (95% CI: 1.09-1.44). For (OR) estimates, confidence intervals were rather large.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Perceived barriers for speak-up vary consistently with the characteristics of the situation and more barriers preventing speak-up were related to the difficult versions of the vignettes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48901,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patient Safety","volume":" ","pages":"323-329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Patient Safety in Prehospital Environment: Analyzing Patient Perspectives on Non-Transport Decisions With Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning.","authors":"Hassan Farhat, Guillaume Alinier, Reem Tluli, Montaha Chakif, Fatma Babay Ep Rekik, Ma Cleo Alcantara, Padarath Gangaram, Kawther El Aifa, Ahmed Makhlouf, Ian Howland, Mohamed Chaker Khenissi, Sailesh Chauhan, Cyrine Abid, Nicholas Castle, Loua Al Shaikh, Moncef Khadhraoui, Imed Gargouri, James Laughton","doi":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001228","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This research explored the experiences and perspectives of patients declining hospital transportation after receiving prehospital emergency care using advanced computational techniques.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Between 15th June and 1st August 2023, 210 patients in Qatar, treated by Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service (HMCAS) but refusing transportation to hospital, were interviewed. Key outcome variables stratified by demographics included \"reasons for refusing transport,\" \"satisfaction with HMCAS service,\" and \"postrefusal actions.\" Responses underwent sentiment analysis and topic modeling using latent Dirichlet allocation. Machine learning models, such as Naïve Bayes, K-nearest neighboring, random forest, and support vector machine, were used to predict patients' subsequent actions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants had an average age of 38.61 ± 19.91 years. The chief complaints were primarily chest and abdominal pains (18.49%; n = 39). Sentiment Analysis revealed a generally favorable perception of HMCAS-provided service. Latent Dirichlet allocation identified two main topics pertaining to refusal reasons and service satisfaction. Naïve Bayes and support vector machine algorithms were most effective in predicting postrefusal actions with an accuracy rate of 81.58%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlighted the utility of Natural Language Processing and ML in enhancing our understanding of patient behaviors and sentiments in prehospital settings. These advanced computational methodologies allowed for a nuanced exploration of patient demographics and sentiments, providing insights for Quality Improvement initiatives. The study also advocates for continuously integrating automated feedback mechanisms to improve patient-centered care in the prehospital context. Continuous integration of automated feedback systems is recommended to improve prehospital patient-centered care.</p>","PeriodicalId":48901,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patient Safety","volume":" ","pages":"330-339"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Evaluation of Patient Safety Interventions: Perspectives of Operational Safety Leaders and Patient Safety Organizations.","authors":"Kylie M Gomes, Jessica Handley, Zoe M Pruitt, Seth Krevat, Allan Fong, Raj M Ratwani","doi":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001233","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of this study is to understand how patient safety professionals from healthcare facilities and patient safety organizations develop patient safety interventions and the resources used to support intervention development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Semistructured interviews were conducted with patient safety professionals at nine healthcare facilities and nine patient safety organizations. Interview data were qualitatively analyzed, and findings were organized by the following: patient safety solutions and interventions, use of external databases, and evaluation of patient safety solutions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Development of patient safety interventions across healthcare facilities and patient safety organizations was similar and included literature searches, internal brainstorming, and interviews. Nearly all patient safety professionals at healthcare facilities reported contacting colleagues at other healthcare facilities to learn about similar safety issues and potential interventions. Additionally, less than half of patient safety professionals at healthcare facilities and patient safety organizations interviewed report data to publicly available patient safety databases. Finally, most patient safety professionals at healthcare facilities and patient safety organizations stated that they evaluate the effectiveness of patient safety interventions; however, they mentioned methods that may be less rigorous including audits, self-reporting, and subjective judgment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patient safety professionals often utilize similar methods and resources to develop and evaluate patient safety interventions; however, many of these efforts are not coordinated across healthcare organizations and could benefit from working collectively in a systematic fashion. Additionally, healthcare facilities and patient safety organizations face similar challenges and there are several opportunities for optimization on a national level that may improve patient safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":48901,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patient Safety","volume":" ","pages":"345-351"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140912189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare Violence and the Potential Promises and Harms of Artificial Intelligence.","authors":"Kevin T Kavanagh, Christine Pontus, Lindsay E Cormier","doi":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001245","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PTS.0000000000001245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Currently, the healthcare workplace is one of the most dangerous in the United States. Over a 3-month period in 2022, two nurses were assaulted every hour. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to prevent workplace violence by developing unique patient insights through accessing almost instantly a patient's medical history, past institutional encounters, and possibly even their social media posts. De-escalating dialog can then be formulated, and hot-button topics avoided. AIs can also monitor patients in waiting areas for potential confrontational behavior.Many have concerns implementing AIs in healthcare. AIs are not expected to be 100% accurate, their performance is not compared with a computer but instead measured against humans. However, AIs are outperforming humans in many tasks. They are especially adept at taking standardized examinations, such as Board Exams, the Uniform Bar Exam, and the SAT and Graduate Record Exam. AIs are also performing diagnosis. Initial reports found that newer models have been observed to equal or outperform physicians in diagnostic accuracy and in the conveyance of empathy.In the area of interdiction, AI robots can both navigate and monitor for confrontational and illegal behavior. A human security agent would then be notified to resolve the situation. Our military is fielding autonomous AI robots to counter potential adversaries. For many, this new arms race has grave implications because of the potential of fielding this same security technology in healthcare and other civil settings.The healthcare delivery sector must determine the future roles of AI in relationship to human workers. AIs should only be used to support a human employee. AIs should not be the primary caregiver and a single human should not be monitoring multiple AIs simultaneously. Similar to not being copyrightable, disinformation produced by AIs should not be afforded 'free speech' protections. Any increase in productivity of an AI will equate with a loss of jobs. We need to ask, If all business sectors utilize AIs, will there be enough paid workers for the purchasing of services and products to keep our economy and society a float?</p>","PeriodicalId":48901,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patient Safety","volume":" ","pages":"307-313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141301937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}