{"title":"A nesting-preserving transformation of SIMP programs into logically constrained term rewrite systems","authors":"Naoki Nishida, Misaki Kojima , Ayuka Matsumi","doi":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2025.101045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2025.101045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the last decade, several transformations of an imperative program into a logically constrained term rewrite system (LCTRS, for short) have been investigated and extended. They do not preserve the nesting of statements, generating rewrite rules like transition systems, while function calls are represented by the nesting of function symbols. Structural features of the original program must often be useful in analyzing the transformed LCTRS. To use such features, we have to know how to transform the program into the LCTRS by keeping the correspondence between statements in the program and the introduced auxiliary function symbols in the LCTRS, or by transforming the LCTRS into a control flow graph to, e.g., recover loop information. In this paper, we propose a nesting-preserving transformation of a SIMP program (a C-like integer program) into an LCTRS. The transformation is mostly based on previous work and introduces the nesting of function symbols that correspond to the nesting of statements in the original program. To be more precise, we propose a construction of a tree homomorphism which is used as a post-process of the transformation in previous work, i.e., which is applied to the LCTRS obtained from the program. As a correctness statement for the nesting-preserving transformation, we show that the tree homomorphism is sound and complete for the reduction of the LCTRS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48797,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 101045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143092825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inductive reasoning with equality predicates, contextual rewriting and variant-based simplification","authors":"José Meseguer","doi":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2025.101036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2025.101036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An inductive inference system for proving validity of formulas in the initial algebra <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> of an order-sorted equational theory <span><math><mi>E</mi></math></span> is presented. It has 21 inference rules. Only 9 of them require user interaction; the remaining 12 can be automated as <em>simplification rules</em>. In this way, a substantial fraction of the proof effort can be automated. Other rules can be automated by tactics. The inference rules are based on advanced equational reasoning techniques, including: equational proof search, equationally defined equality predicates, narrowing, constructor variant unification, variant satisfiability, order-sorted congruence closure, contextual rewriting, ordered rewriting, and recursive path orderings. All these techniques work modulo axioms <em>B</em>, for <em>B</em> any combination of associativity and/or commutativity and/or identity axioms. Most of these inference rules have already been implemented in Maude's <strong>NuITP</strong> inductive theorem prover.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48797,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 101036"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143092826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ignacio Ballesteros , Clara Benac-Earle , Julio Mariño , Lars-Åke Fredlund , Ángel Herranz
{"title":"Generation of algebraic data type values using evolutionary algorithms","authors":"Ignacio Ballesteros , Clara Benac-Earle , Julio Mariño , Lars-Åke Fredlund , Ángel Herranz","doi":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Automatic data generation is a key component of automated software testing. Random generation of test input data can uncover some bugs in software, but its effectiveness decreases when those inputs must satisfy complex properties in order to be meaningful. In this work, we study an evolutionary approach to generate values that can be encoded as algebraic data types plus additional properties. First, the approach is illustrated with the generation of sorted lists. Then, we generalize the technique to arbitrary algebraic data type definitions. Finally, we consider the problem of constrained data types where the data must satisfy some nontrivial property, using the well-known example of red-black trees for our experiments. This example will allow us to introduce the main principles of evolutionary algorithms and how these principles can be applied to obtain valid, nontrivial samples of a given data structure. Our experiments have revealed that this evolutionary approach is able to improve diversity, and increase the size of valid generated values with respect to simple random sampling techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48797,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 101022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandre Madeira , José Nuno Oliveira , José Proença , Renato Neves
{"title":"Logic and Calculi for All on the occasion of Luís Barbosa’s 60th birthday","authors":"Alexandre Madeira , José Nuno Oliveira , José Proença , Renato Neves","doi":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48797,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 101023"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transforming concurrent programs with semaphores into logically constrained term rewrite systems","authors":"Misaki Kojima , Naoki Nishida, Yutaka Matsubara","doi":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, as a first step of modeling concurrent programs by logically constrained term rewrite systems (LCTRSs, for short), we show transformations of concurrent programs with semaphore-based exclusive control into LCTRSs. To this end, we show how to encode configurations of concurrent programs with a fixed number of processes. Then, we show how to encode some well-known operations for semaphores by rewrite rules, showing two transformations of concurrent programs with semaphores into LCTRSs. We adopt list-using and list-free approaches to the encoding of waiting queues for semaphores in LCTRSs. While the former straightforwardly uses lists, the latter uses a so-called take-a-number system in order to avoid using any recursive data structures for waiting queues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48797,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 101033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Formalization and analysis of the post-quantum signature scheme FALCON with Maude","authors":"Víctor García , Santiago Escobar , Kazuhiro Ogata","doi":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital signatures ensure the authenticity and integrity of digital assets, vital properties for any secure communication. The National Institute of Standards and Technologies launched the Post-Quantum Cryptography project to standardise new algorithms and protocols that are secure against quantum attackers. The post-quantum signature scheme FALCON was one of the finalists. We present a continuation of the first steps towards the formal specification and analysis, in the high-performance language Maude, of signature schemes. We have adapted and improved a previous framework, originally aimed to formally specify and analyse post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms. As a use case of the new framework, we specify an executable symbolic model of FALCON. On the symbolic model, we verify termination and fairness using LTL formulas with Maude's model checker. Furthermore, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation are analysed through invariant analysis. Integrity and non-repudiation hold, meanwhile, authentication does not hold in our symbolic model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48797,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 101034"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards a type-based abstract semantics for Python","authors":"Andrei Nacu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Python is a high-level programming language that is strongly, but dynamically typed. In this paper, we propose a type inference framework to compute specifications for Python functions in isolation. To achieve this, we aim to use an abstract-interpretation-based data flow analysis to infer variable types on a subset of Python programs that use built-in types, operators and functions. To evaluate the expressions found in every program point, specifications for the encountered operations and functions are required. We propose a method for extracting these specifications from the Typeshed project, which contains a set of annotations for built-in and popular third-party libraries. These specifications will be used then to extend the proposed type inference to large Python programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48797,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 101032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparing session type systems derived from linear logic","authors":"Bas van den Heuvel , Jorge A. Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Session types</em> are a typed approach to message-passing concurrency, where types describe sequences of intended exchanges over channels. Session type systems have been given strong logical foundations via Curry-Howard correspondences with <em>linear logic</em>, a resource-aware logic that naturally captures structured interactions. These logical foundations provide an elegant framework to specify and (statically) verify message-passing processes.</p><p>In this paper, we rigorously compare different type systems for concurrency derived from the Curry-Howard correspondence between linear logic and session types. We address the main divide between these type systems: the classical and intuitionistic presentations of linear logic. Over the years, these presentations have given rise to separate research strands on logical foundations for concurrency; the differences between their derived type systems have only been addressed informally.</p><p>To formally assess these differences, we develop <span><math><mi>π</mi><mrow><mi>ULL</mi></mrow></math></span>, a session type system that encompasses type systems derived from classical and intuitionistic interpretations of linear logic. Based on a fragment of Girard's Logic of Unity, <span><math><mi>π</mi><mrow><mi>ULL</mi></mrow></math></span> provides a basic reference framework: we compare existing session type systems by characterizing fragments of <span><math><mi>π</mi><mrow><mi>ULL</mi></mrow></math></span> that coincide with classical and intuitionistic formulations. We analyze the significance of our characterizations by considering the <em>locality</em> principle (enforced by intuitionistic interpretations but not by classical ones) and forms of <em>process composition</em> induced by the interpretations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48797,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 101004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352220824000580/pdfft?md5=294ab7a9dfc6c75e24cca0d439232106&pid=1-s2.0-S2352220824000580-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142089470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Eduardo Bueso de Barrio, Lars-Åke Fredlund, Ángel Herranz, Julio Mariño, Clara Benac Earle
{"title":"Executable contracts for Elixir","authors":"Luis Eduardo Bueso de Barrio, Lars-Åke Fredlund, Ángel Herranz, Julio Mariño, Clara Benac Earle","doi":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents the design of a library for attaching and checking executable contracts to code written in the Elixir programming language. In addition to classical contract constructs such as preconditions and postconditions, the library allows specifying exceptional behaviour (i.e., which exceptions are thrown and under which conditions), detecting non-termination issues in recursive functions by specifying a strictly decreasing order in function arguments, and associating timers with function calls to detect slow computations. The library also focuses on language-specific features, enabling the association of contracts with the reception of messages sent by processes and the attachment of constraints to variable names (useful due to variable shadowing in Elixir). Moreover, stateful contracts (i.e., with a model state) permit specifying the behaviour of stateful APIs whose operations can be linearized. Using the stateful contracts, a monitor can be employed to check that the observed state can be explained in terms of possible linearizations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48797,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 101019"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Partially typed multiparty sessions with internal delegation","authors":"Franco Barbanera , Viviana Bono , Mariangiola Dezani-Ciancaglini","doi":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlamp.2024.101018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A multiparty session formalises a set of concurrent communicating participants. The possibility for a participant to delegate some interactions to another participant is crucial for the expressivity of multiparty sessions. We propose the first type system for multiparty sessions with delegation where some communications between participants can be ignored. This allows us to type some sessions with global types representing interesting protocols, which have no type in the standard type systems. Our type system enjoys Subject Reduction, Session Fidelity and <em>partial</em> Lock-freedom. The last property ensures the absence of <em>locks</em> for participants with non-ignored communications. A sound and complete type inference algorithm is also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48797,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 101018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}