Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery最新文献

{"title":"Circular valorization of waste cooking oil into antimicrobial PHB/ZnO/Neemleaf extract nanocomposites as active packaging","authors":"Isha Bodhe,&nbsp;Sumukh V. Malwankar,&nbsp;Velvizhi Gokuladoss","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07272-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07272-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global environmental crisis exacerbated by petroleum-based plastic packaging, characterized by low recovery rates and microplastic accumulation, necessitates sustainable biodegradable alternatives such as bioplastics. Simultaneously, improper disposal of waste cooking oil (WCO) creates environmental burdens, while the commercialization of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) remains limited by high production costs. This study addresses both challenges through a two-stage bioprocess that valorizes WCO into PHB and develops antimicrobial PHB-based nanocomposite films. Acidogenic fermentation of 10% (v/v) WCO generated volatile fatty acids, with acetic acid reaching 3937.97 mg L⁻¹, providing a precursor for subsequent PHB biosynthesis. Subsequent aerobic cultivation enabled polymer accumulation, while FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the characteristic chemical and crystalline features of PHB. Films containing 2% ZnO nanoparticles and 2% neem-derived Bioactives exhibited enhanced thermal stability and Zn incorporation. The ternary composite demonstrated antimicrobial activity against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i> with inhibition of 16.4 ± 1.1 and 13.2 ± 0.9 mm, respectively. Overall, the findings demonstrate the feasibility of integrating WCO valorization with PHB biosynthesis and functional composite fabrication, providing a potential route toward biodegradable antimicrobial packaging materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of Grass-to-Gas on dairy farms: a probabilistic techno-economic comparison of renewable natural gas and electricity production","authors":"Camila Valderrama,&nbsp;Elmin Rahic,&nbsp;Hunter Porcano,&nbsp;Juliana Vasco-Correa","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07278-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07278-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Farm-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) of dairy manure has been economically constrained due to limited financial returns and high investment risks in the U.S. Co-digestion with lignocellulosic biomass, particularly grasses, has been proposed to enhance methane production while providing additional ecosystem services. Using techno-economic and uncertainty analyses, this study evaluates co-digestion of dairy manure with corn stover, switchgrass, and winter rye in a 1,000-cow dairy farm system. Two biomass sourcing strategies (i.e., on-farm and purchased) and two energy conversion pathways, electricity generation via combined heat and power and renewable natural gas (RNG) production via biogas upgrading, were assessed under existing and alternative policy support. Co-digestion consistently reduced the minimum selling price (MSP) of electricity and RNG relative to manure-only AD; however, electricity generation remained economically infeasible, net present value (NPV) &lt; 0, under current market conditions. RNG production provided substantially greater economic potential, with purchased corn stover and winter rye achieving positive NPVs in 22% and 45% of Monte Carlo simulations, respectively. Winter rye exhibited the strongest overall performance and was the only feedstock to approach profitability under existing policy conditions. Nevertheless, profitability remained highly dependent on policy incentives, indicating persistent investment risk. Additional capital support requirements to achieve positive NPVs decreased from 47% for manure-only AD to 4–40% across purchased co-digestion scenarios. These results demonstrate that co-digestion can enhance the economic performance of manure-based AD, but long-term feasibility depends on feedstock selection, biogas end-use pathway, and policy support.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-026-07278-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conversion of brewing by-products into environmentally friendly single-cell proteins using yeast co-culture","authors":"Menglin Li,&nbsp;Yang Li,&nbsp;Ying Liu,&nbsp;Lei Tian,&nbsp;Wenyu Yang,&nbsp;Tongwei Guan","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07273-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07273-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores thepotential of Huangshui (HS) for the production of single-cell proteins (SCP), a by-product of traditional Chinese distilled spirits (Baijiu). HS is a high-volume and nutrient-rich waste product of the Baijiu brewing process. This study explores the fermentation of four yeasts in HS and a series of fermentations of HS by optimizing the fermentation conditions to obtain a method to produce environmentally friendly, high yielding SCP with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The optimal yeast combination was M2 (<i>Millerozyma farinosa</i>) and M3 (<i>Pichia kudriavzevii</i>) at a volume ratio of 1:3. The inoculum size was 13% (v: v), culture temperature was 32℃, shaking speed was 220 rpm, initial pH was 6.5, and the substrate content of culture medium was 30 mL/250 mL. Under the optimized fermentation conditions, the biomass concentration and crude protein yield of yeast biomass reached 33.12 ± 2.33 g/L and 14.36 ± 1.14 g/L, respectively, after 72 h of fermentation. The highest water-soluble protein (WSP) content was observed at 60 h, reaching 13.24 ± 0.75%. After extraction using ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment, the obtained yeast protein product showed a protein content of up to 69.46%. The extracted yeast protein exhibited a balanced secondary structure composition and good in vitro digestibility. Yeast protein is rich in essential amino acids, higher than soy isolate protein. The application of yeast co-culture technology provides a new idea for the production of microbial proteins from these low-value organic biomasses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial keratinases for feather keratin bioprocessing: Production, properties and industrial applications","authors":"Nolene Ramalingum,&nbsp;Prashant Bhagwat,&nbsp;Santhosh Pillai","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07276-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07276-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The poultry industry has been gaining momentum across the globe and coupled with the increase in poultry production, is the accumulation of poultry waste, mainly feathers. Traditional approaches for managing feather waste, such as landfilling and incineration, adversely affect the environment by exacerbating pollution and ultimately leading to human health issues. Feathers however, are composed of keratin, a valuable source of protein, which can be recycled as a poultry feed ingredient. Various physical and chemical treatments have been employed to recover feather keratin; however, these methods yield a product that is nutritionally inferior and involve harsh processing conditions that adversely affect the environment. To overcome these adversities, an alternate method is explored using keratinolytic microorganisms and their enzymes to degrade keratin. This review is a conscientious literature survey which substantiates the strategy for valorising keratin waste using microbial keratinases, followed by detailed insights into the production, characterisation, and industrial applications of keratinases across various sectors. The primary objective is to examine the mechanism of keratin biodegradation, evaluate different assays for keratinase activity, and develop a strategy for screening keratin-degrading microorganisms. Drawing on an extensive collection of literature, this review provides further insight into the production, purification, and characterisation of keratinases. Furthermore, the application of keratinases, which has a significant beneficial impact in various sectors such as animal feed, detergents, textiles, leather, and others, has been discussed. Thus, this work uniquely positions keratinase-based bioprocessing as a promising solution to environmental challenges while unlocking economic value from feather waste.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-026-07276-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of chemical looping gasification of domestic sludge with corn straw using red mud oxygen carrier for hydrogen-rich syngas production","authors":"Shangqing Xi,&nbsp;Xiaojia Wang,&nbsp;Ankang Liu,&nbsp;Didi Gai,&nbsp;Maoqing Tang,&nbsp;Jiawei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07269-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07269-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The conversion of domestic sludge into high-value syngas remains challenging because of its low reactivity and high ash content. In this study, a triple-waste chemical looping gasification (CLG) strategy was proposed by integrating domestic sludge, corn straw, and industrial red mud for the production of hydrogen-rich syngas. The effects of key operating parameters, including blending ratio, O/C ratio, reaction temperature, and steam flow rate, on gas composition, total gas yield, cold gas efficiency, carbon conversion rate, effective gas fraction, and lower heating value were systematically evaluated. The optimal conditions were identified as a corn straw/domestic sludge blending ratio of 0.6 (0.5 g sludge), an O/C ratio of 0.3, a reaction temperature of 900 °C, and a steam flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Under these conditions, a hydrogen fraction of 56% and a total gas yield of 1.23 Nm³/kg were achieved, accompanied by a cold gas efficiency of 93.33%, a carbon conversion of 80.97%, and an effective gas fraction of 81.21%. Additionally, cyclic redox experiments confirmed that the red mud oxygen carrier maintained good reactivity and stability over five consecutive cycles. This work demonstrates a sustainable and efficient strategy for sludge-to-syngas conversion via CLG and highlights the advantages of employing industrial solid waste oxygen carriers and biomass-sludge synergistic gasification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic-driven design of a novel synthetic co-culture derived from rumen microbiota for optimized cellulosic ethanol production from Salix residues","authors":"Kai Xu,&nbsp;Long Zhang,&nbsp;Jinna Cui,&nbsp;Zhan-ying Liu","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07275-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07275-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Salix is crucial for windbreak and sand fixation, providing abundant lignocellulosic biomass for cellulosic ethanol production. A thermophilic anaerobic microbial community from bovine rumen was domesticated and analyzed via metagenomic sequencing. Its community structure, functional traits, and ethanol fermentation performance on Salix biomass were evaluated to address fossil fuel depletion. Subsequently, two dominant strains within the microbial community were isolated, ultimately, a minimal artificial microbiome was constructed. The co-culture fermentation conditions were optimized to enhance the degradation rate of Salix and the ethanol yield. When the optimal inoculation ratio was 1:2 and the optimal inoculation time was 0 h, with 10 g/L of Salix serving as the substrate and fermentation carried out at 55℃ for 72 h, the degradation rates of cellulose and hemicellulose in Salix were 56.3 ± 0.66% and 68.1 ± 0.5% respectively, and the ethanol yield reached 0.51 ± 0.04 g/L. This study alleviates Salix waste disposal issues, meanwhile, the construction of the minimal artificial microbiome overcomes the drawback that the natural microbial community is unable to precisely regulate the inter-species relationship because of its complex species composition, offering a theoretical foundation for the development of synthetic biology.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretable machine learning reveals physicochemical drivers of bio-crude yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of water hyacinth","authors":"Ankit Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07274-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07274-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) provides a promising route for converting wet biomass into energy-rich bio-crude without energy-intensive drying. Water hyacinth is well suited to HTL because of its high moisture content, rapid growth, and widespread occurrence as an invasive aquatic biomass. However, bio-crude formation is governed by coupled process and feedstock variables, making prediction and optimization challenging. This study developed an interpretable machine-learning framework using 88 experimental observations from seven independent publications on water-hyacinth HTL. Reaction temperature, residence time, hyacinth-to-water ratio, atomic H/C ratio, and catalyst presence were used to predict bio-crude yield using five machine-learning models. Model reliability was evaluated using leakage-controlled grouped validation strategies. Gradient boosting (GB) showed the best performance, with a pooled out-of-fold R² of 0.923, MAE of 3.046 wt%, and RMSE of 4.213 wt%. Its performance remained robust across 100 repeated grouped partitions (R² = 0.895 ± 0.073) and nested grouped cross-validation (R² = 0.895 ± 0.085). SHAP analysis identified the hyacinth-to-water ratio and reaction temperature as the most influential predictors, while partial dependence analysis revealed nonlinear responses to the operating variables. O/C sensitivity analysis showed negligible improvement in predictive performance after its inclusion, and its feature importance was not stable under robustness testing. Model-based optimization identified 311 °C and 46 min as a favorable operating condition under the selected reference conditions, corresponding to a predicted bio-crude yield of 56.39 wt%. This condition requires independent experimental validation. The findings provide insight into the process variables associated with bio-crude formation and can guide targeted experiments, selection of favorable operating conditions, and data-driven optimization of water-hyacinth hydrothermal biorefineries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of organosolv lignin on the physical and functional properties of polyhydroxyalkanoate films","authors":"Atiwit Singhapan,&nbsp;Warunyoo Yoopensuk,&nbsp;Suchada Chanprateep Napatorn,&nbsp;Marisa Raita,&nbsp;Verawat Champreda,&nbsp;Anongnat Somwangthanaroj","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07268-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07268-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Active biodegradable films that protect food products from deterioration and spoilage attract increasing interest in food packaging applications. This study compares the effects of organosolv lignin incorporation on the physical and functional properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) films prepared by blown film extrusion and solution casting. For the blown films, increasing the lignin concentration from 0.5 to 1.0 wt% reduces the mechanical strength, as indicated by decreases in both maximum stress and elongation at break. In addition, lignin incorporation improves the gas and moisture barrier properties of the functional films prepared by both processes. The UV-blocking ability increases with lignin content, with a more pronounced effect in the blown films. Incorporation of lignin by blown film extrusion effectively inhibits the growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Candida albicans</i>, and <i>Aspergillus niger.</i> In comparison, the solution-cast films prepared by doctor blading show weaker antimicrobial activity against most tested pathogens and exhibit no inhibitory effect against Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, this work demonstrates that organosolv lignin incorporation and processing method strongly influence the barrier, UV-blocking, and antimicrobial properties of polyhydroxyalkanoate-based films, while lignin content affects the mechanical behavior of blown films, highlighting their functional potential for active packaging.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly selective valorisation of D-xylose from corncobs hydrolysates catalysed by C-scorpionate gold(III) complexes","authors":"Vanmira Van-Dúnem,&nbsp;Luís C. Duarte,&nbsp;Pedro L. Martins,&nbsp;Hugo M. Lapa,&nbsp;Luísa M. D. R. S. Martins,&nbsp;Florbela Carvalheiro","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07225-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07225-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>D-xylonic acid is a multifunctional, environmentally friendly, and versatile platform chemical, and one of the most promising conversion products of D-xylose for replacing several petrochemicals that is still not produced commercially. Although microbial conversion is the most widely studied process, the low efficiency and cost of these methods create opportunities for the development of chemical routes. In this work, we report for the first time the direct chemical conversion of real hemicellulose-derived pentose-rich hydrolysates into D-xylonic acid. Furthermore, a novel chemical oxidation route based on C-scorpionate gold(III) complexes was explored. Two specific complexes are used as model catalysts, the cationic [AuCl₂(κ²-Tpm)]Cl (<i>1</i>, Tpm = hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane, HC(C₃N₂H₃)₃) or the neutral [AuCl₂(κ²-Tpms)] complex (<i>2</i>, Tpms = tris(1<i>H</i>-pyrazol-1-yl)methane sulfonate, [SO₃C(C₃H₃N₂)₃]⁻). The catalytic operational conditions (<i>i.e</i>., reaction time, temperature, type and concentration of alkali and oxidant agent) were initially optimised for D-xylose solutions using cationic complex <i>1</i>. Under the best conditions (100 °C, 2 mmol NaOH and 20 mmol H₂O₂) nearly 100% conversion of D-xylose and a 94% D-xylonic acid yield were achieved, with minimal formation of secondary products, when using 6 g/L D-xylose as sole carbon substrate. The direct catalytic conversion of real hemicellulosic hydrolysate, without any previous purification was possible and up to 36 g/L of D-xylose, regardless of the presence of other sugars, aliphatic acids, furans and phenolic compounds. Comparing similar catalytic conditions among model D-xylose solutions and real hydrolysates with similar titres, the later presented better performance, even though D-xylose conversion and D-xylonic acid yield decreased slightly for higher D-xylose concentrations. The catalysis was further improved by using the neutral gold(III) C-scorpionate complex <i>2</i>, which further increased the D-xylose conversion and selectivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquatic plant-derived biochar electrodes for microbial fuel cells: structural and electrochemical properties","authors":"Shan Xiao,&nbsp;Yanpeng Liu,&nbsp;Ting Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07265-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07265-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the dual challenges of low output power in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and the resource utilization of aquatic plants used in phytoremediation, three aquatic plants (<i>Acorus calamus</i>, <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, and <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>) were selected for the preparation of biochar anode materials through high-temperature carbonization. The relationship between biochar structure and MFCs performance was systematically evaluated. The results showed that the <i>A. calamus</i> biochar (ACB) anode exhibited the lowest resistance (Rs 18.9 ± 0.9 Ω and Rct 9.4 ± 1.2 Ω) and the largest electrochemically active area (3 times as large as the carbon felt), which were attributed to its high graphitization degree and well-developed porous structure. The MFC with ACB anode achieved the highest output voltage of 606 ± 3 mV, power density of 840 ± 16 mW m^− 2, and COD removal efficiency of 96.7 ± 0.3%. Further optimization of the carbonization temperature showed that the pore structure of ACB changed significantly with temperature. Compared with 700 °C and 900 °C, the ACB carbonized at 800 °C exhibited an excellent pore structure, thereby enabling the best electrochemical performance of its corresponding anode. This study confirmed that the ACB possessed great competitive potential for MFC anode and suggested that effective biochar anode design should balance graphitization with interconnected hierarchical porosity.</p><p>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}