Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment最新文献

{"title":"CGIAR genebank viability data reveal inconsistencies in seed collection management","authors":"Fiona R. Hay ,&nbsp;Katherine J. Whitehouse ,&nbsp;Richard H. Ellis ,&nbsp;N. Ruaraidh Sackville Hamilton ,&nbsp;Charlotte Lusty ,&nbsp;Marie Noelle Ndjiondjop ,&nbsp;Daniel Tia ,&nbsp;Peter Wenzl ,&nbsp;Luis G. Santos ,&nbsp;Mariana Yazbek ,&nbsp;Vania C.R. Azevedo ,&nbsp;Ovais H. Peerzada ,&nbsp;Michael Abberton ,&nbsp;Olaniyi Oyatomi ,&nbsp;Flora de Guzman ,&nbsp;Grace Capilit ,&nbsp;Alice Muchugi ,&nbsp;Zakayo Kinyanjui","doi":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Genebanks underpin global food security, conserving and distributing agrobiodiversity for use in research and breeding. The CGIAR collections include &gt;700,000 seed accessions, held in trust as global public goods. However, the role of genebanks in contributing to global food security can only be realized if collections are effectively managed. Examination of the historical viability monitoring data from seven CGIAR genebanks confirmed that high seed viability was maintained for many decades for the various crops and forage species. However, departures from optimum management procedures were revealed, and there were insufficient data gathered to derive reliable estimates of longevity needed to better forecast regeneration requirements, estimate the size of seed lots that should be stored, and optimize accession monitoring intervals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48741,"journal":{"name":"Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100557"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100557","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48114682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the global number and distribution of maize and wheat farms","authors":"Olaf Erenstein,&nbsp;Jordan Chamberlin,&nbsp;Kai Sonder","doi":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Strategic planning for global agricultural R&amp;D is hampered by a lack of comparable data on target populations. Surprisingly, even the global number of crop-specific farms are unavailable for any given year. We estimate the number of farms growing maize and wheat – the two most important cereals globally – at multiple geographic scales. For 2020, we estimate that a third and a fifth of global farms cultivated maize and wheat respectively. For 2030, we estimate the number of maize farms to increase by 5% (from 216 to 227 million) and wheat farms to decrease by 4% (from 135 to 130 million). Our estimation approach can be extended to other crops, and can contribute to improved agricultural investment programming.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48741,"journal":{"name":"Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100558"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46603717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Five keys to prevention and control of mycotoxins in grains: A proposal","authors":"Limbikani Matumba ,&nbsp;Sydney Namaumbo ,&nbsp;Theresa Ngoma ,&nbsp;Nyadani Meleke ,&nbsp;Marthe De Boevre ,&nbsp;Antonio F. Logrieco ,&nbsp;Sarah De Saeger","doi":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Grains (cereals and legumes) contribute significantly to in achieving </span>food<span> and nutritional security. However, these commodities are susceptible to fungal contamination, accompanied by the production of toxic secondary metabolites<span> known as mycotoxins. Despite existence of extensive literature concerning prevention and control of mycotoxin contamination in these commodities, its packaging into guidelines or advice remains complex for non-scientists to comprehend thus restricting effective implementation of these measures. In an effort to ease comprehension and implementation of the mycotoxin prevention and control in grains, this paper synthesizes literature on the subject and proposes a framework of five keys with: (1) Recommendations (what); (2) Actionable steps/instructions to achieve recommendations (how) and, (3) Reasoning behind the recommendations (why). This concept of the five keys was originally written from a developing country perspective. However, most of these measures could also be applicable in a global context.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48741,"journal":{"name":"Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100562"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100562","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42451394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How sustainable is sustainable intensification? Assessing yield gaps at field and farm level across the globe","authors":"João Vasco Silva ,&nbsp;Pytrik Reidsma ,&nbsp;Frédéric Baudron ,&nbsp;Alice G. Laborte ,&nbsp;Ken E. Giller ,&nbsp;Martin K. van Ittersum","doi":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustainable intensification has been proposed as a pathway to achieve food security and reduce environmental impacts of agriculture by focusing on narrowing yield gaps on existing agricultural land while improving resource use efficiencies. There is a general consensus that regions with large yield gaps can benefit most from sustainable intensification but it remains unclear how sustainable this is for farmers given their current resource constraints and livelihood strategies. Here, we draw upon three contrasting case studies, for which detailed data at field and farm levels were available for yield gap decomposition, to assess how sustainable intensification of crops (at field level) works out at farm level using environmental and socio-economic indicators. Although there is large potential for future intensification (<em>more output with more input</em>) of cereal production in southern Ethiopia, current input use in these farming systems is not economically and environmentally sustainable at farm level. The same is true for rice production in Central Luzon where sustainable intensification (<em>more output with less input</em>) can help to narrow yield gaps and improve N use efficiency (NUE) but it is not profitable due to the heavy reliance on costly hired labour. Trade-offs between yield gap closure and labour productivity were also observed in the aforementioned farming systems. Arable farms in the Netherlands exhibit small yield gaps as well as higher economic performance, NUE and N surplus compared to those observed in Southern Ethiopia and Central Luzon. For improving environmental sustainability, these farms require increases in resource-use efficiency and a reduction of the environmental impacts through a lower use of inputs (<em>same output with less input</em>). We conclude that public investments conducive for innovation and profitable farming are essential to make technologies accessible and affordable for farmers and to ensure that yield gaps can be narrowed and sustainability objectives served at the farm level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48741,"journal":{"name":"Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100552"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100552","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49633451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unseen food: The importance of extra-market small farm's production for rural households in Europe","authors":"Teresa Pinto-Correia ,&nbsp;María Rivera ,&nbsp;Alejandro Guarín ,&nbsp;Mikelis Grivins ,&nbsp;Talis Tisenkopfs ,&nbsp;Paola A. Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Small farms are a key part of the system of food flows that happen outside of marketing channels, and which is a crucial source of food for to the most vulnerable part of the world population living in the rural or connected to the rural through family and other social links. Food Self-Provisioning (FSP) is the largest share of these informal flows. For Europe and European small farms today, the role of FSP is relatively un-known. In this paper we address the relative weight and relevance of extra-market arrangements in small farms in Europe, thus contributing to the understanding of the multi-dimensional role of small farms in the regional food system they are part of, and also in the wellbeing of their own household. The analysis is based on 739 face-to-face interviews to small farms, in 24 regions of Europe across a North-South and East-West gradient. We show evidence that FSP is important in all types of small farms, and even if all small farms are in some way linked to the market, they continue producing food which circulates outside the market and may be quite relevant for the farm household, as well as for strengthening social ties in the rural communities and rural-urban interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48741,"journal":{"name":"Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100563"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100563","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48675095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributions of integrated aflatoxin management strategies to achieve the sustainable development goals in various African countries","authors":"Alejandro Ortega-Beltran,&nbsp;Ranajit Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 2015, all United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to achieve peace and prosperity for all people in the planet. Meeting that ambitious agenda depends on fulfilling all objectives of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Multiple approaches by diverse actors, many of them interconnected, will allow achieving each SDG. However, with compromised food security and food safety, many SDGs will not be realized. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), maize and groundnut are two staple crops frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, which threaten food security and food safety. Aflatoxins are extremely dangerous compounds produced primarily by the fungus <em>Aspergillus flavus</em>. Even at minute concentrations, aflatoxins negatively influence health, income, and trade sectors. Farmers, traders, industries, and consumers become affected. However, practical solutions exist. Non-aflatoxin producing isolates (referred to as atoxigenic) of <em>A. flavus</em> can decrease crop aflatoxin content when used in biocontrol formulations to competitively displace aflatoxin producers during crop development. Typically, treated crops contain 80%–100% less aflatoxin than non-treated crops. The technology was developed by USDA-ARS for use in the US and has been adapted and improved for use in SSA where several products under the tradename Aflasafe are available. There are biocontrol products registered for use in 10 SSA countries and more are being developed. On the other hand, although highly effective, biocontrol is not a panacea. Less aflatoxin occurs across value chains when biocontrol is combined with other practices. In this review, we discuss how i) aflatoxin biocontrol products are developed, manufactured, licensed, and commercialized, ii) aflatoxin management strategies are designed, and iii) integrated aflatoxin management is or will soon be contributing to achieve, in several countries, many targets of most SDGs. We present integrated aflatoxin management as a model intervention contributing to tackle several challenges impeding prosperity and peace in SSA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48741,"journal":{"name":"Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100559"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100559","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48891039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does market power affect the resilience of food supply?","authors":"Magnus Merkle ,&nbsp;Dominic Moran ,&nbsp;Frances Warren ,&nbsp;Peter Alexander","doi":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Food<span> system shocks are mediated through value chains and underlying market structures, characterised by elements of power. Power imbalances are assumed to be detrimental to food security and to </span></span>economic welfare<span>, but the links between market power and food system resilience have not been extensively explored. This paper considers how shocks are potentially mitigated or amplified by the increasing consolidation of market power in globally interconnected food supply chains<span>. We use UK examples to highlight evolving power-resilience dynamics and challenges from the perspectives of supply chain actors and regulators. We find that the impact of market power on the resilience of food supply is mixed. Low functional diversity levels, inflexible contracts and homogenous processes may increase supply chain vulnerability. A degree of power in terms of financial capacity, robust logistics and cooperation can enable firms to better mitigate shock impacts. Episodic crises appear to highlight the value of cooperation and of supply chain redundancy or slack, rather than the efficiency of perfect competition. This suggests a more nuanced perspective on market power than the largely detrimental perception implied by dominant economic theory. The discussion of the role of power in the food system should also consider social and environmental accountabilities of dominant food system actors, and whether these are sufficiently considered by existing regulatory structures.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48741,"journal":{"name":"Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100556"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100556","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45089931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global analysis of phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency in cereal crops","authors":"Xing Yu,&nbsp;Claudia Keitel,&nbsp;Feike A. Dijkstra","doi":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Due to limits in global phosphate rock reserves for fertilizer use, it is vital to increase </span>phosphorus fertilizer<span><span> use efficiency (PFUE) to maintain agricultural productivity<span> and food security<span>. With 865 observations from 82 papers we investigated how PFUE in cereal crops was affected by climate (mean annual temperature), soil (pH, texture, available P), and management factors (crop type, fertilizer type and amount). We found that P content in </span></span></span>aboveground biomass increased by 12.4% (95% confidence intervals 11.5–13.4%) of the P fertilizer applied across all observations. This PFUE was lower in maize than in rice and wheat, and was lowest in soil with near neutral pH. Our results indicate that there is much opportunity for improving PFUE in cereal crops.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48741,"journal":{"name":"Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100545"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100545","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43837361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential of agricultural programs for improving food security: A multi-country perspective","authors":"Alessandra Garbero,&nbsp;Lisa Jäckering","doi":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although an emerging literature evaluates the impact of agricultural interventions on food<span> security, studies taking a multi-country perspective are scarce. We construct a cross-project dataset - encompassing 14 household surveys from IFAD-funded project-level impact evaluations in 13 different countries - to analyze the overall effect of different agricultural interventions on food security<span>. We use the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) as a measure for household-level access to dietary energy and quality, and the prevalence of food insecurity based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) as a complementarity, subjective indicator for food security. Results of random coefficient models show that agricultural interventions can improve food security, especially for beneficiaries of agricultural projects living in food insecure countries. We further show a slight dietary shift towards animal-sourced foods attributed to agricultural interventions implemented in low-income countries. Thus, especially in these settings, adding a specific nutrition component to agricultural projects could be effective in preventing a further shift towards unhealthy diets and halting the double (or even triple) burden of malnutrition before it can develop further.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48741,"journal":{"name":"Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100529"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42879294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change and obesity: A global analysis","authors":"Maria Teresa Trentinaglia,&nbsp;Marco Parolini,&nbsp;Franco Donzelli,&nbsp;Alessandro Olper","doi":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Climate change and obesity are two major concerns for policy makers globally, but can climate change be a driver of obesity? This is what our analysis tries to establish. To this purpose, we exploit inter-annual variations of the Body Mass Index (BMI) for children and adults in 134 countries over 39 years, to study to what extent changes in air temperature and precipitations affect obesity. Using panel data </span>econometrics and exploiting both within- and cross-country variations in BMI, we uncovered a robust U-shaped associationbetween temperature and the BMI of girls, boys and women, but failed to detect any significant effect of precipitations. Our analysis also reveals that the impact of temperature on BMI, particularly for girls and women, is robust to the inclusion of other determinants of obesity stressed by the existing literature, such as GDP per capita, fertility, and agriculutral productivity, suggesting that mean air temperature is directly associated with, and may have an independent effect on, BMI.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48741,"journal":{"name":"Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100539"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48359398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}