Journal of Ship Production and Design最新文献

{"title":"Research on an SVM Prediction of Welding Deformation Rectification for High-Strength Steel Fillet-Welded Joints after Traveling Induction Heating","authors":"Yulong Feng, Yujun Liu, Ji Wang, Rui Li","doi":"10.5957/jspd.12210031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.12210031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 To effectively realize the welding deformation rectification of high-strength steel fillet-welded joints in hull construction, a traveling induction coil was used to research the rectification effect of the welding deformation, and the support vector machine (SVM) method was applied to study the ability to predict the rectification amount. Welding and induction heating experiments were carried out on the fillet-welded joints, and finite element models, which were used to expand the prediction sample library of the SVM model, were established according to the experimental process. Then, the induction current, frequency, moving rate of the induction coil, weld deformation amount, and sheet thickness were selected as the input characteristic parameters of the SVM model to predict the rectification results achieved by traveling induction heating. It can be concluded that the established finite element model can accurately simulate the continuous machining process of welding-induction heating in reality, the induction heating method can actively eliminate welding deformation, and the SVM algorithm based on the radial basis function can predict the rectification result of weld deformation with high precision.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The welding process of fillet-welded joints is one of the most common basic construction process units in shipbuilding, and the welding deformation caused by thermal elastoplastic deformation directly threatens the structural strength of hull construction (Liang et al. 2015; Yi et al. 2020). Extensive results indicate that welding deformation and welding residual stress are the main causes of hull structure deformation and stress corrosion; therefore, how to effectively realize the welding deformation rectification of fillet-welded joints has become a research topic of interest (Zhou & Wang 2019). At present, the flame heating method is the preferred method used to rectify a welding deformation; however, some disadvantages in the flame heating method, which include temperature control difficulties, poor automation, harsh construction environments, and ease of material property damage, can seriously affect the quality and strength of a hull structure (Kotani et al. 2016; Kalyankar & Shah 2018). In contrast, electromagnetic induction heating technology, which has a high degree of controllability, environmental friendliness, high heating efficiency, and low dependence on worker experience, has attracted the attention of researchers (Barclay et al. 2013; Haglund & Kristoffersen 2014).\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48784762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic Decomposition-Based Optimization of Ship’s Hull–Propeller System Under Multiple Operating Conditions","authors":"Hassan Zakerdoost, H. Ghassemi","doi":"10.5957/jspd.10180038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.10180038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In this research, a framework for the analysis and design optimization of ship hull–propeller systems (HPSs) in waves is developed. This framework can be utilized as an efficient synthesis tool to determine the main geometric characteristics of the HPSs during the early stage of ship design. The optimization is carried out in two levels and under multipoint operating conditions (OC). Multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) as an efficient multiobjective evolutionary algorithm, Michell integral and OpenProp tool as low-fidelity hydrodynamic solvers and boundary element method (BEM) as medium-fidelity solver are applied on two case studies to minimize the effective power and maximize the propulsive efficiency of HPSs. To estimate the added wave resistance, an efficient semiempirical formula is also employed. The Series 60 hull form with DTMB P4118 single propeller and S175 hull form with KP505 twin-propeller are considered as the original models. The numerical results show that the framework can find optimized designs with better hydrodynamic performance.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Optimizing the hydrodynamic performance of ships’ hull and propeller(s) based on multiple design condition has gained considerable importance over the last few years. High fuel oil costs are the reason that shipyards and ship owners are now focusing more than ever on the reduction of effective power and propulsive efficiency. Hydrodynamic performance parameters, such as effective power and propulsive efficiency, are determined by the hull form and propeller shape, so it is very important to choose a hull–propeller system (HPS) with good performance in early stage ship design.\u0000 There exist two main factors in the hydrodynamic design optimization of marine systems. The first factor is simultaneously considering all components of the system influencing objective function(s) and the second one is selecting a less time-consuming solver with satisfactory accuracy. In the ship design process, these two factors must be taken for conducting a reasonable optimization into consideration.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49144699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjacency-Based Facility Layout Optimization for Shipyards: A Case Study","authors":"Salim Tamer, B. Barlas, S. A. Gunbeyaz, R. Kurt, Ş. Eren","doi":"10.5957/jspd.05210013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.05210013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 A shipyard located in Yalova, Turkey, with an annual processing capacity of 50,000 tons of steel, is studied to improve the layout to increase the production efficiency. The material and personnel traffic inside the shipyard is complex, considering the nature of the shipyards. Therefore, an adjacency-based optimization procedure has been adopted in this study since this procedure allows quantitative evaluation of these aspects. Systematic layout planning (SLP) and graph-theoretical approach were used to generate 12 alternative layouts. Then, the best alternative layout was selected using the efficiency rate method. This study demonstrates the use of SLP and graphic-theoretical approach in a maritime context and utilizes the efficiency rate method to compare the alternative layouts, which are between 48.91% and 73.91% efficiencies, respectively. This study is a novel contribution to the literature in terms of demonstrating this methodology for shipbuilding applications, and practical applications for the industry can improve the industry to improve the efficiency of their operations.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In parallel with the increase in global economic growth and technological developments, new ships are needed for marine transportation, energy, security, fishing, etc. This need triggers a globally competitive environment for the production of vessels in a cheap and efficient manner, which directly affects the shipbuilding industry and shipyards (Odabasi 1993). The alignment of the production departments in the shipyard is critical for productivity. The shipyard should be optimized and designed as an efficient system to minimize unnecessary material and personnel traffic. On the other hand, the majority of shipyards are poorly designed. Facility layout deals with the placement of the production departments based on their relative relationship, and facility layout design aims to streamline the workflow and increase productivity (Muther & Hales 2015). Dixit et al. (2020) describe the facility layout as a physical arrangement of departments with a focus on workflow across the system to achieve highest operational efficiency at the lowest cost. Facilities layout is fundamental to shipyard efficiency. To address this gap in the literature, this paper examines the application of systematic layout planning (SLP) and graph-theoretical approach to the optimization of a specific facility layout.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71035141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermomechanical and Material Flow Analysis during Friction Stir Welding of Marine Grade Aluminum Alloy 5083","authors":"R. Bhattacharjee, S. Datta, P. Biswas","doi":"10.5957/jspd.02220010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.02220010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This research aims to depict the thermal history, residual stress distribution, axial force applied, and material flow behavior on aluminum alloy 5083 (AA5083) plates, during the friction stir welding (FSW) process. This alloy finds most its use in shipbuilding industries and for marine constructions. It has been developed using an explicit, fully coupled thermomechanical nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis approach. The analysis was performed to simulate the effect of three stages, namely plunging, dwelling, and welding, of the FSW process. The ABAQUS/Explicit program was used for the computational modeling. To build a reliable and computationally efficient FE model, features such as arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation, adaptive meshing/ remeshing approach, mesh sensitivity analysis, and mass scaling have been introduced. The interaction between the tool bottom surface and the plate top surface was defined using a finite sliding and a sticking property. A Coulomb friction model with a temperature-dependent coefficient of friction (COF) was used to describe the tool-workpiece interaction. In addition, a small experiment was done with the following process parameters; a rotating tool speed of 875 rpm, a traverse speed of 60 mm/min, and a tool tilt angle of 0° to produce a defect-free butt joint to validate the numerically generated thermal profiles. The temperature was found slightly higher on the advancing side (AS). Residual stress distribution created over the whole width of the plates was also investigated.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The introduction of friction stir welding (FSW) process by The Welding Institute in 1991 (Thomas 1991) drew much attention. During fusion welding of 5 mm AA5083 plates, the heat input should be very high. Because of this high input, a higher thermal gradient is produced, which leads to the formation of several intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Because of this IMC formation, the strength of the welded joint is reduced. However, the steep thermal gradient produced leads to the formation of finer microstructure near the weld bead and coarser along the base metal region. These results in the heterogeneity of the weld bead microstructure leading to less efficiency and accuracy of the weldment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41622642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Underwater Noise Concerns: How Can the Maritime Industry React?","authors":"B. Windén, H. Kamiirisa","doi":"10.5957/jspd.01220002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.01220002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In addition to pressure to improve energy efficiency, the maritime industry may soon face demands to reduce underwater noise from shipping. This is illustrated by a large number of studies being reviewed by UN panels to bring clarity to the subject. In this paper, the studies relevant to shipping and shipbuilding are reviewed. From this review the progress of the consultative process, possible shortcomings, and potential collaborative actions beneficial to the marine industry are identified. Key revelations include inconsistencies in the way the scientific community represents shipping noise and areas where more focus is needed to ensure resilience. Furthermore, several future research focus topics are suggested in order to address these issues. This paper does not argue for or against underwater noise being viewed as harmful to marine life; it only serves to review the current consultative process and how the maritime industry could benefit from participating.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Stakeholders in the maritime industry are currently facing ever-increasing pressure from national and international regulators, geopolitical uncertainty and financial woes. While this is a concern for the industry, its desire for resilience is also the main driver of technical innovation. From an engineering perspective, one of the main reasons for investment in novel technical solutions is the demand for better energy efficiency and reduced pollution by the International Maritime Organization (IMO 2011).\u0000 Reasonably clear targets have been formulated by the IMO covering energy efficiency, air and water pollution. This allows the devising of innovation road maps for technological developments which will enable meeting these targets. Underwater noise from shipping activities is not an unknown subject, especially to the defence sector. However, when addressing concerns about underwater noise and impact on the environment, there are no clear guidelines what limits for this noise should be applied and how future rules and regulations may impact how ships are designed. It is nevertheless necessary for designers and yards to prepare in order to not be caught unaware.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47575262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Berth Hoisting Planning Based on Digital Twin","authors":"_. Lipeiyong, _. Zhaoqiqiang, _. Hefeiyue, _. Gaoxiang, _. Songlifei, _. Wangchong","doi":"10.5957/jspd.11210028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.11210028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Aiming at the problem that the disturbance factors affect the smooth development of berth hoisting, a hoisting planning architecture based on digital twin is proposed. The berth hoisting sequence planning model and its implementation technology are studied. The model includes three parts: the digital space for formulating the hoisting scheme, the physical space for executing the block hoisting, and the information interaction between the two parts. This paper discusses the berth hoisting planning method based on digital twin, constructs the information exchange platform of digital space and physical space, develops the berth hoisting information exchange platform based on digital twin, and simulates the block hoisting planning by using DELMIA software. An example is given to simulate the operation of the hoisting planning platform. The results show that the work of this paper has a certain reference significance to solve the influence of disturbance factors on berth hoisting sequence planning.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Berth hoisting is the main line of ship general assembly on berth, involving various hoisting resources, such as block, hoisting equipment, assembly and welding equipment, transportation equipment, and human resources. Reasonable hoisting planning can make berth hoisting work smoothly and orderly, shorten slipway construction time, and improve shipbuilding efficiency.\u0000 In the process of shipbuilding, the planning of berth hoisting scheme is prior to the specific implementation of hoisting work. Due to the complex and changeable working environment of general assembly on berth, various dynamic disturbances will occur in the process of general assembly, which will affect the predetermined hoisting scheme and lead to the delay of general assembly. At the same time, the information transmission mechanism between the production site and the process planning department is not perfect, which has an impact on the modification of the general assembly planning.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42074628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Advanced Prediction Model for Underwater Noise Emissions of Ships","authors":"Johanna M. Daniel, Max Schuster, Gyde Andresen-Paulsen, F. Holz, Kurt Wittekind, Sören Ehlers","doi":"10.5957/jspd.06210017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.06210017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between design and operational ship parameters with respect to radiated underwater noise and to develop a semiempirical noise prediction model that includes the dominant noise contributors present on merchant vessels. The model is based on Dietrich Wittekind’s prediction model and on underwater noise measurements with related Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Additionally, the noise contribution of a two-stroke engine is investigated using structure-borne noise measurements and Finite Element Methods (FEM). The updated model can be used to assess the expected underwater noise emissions induced by ship traffic in a specific sea area based on AIS data and as a basis to produce noise maps. In conclusion, the prediction model will work as a useful tool to help understanding the noise contributors, their sensitivity on ships speed, and their impact in a defined environment.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 When discussing emissions in shipping, the focus is mainly reduced to greenhouse gases and pollutants. In the meantime, ships have been recognized as the most common source of anthropogenic noise emission in the oceans (Tournadre 2014). The dominant components of shipping noise are propeller cavitation, as well as the vibration of the hull caused by the power plant (Zou et al. 2003; Wittekind 2014). An increase in ship traffic and larger ship sizes are responsible for the steady rise in ambient noise, especially at low frequencies (Andrew et al. 2002). Several studies identified an increase of noise by 3 dB per decade. In other words, noise emissions double every 10 years as observed between the 1960s and 1990s (Andrew et al. 2002).\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42336021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"World-Class Electrical Design Tool for Shipbuilding","authors":"R. Pérez Fernández","doi":"10.5957/jspd.08190046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.08190046","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical aspects of complex vessels are significantly relevant within the overall design and production, but it is a fact that shipyards and technical offices still don’t have this discipline completely integrated within the rest of CAD disciplines. The consequence of this lack of electrical capability is the need of very costly manual intervention to achieve the quality expected. The efficient management of the typical electrical items, such as cables, electric devices, hangers, trays, and their connections leverage the design. But even more, the advanced capability for clash detection or intelligent engineering advices, such as the critical distance from high power cables to sensitive equipment or transits in structure elements could reduce dramatically costly errors in production. This paper describes a CAD System electrical solution, which is fully capable and totally integrated with the rest of the design disciplines. Apart from the description of its core capability, including intelligent diagrams connected to the 3D model, advanced standards management or the user-friendly 3D environment for equipment and cable layout, there will be described the newest functionality added to the tool in the last versions. Among others, it is remarkable the conduits management with cables in electrical trays, drawings with smart cable interconnection, advanced penetrations management, reuse of electrical diagrams from external sources, and the ability for cable installation planning. The convenience of using a suitable tool to handle the electrical aspects in all design and production stages, is especially critical in naval vessels and submarines, in which the solution described has been successfully used for years. Electrical CAD design can be used in a standalone version too, as it offers capability to interchange data with other potential CAD tools and it is integrated with some of the most important Product Lifecycle Management solutions in shipbuilding.","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49135724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic Analysis of a Closed-Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Power Plant for Offshore Platforms","authors":"Cüneyt Ezgi","doi":"10.5957/jspd.02220009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.02220009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The world is currently facing two major challenges: global climate change and sustainable development. Efforts to generate electricity from renewable energy sources continue steadily. In this study, a closed-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plant with various working fluids with zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and per unit mass flow rate for offshore platforms is designed and thermodynamically analyzed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The calculated results shows that ammonia (R-717) has the highest electrical performance of 45.51 kW per unit mass flow rate among the studied working fluids for OTEC.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The world is currently confronted with two major challenges: global climate change and sustainable development. The Paris Agreement entered into force on November 4, 2016, limited global warming to well below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C, compared to preindustrial levels. According to the Sixth Assessment Report released by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on February 28, 2022, climate change is causing common deterioration in every zone in the world with just 1.1°C of warming. Sustainable solutions for our environment’s future must be produced. Therefore, the power generation efforts from renewable energy sources are going on continuously.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42000790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decarbonization of the Cargo Shipping Fleet","authors":"J. Chalfant, H. Kite-Powell, L. Bonfiglio, C. Chryssostomidis","doi":"10.5957/jspd.10210026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.10210026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In an effort to combat climate change, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set ambitious goals for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships, with a target of at least a 50% reduction of total annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon, from 2008 levels by 2050, with a further goal of zero GHG emissions within this century. Numerous technologies are under development to address these new goals, but the implementation of these new technologies is quite uncertain. Cargo ship owners face the challenge of determining how to best employ and possibly upgrade the current fleet to meet interim goals while awaiting the maturation of future technologies. This article describes a methodology and computer code that provide a rapid assessment of the impact of various fuel-saving technologies on an existing cargo ship’s fuel consumption, thus providing the ship owner fundamental data indicating which upgrades and practices warrant further, more detailed investigation.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 1.78 ppm per year on average since 1980, and the increase is accelerating. Through the 1980s and 1990s, the increase was around 1.5–1.6 ppm per year, but the growth rate has averaged 2.4 ppm per year since 2010 (Tans et al. 2020).\u0000 Rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere adversely impact the environment in many ways. For example, increased levels of carbon dioxide dissolving in sea water increase the acidity of the oceans; as pH levels drop, organisms like oysters and corals have trouble maintaining their hard shells and skeletons made from calcium carbonate. If pH levels get too low, the calcium carbonate structures begin dissolving (NOAA 2020). Another example can be found in the NOAA Arctic Report Card in which each year shows an Arctic that is becoming warmer, less frozen, and more fragile; the 2020 report includes data on high land-surface air temperatures, low snow extent, low minimum sea-ice extent, and extreme wildfires (Thoman et al. 2020).\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42230284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}