Journal of Endocrinological Investigation最新文献

{"title":"Establishment of a reference range for hair cortisol using a HPLC-MS/MS method in a Northern Italian population.","authors":"Federico Fortuna, Alessia Lanno, Davide Magrin, Amelia Locatelli, Diego Gonzalez, Dario Jacobsen, Juan Jamardo, Bibiana Fabre, Alice Passoni, Renzo Bagnati","doi":"10.1007/s40618-026-02933-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-026-02933-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) represents a promising biomarker for long-term hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. However, its routine clinical application is currently limited by the lack of well-established reference ranges. We aimed to establish population-based reference intervals for HCC in healthy adults from Northern Italy, using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP28-A3c guidelines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hair samples were collected from 256 healthy volunteers selected using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cortisol quantification was performed by LC-MS/MS using a deuterated internal standard, guaranteeing high sensitivity and specificity. The method was validated for linearity, limit of detection, extraction efficiency, matrix effect, robustness across different sample weights, and inter-batch reproducibility using an internal quality control sample. Reference intervals were defined nonparametrically (2.5th-97.5th percentiles). Associations with demographic, clinical, and lifestyle variables were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The established reference interval was 0.84 to 8.07 pg/mg, with a median of 2.41 pg/mg. HCC was significantly associated with body mass index (ρ = 0.160, p = 0.010) and weakly correlated with perceived stress (ρ = 0.137, p = 0.028). However, no significant associations were observed with sex, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, hair dyeing, or hair washing frequency.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides, for the first time, a population-based reference interval for hair cortisol concentrations using LC-MS/MS in healthy adults. These findings offer a benchmark for future research, supporting the use of HCC as a biomarker in epidemiological and translational research contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"2735-2746"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mutational patterns in a large cohort of parathyroid carcinomas.","authors":"Chetanya Pandya, Andrew V Uzilov, Jessica Costa-Guda, Justin Bellizzi, Patricia Taik, Aye S Moe, Maya Strahl, Karin van der Tuin, Mark Stevenson, Branca M Cavaco, Filomena Cetani, Claudio Marcocci, Auli Karhu, Johanna Arola, Camilla Schalin-Jäntti, Hans Morreau, Rajesh V Thakker, Eric E Schadt, Robert Sebra, Shuyu D Li, Rong Chen, Andrew Arnold","doi":"10.1007/s40618-026-02855-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-026-02855-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>A lack of targeted therapies make parathyroid carcinoma, a diagnostically challenging malignancy, difficult to treat. The rarity of this tumor type necessitates international collaboration to collect a sizable sample set for study. Prior studies have revealed the importance of driver mutations in the CDC73 gene and identified several putative drivers/aberrant pathways including PI3K/mTOR activation and CCND1 (cyclin D1) amplification. In this study, we sought to better understand the prevalence of putative oncogenic drivers in parathyroid carcinoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We subjected an expanded cohort of 71 sporadic parathyroid carcinomas, fulfilling stringent WHO criteria, to next-generation DNA sequencing on a custom 16-gene targeted panel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One or more variant was detected in 44 tumors (62%) and 27 (38%) had no detectable variant. Consistent with earlier studies, we detected loss-of-function CDC73 mutations in 44% (31/70) of evaluable patients, including germline pathogenic variants in 9 patients (36 patients evaluable for somatic status as matched normal available). Notably, mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were seen in 12.9% (9/70) of evaluable patients, providing further evidence of this as a key therapeutically actionable pathway in parathyroid carcinoma. Correlating genomic and clinical features revealed that patients harboring CDC73 mutations are more likely suffer from life threatening recurrent/metastatic parathyroid carcinoma (P = 0.024) than those without CDC73 variants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This genomic characterization of a large parathyroid carcinoma cohort improves understanding of the genomic underpinnings of this rare malignancy, provides novel evidence for genotype-phenotype correlation with recurrent/metastatic disease, and may help to provide a rational basis for individualized treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"2883-2893"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147516187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of osteosarcopenia in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Ke-Qin Yu, Tian-Tian Ye, Wei-Qiang Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s40618-026-02900-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-026-02900-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Osteosarcopenia (OSP) is defined as the coexistence of osteoporosis (OP) and sarcopenia (SP), and is associated with increased risks of falls, fractures, and frailty. Postmenopausal women are particularly susceptible due to estrogen deficiency, however, its overall prevalence in this population remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251142908). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 15 October 2025. Eligible studies reported OSP prevalence (or data enabling its calculation) in postmenopausal women, with OP and SP defined by recognized criteria (WHO, EWGSOP, AWGS or equivalents). Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using the JBI checklist. Pooled prevalence was estimated using generalized linear mixed models and random-effects meta-analysis with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman adjustment. Heterogeneity, influence analyses, publication bias, and exploratory subgroup analyses by diagnostic criteria, economic level, geographic region, and population source were conducted. Meta-regression evaluated the effect of mean age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen studies involving 7,631 postmenopausal women and 1,421 OSP cases were included. The pooled prevalence of OSP was 15.6% (95% CI: 9.6-24.3%; I²=97.1%). Using consistent criteria, prevalence was 20.1% (95% CI: 10.7-34.4%) for WHO + AWGS 2019 and 12.7% (95% CI: 2.3-47.5%) for WHO + EWGSOP 2018. Exploratory subgroup analyses showed higher prevalence estimates in developing versus developed regions (18.0% vs. 12.7%), Asian versus non-Asian countries (18.7% vs. 8.2%), and hospital-based versus community-based populations (26.4% vs. 8.7%). No significant study-level association between mean age and OSP prevalence was observed in meta-regression analyses based on the 14 studies with available mean age data. Most studies were of high quality, and no significant publication bias was detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This meta-analysis found a pooled OSP prevalence of 15.6% among postmenopausal women across included studies. Given high heterogeneity, this estimate should be interpreted with caution, as it reflects diverse settings and diagnostic approaches. Exploratory subgroup analyses suggested higher prevalence in developing regions, Asian populations, and hospital‑based settings. Standardized criteria and integrated bone‑muscle assessment may improve early identification and management of OSP in this high-risk population.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"2641-2655"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148200863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variants in the leptin-MC4R pathway and ciliopathy-related genes in youths with obesity beyond hyperphagia and early onset.","authors":"Melania Manco, Lucilla Ravà, Alessia Aureli, Vittorio Scoppola, Michela Mariani, Francesco d' Aniello, Stefano Cianfarani, Danilo Fintini","doi":"10.1007/s40618-026-02971-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-026-02971-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the prevalence, classification, and clinical impact of genetic variants in leptin-melanocortin (MC4R) pathway- and ciliopathy related genes, and in some key neurodevelopmental and pleiotropic genes whose dysfunction may cause hyperphagia in a sample of youths with severe obesity regardless of age of obesity onset and presence of hyperphagia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional evaluation of patients consecutively referred for severe obesity having had prior next-generation sequencing targeting genes of interest as for the Rare Obesity Advanced Diagnosis (ROAD) program gene panel. Variants were classified according to guidelines as likely benign (LB), pathogenic (P), likely pathogenic (LP), or variants of uncertain significance (VOUS). Clinical and metabolic features were compared across groups of controls (mutant negative and LB carriers), VOUS, and LP/P carriers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 164 patients were included: 91 patients (54.5%) carried at least one variant. Most variants were heterozygous and classified as VOUS (n = 82, 89%); 10 patients (11%) had LP/P variants. Genes most frequently associated with LP/P findings included MC4R (n = 2), ALMS1 (n = 3), and CEP290 (n = 2). No significant differences were found across groups in obesity degree, lipid profile, glucose metabolism, or behavioural symptoms. A non-significant trend toward earlier onset of obesity was observed in the LP/P group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Children with severe obesity often carry gene variants in the leptin-MC4R pathway or associated to ciliopathies, which appear even in cohorts unselected for early onset or hyperphagia. Their clinical significance remains uncertain. Although genetic testing may inform clinical stratification and personalised treatment, its integration into the diagnostic workup of severe obesity should currently be restricted to specialised obesity clinics and research contexts. Findings highlight the need for improved interpretation of LP and VOUS through functional studies and long-term phenotyping.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"2939-2949"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148413433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High follicular fluid levels of 25-hydroxycholesterol might lead to increased number of lipid droplets in granulosa cells in polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS): a hypothesis.","authors":"Caglar Berkel","doi":"10.1007/s40618-026-02979-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-026-02979-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dyslipidemia is involved in the pathogenesis of polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) (formerly known as PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome). 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) levels have been recently shown to be increased in the follicular fluid of women with PMOS compared to control women. 25-HC has also been previously found to facilitate the formation of lipid droplets in multiple studies. In certain models of PMOS, granulosa cells were shown to have increased number of lipid droplets. Based on these previous observations, we here hypothesize that increased levels of 25-hydroxycholesterol in the follicular fluid of women with PMOS might promote the increased formation of lipid droplets in granulosa cells in the ovaries. Further experimental data are needed to test this hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"3095-3100"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Mutational patterns in a large cohort of parathyroid carcinomas.","authors":"Chetanya Pandya, Andrew V Uzilov, Jessica Costa-Guda, Justin Bellizzi, Patricia Taik, Aye S Moe, Maya Strahl, Karin van der Tuin, Mark Stevenson, Branca M Cavaco, Filomena Cetani, Claudio Marcocci, Auli Karhu, Johanna Arola, Camilla Schalin-Jäntti, Hans Morreau, Rajesh V Thakker, Eric E Schadt, Robert Sebra, Shuyu D Li, Rong Chen, Andrew Arnold","doi":"10.1007/s40618-026-02959-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-026-02959-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"2895"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and pathological features of oncocytic adrenocortical carcinoma: a retrospective comparative study.","authors":"Jiang Liu, Songchen Han, Yi Liu, Shiwei Sun, Jiayang Chen, Yang Zhao, Diliyaer Dilixiati, Yanan Li, Zhan Wang, Yushi Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s40618-026-02947-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-026-02947-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor with highly aggressive malignancy. Its two main pathological subtypes, conventional ACC (CAC) and oncocytic ACC (OAC), are hypothesized to differ in clinical behavior, but comparative studies are limited due to the rarity of OAC. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics, pathological features, and prognosis between CAC and OAC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review was conducted on 128 ACC patients (105 CAC, 23 OAC) during the period of October 2015 and October 2025. Data on clinical presentation, hormonal status, pathological findings, and survival outcomes were collected and analyzed. Statistical comparisons were performed using t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square tests, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with log-rank test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with CAC, OAC patients had a significantly lower prevalence of Cushing's syndrome (13.0% vs. 39.0%, P < 0.05) and hypertension (17.4% vs. 48.6%, P < 0.01). In contrast, adrenal-derived sexual characteristics abnormalities were more common in OAC (65.2% vs. 26.0%, P < 0.001). Pathologically, compared with CAC, the Ki-67 index was significantly lower in OAC (median: 14% vs. 20%, P < 0.05). Also, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a more favorable overall survival(OS) for OAC, with a 5-year OS rate of 70.4% compared to 48.4% for CAC (P < 0.05). After multivariate adjustment for ENSAT stage and Ki‑67, pathological subtype lost independent prognostic significance, while ENSAT stage and Ki‑67 remained independent predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CAC was associated with a higher frequency of glucocorticoid excess symptom, a higher proliferative index (Ki-67). OAC was characterized by a higher prevalence of androgen excess symptoms. OAC demonstrated similar OS to CAC after adjustment for ENSAT stage and Ki‑67.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"2747-2757"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148310050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetes in pregnancy: Endocrine Society and European society of Endocrinology new guidelines.","authors":"Annunziata Lapolla","doi":"10.1007/s40618-026-02960-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-026-02960-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"2581-2582"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of pubertal progression and final height in premature pubarche.","authors":"Didem Helvacioglu, Aylin Tugba Canbaz, Mehmet Eltan, Feride Cosar, Serap Turan, Abdullah Bereket, Tulay Guran","doi":"10.1007/s40618-026-02957-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-026-02957-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Premature pubarche (PP), defined as the early onset of pubic hair and often associated with mild androgen excess, is a common reason for referral to a pediatric endocrinologist. A small proportion of cases may progress to central precocious puberty (CPP). Data on the factors determining pubertal tempo and associated growth outcomes in these individuals are limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify predictors of pubertal progression and final height (FH) in girls with PP and to evaluate growth outcomes in those progressing to CPP.</p><p><strong>Design-methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 88 girls with PP who attained FH; 13 progressed to CPP (PP-to-CPP). Auxological data, bone age (BA), pubertal development, and plasma androgen profiles were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At presentation, corrected height SDS (CH-SDS) in girls with PP correlated with BA-SDS and BA/chronological age (BA/CA) ratio (p=0.03 and p=0.007). Corrected FH-SDS was positively associated with baseline CH-SDS in both PP and PP-to-CPP groups (p<0.001 and p=0.0002). Compared with PP, the PP-to-CPP group had higher baseline CH-SDS, BA-SDS and BA/CA ratio (all p=0.02). Baseline CH-SDS was the strongest independent predictor of corrected FH-SDS (p<0.001), while BMI-SDS showed a negative association (p=0.003). Baseline dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) was not associated with CH-SDS, BA advancement, progression to CPP, or corrected FH-SDS in either group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses for progression to CPP identified a BA/CA cutoff of 1.2; and a CH-SDS cutoff of 1.8 (p=0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Growth relative to genetic potential and skeletal maturation at presentation were the strongest predictors of progression to CPP and FH outcomes in girls with PP. Although DHEA-S reflects adrenal maturation and early androgen exposure, baseline DHEA-S concentrations were not associated with progression to CPP or long-term growth outcomes in our cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"2795-2802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148310053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of androgen abuse on sleep apnea in men: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Tijs Johannes Verdegaal, Wout Peeters, Peter Bond, Herwin Machiels, Willem de Ronde, Diederik Laurens Smit","doi":"10.1007/s40618-026-02943-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-026-02943-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Androgen abuse has been suggested to adversely affect sleep-disordered breathing, but prospective real-world data in androgen abusers are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of androgen abuse on sleep-disordered breathing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adult men planning a self-initiated androgen cycle were evaluated before, at approximately week 8 of their cycle, and approximately three months after cycle cessation. Sleep was assessed using ambulatory WatchPAT monitoring. The primary outcome was change in the peripheral arterial tone-derived apnea-hypopnea index (pAHI). Secondary outcomes included peripheral arterial tone-derived respiratory distress index (pRDI) and oxygen desaturation index (pODI), sleep architecture and subjective sleep questionnaires as measured through the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Longitudinal changes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-three participants were included. Median cycle duration was 12 weeks with a median weekly dose of 678 mg. During the androgen cycle, pAHI did not increase significantly, whereas pRDI did increase (mean increase of 3.0 events/hour). At post-cycle follow-up, pAHI, pRDI, and pODI were significantly increased compared with baseline (mean increases of 2.7, 4.4, and 3.0 events/hour, respectively). Sleep architecture was largely preserved, although a modest reduction in deep sleep and an increase in heart rate was observed during androgen abuse. No significant changes were observed in total ESS or ISI scores across time points.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings suggest that androgen abuse may exert subtle effects on sleep-disordered breathing parameters but are unlikely to translate into overt or clinically meaningful sleep apnea in most androgen abusers.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration number: </strong>Registration number P2117, study number NL77191.028.21.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"2785-2793"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}