Acta Clinica Belgica最新文献

{"title":"Pharmacological treatment of presbyopia.","authors":"Joris R Delanghe","doi":"10.1080/17843286.2026.2613906","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17843286.2026.2613906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Presbyopia is a very common condition, which can easily be treated with reading glasses. Although a number of contact lenses and surgical solutions have been introduced, also a number of pharmacological treatments have been proposed in recent years for treating presbyopia. As presbyopia is a multifactorial condition, a number of pharmacological approaches have been explored so far. Most eye drops contain miotic/parasympathomimetic agents (e.g. pilocarpine, carbachol, aceclidine), which create a pinhole effect. Pilocarpine and aceclidine already have been approved. Brimochol (carbachol + brimonidine, an α-agonist that helps further reduce pupil size have been submitted for approval, Tenpoint Therapeutics) and MR-14/Nyxol (phentolamine) will be submitted in the near future. Some newer formulations combine a miotic agent (to create the pinhole effect) with a non-miotic agent (to improve comfort or reduce ciliary spasm).On the other hand, chemical modification of the lens proteins has been explored as potential therapeutic options in presbyopia. These products target specific chemical modification (destruction of disulfide bridges, deglycation). Use of deglycating enzymes (e.g. fructosyl amino oxidase, FAOD) may rejuvenate the lens by removing the advance glycation end products which have been attached to the lens crystallins over the years.As these drugs are relatively new in the treatment of presbyopia, further studies will be needed to study the long-term effects, the effects of the products which are still in the pipeline and to establish the role of drug treatment in presbyopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":48865,"journal":{"name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","volume":" ","pages":"130-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next - Gen Hemostatic nano-powder: a theoretical framework for Nano Clot- safe.","authors":"Malavika Alagirisamy Jayaraman, Immanuel Devakumar Solomon","doi":"10.1080/17843286.2025.2609860","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17843286.2025.2609860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Uncontrolled haemorrhage remains a leading cause of mortality, particularly in trauma care and intraoperative settings. Existing haemostatic agents such as kaolin and chitosan have limitations including thermal tissue injury, infection risk, restricted internal applicability and delayed clot formation.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This paper proposes a theoretical haemostatic innovation, Nano Clot-SAFE, designed to achieve rapid haemostasis (≤3 seconds) with enhanced biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties and usability in both external and internal bleeding scenarios.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A conceptual formulation was developed based on an extensive review of 30 peer-reviewed studies. The proposed composition includes silica-alginate nanocomposites, microporous starch, tannin-functionalised cellulose and silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles. The formulation is designed for delivery via air-jet or aerosol mechanisms. Safety and usability considerations were informed by systems-based frameworks including the Swiss cheese model, human factors engineering and systems thinking.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nano Clot-SAFE is theoretically designed to provide ultra-rapid clot formation, moisture resistance, antimicrobial action and surface adaptability, including compatibility with internal organs. The multi-component nano-powder formulation integrates multiple safety barriers aimed at reducing user error and enhancing clinical performance across trauma and surgical environments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nano Clot-SAFE represents a conceptual haemostatic framework rather than a finalised product. It offers potential applicability in emergency trauma care and surgical bleeding control. Further experimental validation and clinical testing are required. The proposed innovation highlights future directions in surgical technology development and trauma preparedness policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48865,"journal":{"name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","volume":" ","pages":"106-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145851158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obinutuzumab for membranous nephropathy: a systematic review using pooled case-level extraction analysis.","authors":"İlker Atay, Erhan Eroz, Berfu Korucu, Mehmet Asi Oktan, Yelda Deligoz Bildaci, Serpil Muge Deger, Caner Cavdar, Cihan Heybeli","doi":"10.1080/17843286.2026.2642796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2642796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obinutuzumab has increasingly been used in patients with PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy (MN). However, reported outcomes vary substantially across studies due to heterogeneity in patient selection, response definitions, and follow-up duration. This study aimed to synthesize case-level extraction analysis to better characterize response patterns and factors influencing remission rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and grey literature were systematically searched. Case-level extraction analysis from eligible case reports and case series were synthesized to evaluate clinical and immunological remission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighty-nine patients from 19 publications were included. Most patients (64%) were reported from China. During a median follow-up of 12 months, overall clinical and immunological remission rates were 83% and 88.7%, respectively. Complete remission was numerically less frequent in patients refractory to prior immunosuppressive therapy compared with those who had previously responded (23.5% vs. 61.5%; nominal <i>p</i> = 0.012). Clinical remission appeared more common among patients followed for at least 12 months (92.6% vs. 75%; nominal <i>p</i> = 0.026). Geographic variation in reported outcomes was noted and appeared to be influenced by differences in follow-up duration and publication type. Adverse events were inconsistently reported; when reported, they were predominantly mild to moderate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This descriptive case-level extraction analysis is consistent with previous small series reporting relatively high clinical remission rates for obinutuzumab in PLA2R-associated MN. The observed remission rates may be influenced by prior treatment responsiveness and duration of follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":48865,"journal":{"name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147482115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of antisynthetase antibodies in a multicentre early rheumatoid arthritis cohort.","authors":"Bram Mariën, Jean-Baptiste Vulsteke, Johan Joly, Silke Willebrords, Minoru Satoh, Xavier Bossuyt, Patrick Verschueren, Ellen De Langhe","doi":"10.1080/17843286.2026.2645165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2645165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the prevalence of anti-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase antibodies (anti-ARS) in a large cohort of untreated early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared to healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The baseline serum samples of patients with early RA (<i>n</i> = 332) included in the multicentre CareRA trial, a completed interventional trial in untreated early RA, and healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 72) were screened for anti-ARS antibodies with a commercial dot immunoassay (DIA). Radiolabelled protein immunoprecipitation (IP) was performed to confirm the presence of suspected anti-ARS antibodies, in addition to HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescence and a commercial line immunoassay (LIA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anti-ARS antibodies (anti-PL12 <i>n</i> = 2, anti-OJ <i>n</i> = 1) were detected in 0.9% of early RA patients using a DIA, of which one anti-PL12-positive sample was also positive on LIA. Presence of these anti-ARS antibodies could, however, not be confirmed by protein immunoprecipitation. No anti-ARS antibodies were detected in the healthy control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We report that the presence of anti-ARS antibodies cannot be confirmed by IP in a multicentre cohort of untreated early RA patients. Anti-ARS autoantibodies should not routinely be evaluated in patients with early RA. Sensitivity and specificity issues with DIA and LIA for anti-ARS should be considered in the interpretation of anti-ARS testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":48865,"journal":{"name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147500426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronic tools to facilitate medication review in nursing homes: a pilot study.","authors":"Marie Carrein, Andreas Capiau, Els Mehuys, Mirko Petrovic, Annemie Somers, Koen Boussery","doi":"10.1080/17843286.2026.2641098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2641098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Medication reviews (MRs) in nursing homes (NHs) are valuable but time-consuming. Electronic screening tools can assist community pharmacists by detecting potential drug-related problems (pDRPs). This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of electronic tools (GheOP³S-tool and EBMeDS®CMR) to facilitate MR in NH residents and to explore the overall clinical and economic impact of this MR process.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A pilot study was conducted in one NH (January-July 2024). For each included resident (life expectancy of ≥3 months, excluding short-stays and general practitioner (GP) refusals), a 3-step MR was performed: 1) medication record analysis by a pharmacist using GheOP³S-tool and EBMeDS®CMR, and additional implicit screening, 2) interdisciplinary meeting (with pharmacist, GP, nurse) to discuss pDRPs and interventions, and 3) 3-month follow-up. Primary outcomes included the number, type, and resolution rate of pDRPs per screening method. Secondary outcomes were changes in medication use (number, fall risk-increasing drugs (FRIDs), Drug Burden Index (DBI)), and medication costs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-four residents were included (mean age 84.7 ± 8.9 years, 66.7% female). The electronic tools detected 508 pDRPs: 41.7% only by GheOP³S-tool, 29.5% only by EBMeDS®CMR, and 28.7% by both. The pharmacist appended 252 pDRPs. Of the 603 recommendations formulated, 48.4% were accepted and 37.5% implemented. The overall resolution rate was 40.1%. At follow-up, significant reductions were observed in number of medications, FRIDs, DBI, and medication costs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GheOP³S-tool and EBMeDS®CMR detected a considerable proportion of complementary pDRPs. A substantial part of pDRPs was appended by the pharmacist, highlighting the importance of combining explicit and implicit screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":48865,"journal":{"name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147379306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical characteristics and lipid management of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: results from a 7 years single-centre experience.","authors":"Amber Vanhulle, Dilara Yurdaer, Lynn van Calster, Anne-Marie Willems, Veronique Moerman, Johan De Sutter","doi":"10.1080/17843286.2026.2638804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2638804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) markedly increases the risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Despite available therapies, FH remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. The aim of this study is to characterize FH patients and to evaluate treatment response specifically in those with a confirmed pathogenic mutation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analysed 189 adults with clinical suspicion of FH seen at a cardiology department of a Belgian hospital between 2018 and 2024. Clinical, biochemical, and treatment data were retrieved from electronic records, and the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) score was calculated. Genetic testing was performed in 181 patients. Patients were stratified into primary and secondary prevention groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort comprised 116 patients (61%) in primary prevention and 73 (39%) in secondary prevention; the latter were older, predominantly male, and had more comorbidities. Genetic mutations were identified in 91 patients, most frequently in the LDL receptor gene (74%), followed by the ApoB gene (19%). Twenty-one patients had a DLCN score > 8, of whom four had no detectable pathogenic mutation. In genetically confirmed FH, mean LDL-cholesterol decreased from 267 ± 82 mg/dL at baseline to 100 ± 57 mg/dL at last follow-up, with greater reductions in secondary prevention. PCSK9 inhibitor use increased significantly during follow-up. Nevertheless, only 43% of secondary prevention patients achieved LDL-C < 55 mg/dL, and 24% of primary prevention patients reached < 70 mg/dL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FH lipid management in this real-world cohort achieved substantial LDL-C reductions, but target attainment remained suboptimal.</p>","PeriodicalId":48865,"journal":{"name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147322395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of telomere length alteration in chronic kidney disease patients of Pakistan: a case-control study and meta-analysis of 24,089 patients.","authors":"Minahil Tahir, Afrose Liaquat, Fareeha Khalil, Zuha Tariq, Arham Javed, Aleezay Irfan, Muhammad Jawad Khan","doi":"10.1080/17843286.2026.2627250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2627250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming a global health concern due to its rising prevalence owing to the complex interplay of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a potential indicator of biological age in age-related diseases. Our objective is to investigate the association between LTL and CKD in Pakistani population to systematically synthesize existing evidence by investigating previously reported studies.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We conducted a case-control study (<i>n</i> = 166), aged 18-60 years. Relative LTL was measured using quantitative real-time PCR and expressed as telomere-to-single copy gene (T/S) ratios. Biochemical parameters and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were assessed using standard methods. Multivariable linear regression adjusted for demographic and cardiometabolic factors was performed. A meta-analysis (11 studies, <i>n</i> = 24,089) were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results revealed significant LTL attrition in CKD patients compared to controls with a moderate effect size. Correlational analysis revealed that LTL positively correlated with eGFR (p-value = 0.038) and negatively correlated with urea and creatinine (<i>p</i> < 0.05). After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and LDL cholesterol, CKD status remained independently associated with shorter LTL. Meta-analysis demonstrated an overall trend toward shorter telomeres in CKD, although substantial heterogeneity and evidence of small study effects were observed. Subgroup analysis in Asian populations showed a consistent but less robust association.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>LTL is associated with CKD, which may reflect systemic biological aging and disease burden rather than serving as a standalone clinical biomarker. Longitudinal studies are required to clarify causality and population-specific effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":48865,"journal":{"name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146203467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Milk and honey: how skin changes reveal the deeper dangers of nutritional deficiencies.","authors":"Marjolijn Jamaer, Femke Lieten, Steven Vanderschueren, Cornelia Jansen, Petra De Haes, Lo Man Lai, Raf Sciot, Francesca M Bosisio, Liesbet Henckaerts","doi":"10.1080/17843286.2026.2622945","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17843286.2026.2622945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The wide-reaching consequences of a restrictive diet are often underestimated or poorly recognized both by the public and many physicians. Deficiency symptoms may go unnoticed leading to unnecessary investigations and ineffective treatments, and a delay in a simple and directed treatment: suppletion of the missing nutrients.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>This case-report describes a 68-year-old man in a high-income country who presented with a 3-week history of painful, indurated edema of the lower legs, immobility due to pain, and dyspnea. Treatment with antibiotics and LMWH was ineffective. Laboratory tests showed anemia (Hb 7.7 g/dL), elevated C-reactive protein (48 mg/L) and elevated D-dimers. He was hospitalized for further investigation. Folate and iron deficiencies were found. Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis were ruled out, as were systemic inflammatory diseases and infectious causes. PET-CT revealed lung changes suggestive of pulmonary hemorrhage and findings suspicious for bilateral lower leg fasciitis. Detailed dietary history revealed a severely restricted intake (limited to bread, white rice, butter, honey and coffee) for over 20 years. Skin biopsy and exclusion of differential diagnoses confirmed the clinical suspicion of scurvy due to vitamin C deficiency. Nutritional supplementation and dietary expansion led to rapid clinical improvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although scurvy is more common in low- and middle-income countries, it still occurs in high-income settings. It should be considered in at-risk patients presenting with suggestive symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":48865,"journal":{"name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146144289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective front-line treatment of osteosclerotic myeloma with POEMS syndrome with daratumumab, lenalidomide and dexamethasone: a case report and literature review.","authors":"Chiel Gharakhani, Alexander Soetens, Wouter Huysse, Philippe Decruyenaere, Nicolas Kint","doi":"10.1080/17843286.2025.2601036","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17843286.2025.2601036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic disorder caused by an underlying plasma cell dyscrasia, characterized by a constellation of clinical features including polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and sclerotic bone lesions. Due to its rarity and variable presentation, diagnosis is often delayed. We present a case of POEMS syndrome in which the patient was initially ineligible for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) due to poor performance status. Front-line treatment with daratumumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (DRd) resulted in a rapid and durable clinical and biochemical response, including normalization of vascular endothelial growth factor levels. This improvement ultimately enabled the patient to successfully undergo ASCT.This case highlights the potential role of DRd as an effective induction strategy in functionally impaired patients with POEMS syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":48865,"journal":{"name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","volume":" ","pages":"39-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145745217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of 2-year mortality risk factors and prediction model for patients with synchronous bilateral primary renal cell carcinoma: findings from the seer database.","authors":"Yu Cao, Lingzhi He","doi":"10.1080/17843286.2025.2583185","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17843286.2025.2583185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a rare condition that presents significant clinical challenges in balancing oncologic control and renal function preservation. Due to the lack of standardized treatment guidelines, understanding prognostic factors and developing predictive models is crucial for optimizing clinical decision-making.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2000-2019) to retrospectively analyze independent risk factors associated with 2-year mortality in synchronous bilateral RCC patients. A predictive model was developed using multivariate Cox regression analysis and validated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration plots. Patients were categorized based on surgical approach, and clinicopathological characteristics were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1,291 eligible patients, 362 (28.03%) died within 2 years. Age, household income, and surgical approach were identified as independent mortality risk factors (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The predictive model demonstrated good discriminatory ability (AUC = 0.70 in the training cohort and 0.67 in the validation cohort). Surgical decisions were significantly correlated with tumor size, stage, and grade, with radical nephrectomy preferred for more aggressive tumors, whereas nephron-sparing procedures were more common in smaller, early-stage tumors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides a validated 2-year mortality prediction model that may assist in identifying high-risk patients and guiding personalized treatment strategies. The findings emphasize the impact of socioeconomic factors on prognosis and the need for optimized healthcare resource allocation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48865,"journal":{"name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145534819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}