Lancet HivPub Date : 2025-09-23DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00221-8
Luxsena Sukumaran,Karine Scheuermaier,Caroline A Sabin,Nomathemba Chandiwana,Francesc Xavier Gómez-Olivé,Malcolm von Schantz,Dale E Rae,Alan Winston
{"title":"Understanding and managing disordered sleep in people with HIV.","authors":"Luxsena Sukumaran,Karine Scheuermaier,Caroline A Sabin,Nomathemba Chandiwana,Francesc Xavier Gómez-Olivé,Malcolm von Schantz,Dale E Rae,Alan Winston","doi":"10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00221-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00221-8","url":null,"abstract":"People with HIV experience higher burden of cardiometabolic, mood, and cognitive disorders. Poor-quality and insufficient sleep are both associated with increased risk for these comorbidities and are more common in people with HIV. Although previous reviews have explored the prevalence and risk factors for sleep complaints in people with HIV, few have differentiated these complaints by potential underlying causes. Disordered sleep in people with HIV might arise from HIV-specific sleep disruptors, including direct effects of the virus, chronic inflammation, and antiretroviral treatment. There is also evidence that sleep is more fragile in people with HIV and some common sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnoea, chronic insomnia, and circadian rhythm disorders, might be particularly problematic in people with HIV. Understanding how HIV uniquely disrupts sleep physiology could inform the development of tailored, mechanism-based management strategies to improve sleep health in people with HIV.","PeriodicalId":48725,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Hiv","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145153301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an adult-specific pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, V116, in people living with HIV (STRIDE-7): a two-part, parallel-group, randomised, active comparator-controlled, international, phase 3 trial.","authors":"Jayani Pathirana,Moti Ramgopal,Charlotte Martin,Johannes J Lombaard,Carolina Chahin,Odile Launay,Winai Ratanasuwan,David Greenberg,Carlos G Grijalva,Walter A Orenstein,Angelika Shenkerman,Lori Hall,Doreen Fernsler,Yeonil Kim,Jianing Li,Heather Loryn Platt, ","doi":"10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00165-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00165-1","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDPeople living with HIV are at high risk of pneumococcal disease, and evidence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) safety and efficacy is needed. We aimed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of V116 (an adult-specific 21-valent PCV) in this population.METHODSThis two-part phase 3 trial was conducted at 20 centres in Belgium, Chile, France, South Africa, Thailand, and the USA. Part A was a randomised, active comparator-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, double-blind trial in adults aged 18 years or older living with HIV (CD4 counts ≥50 cells per μL, plasma HIV RNA load <50 000 copies per mL, and combination antiretroviral therapy for ≥6 weeks). In part A, participants were randomly assigned (1:1), using an interactive response technology system, to receive V116 followed by placebo 8 weeks later or 15-valent PCV (PCV15) followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) 8 weeks later. Part B was an open-label trial of PCV15 after receiving V116 in part A (once all participants completed follow-up). Unmasked study personnel administered a 0·5 mL intramuscular dose of each vaccine. The funder, site staff, data management team, and participants were masked. Blood samples were collected on day 1 and at 30 days and 12 weeks post-vaccination in part A and on days 1 and 30 in part B. The primary outcome in part A, assessed in the per-protocol population, was serotype-specific opsonophagocytic activity geometric mean titres 30 days post-vaccination for the 13 serotypes common to V116 and PCV15 plus PPSV23 and for the eight serotypes unique to V116. Part B was exploratory. Immunogenicity was assessed using descriptive statistics. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05393037, and EudraCT, 2021-006710-36 (completed).FINDINGSAdults were enrolled and followed up in part A between July 13, 2022, and July 13, 2023, and in part B between Oct 18, 2023, and Jan 25, 2024. 313 participants were randomly assigned (156 in the V116 plus placebo group and 157 in the PCV15 plus PPSV23 group) and 304 (97%) completed part A (152 in each group). 126 (81%) of 155 participants in the V116 plus placebo group as-treated population from part A received PCV15 in part B (administration interval median 11·4 months [range 9·5-16·9]). 221 (71%) participants were male and 91 (29%) were female. The mean age was 45 years (SD 13). V116 was immunogenic for all 21 serotypes contained in the vaccine, and immune responses on day 30 were generally similar to those seen with PCV15 plus PPSV23 at week 12 for the 13 common serotypes and higher for the eight serotypes unique to V116. In part A, fewer participants had at least one adverse event in the V116 plus placebo group (111 [72%] of 155 vs 141 [91%] of 155 in the PCV15 plus PPSV23 group) with a lower frequency of injection-site adverse events (79 [51%] vs 130 [84%]); serious adverse events were low (four [3%] vs six [4%]) and none were vaccine related. One non-vaccine-rel","PeriodicalId":48725,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Hiv","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145068318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lancet HivPub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00169-9
Andrew N Phillips,Matthew D Hickey,Starley B Shade,Jane Kabami,James Ayieko,Paul Revill,Elijah Kakande,Laura B Balzer,Nicole Sutter,Loveleen Bansi-Matharu,Jennifer Smith,Gabriel Chamie,Diane V Havlir,Moses R Kamya,Maya Petersen
{"title":"Dynamic choice HIV prevention with long-acting injectable cabotegravir pre-exposure prophylaxis in east, central, southern, and west Africa: a cost-effectiveness modelling analysis.","authors":"Andrew N Phillips,Matthew D Hickey,Starley B Shade,Jane Kabami,James Ayieko,Paul Revill,Elijah Kakande,Laura B Balzer,Nicole Sutter,Loveleen Bansi-Matharu,Jennifer Smith,Gabriel Chamie,Diane V Havlir,Moses R Kamya,Maya Petersen","doi":"10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00169-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00169-9","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDIn randomised controlled trials in Kenya and Uganda, a dynamic choice HIV prevention (DCP) intervention that offered structured choice of biomedical prevention product and opportunity to change products over time substantially improved prevention coverage; incident HIV infections were eliminated when long-acting cabotegravir was included as an option. We aimed to assess the potential cost-effectiveness of the intervention regimen in east, central, southern, and west Africa.METHODSWe used the existing individual-based HIV Synthesis model. Through sampling of parameter values at the start of each model run of a simulated population of adults, we created 1000 setting-scenarios, reflecting uncertainty in assumptions and a range of characteristics similar to those seen in east, central, southern, and west Africa. For each setting-scenario, we simulated predicted outcomes including disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and costs up to 50 years resulting from (1) continuing with the status quo (ie, no DCP); (2) introduction of the DCP intervention with oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and condoms without long-acting cabotegravir PrEP (ie, DCP without cabotegravir); and (3) introduction of the DCP intervention and including long-acting cabotegravir PrEP (ie, DCP including cabotegravir). We used a cost-effectiveness threshold of US$500 per DALY averted, and a discount rate of 3% per year. The annual cost of DCP including cabotegravir was assumed to be $190 per person. Net DALYs averted was calculated by DALYs averted plus the difference in costs divided by the cost-effectiveness threshold.FINDINGSReflecting the trial results, among people with a PrEP indication (ie, having an HIV acquisition risk) and an HIV test in the past 3 months, the median proportion of people on PrEP was 14% (90% range 4-43) with no DCP, 54% (23-74) with DCP without cabotegravir, and 71% (35-83) with DCP including cabotegravir. These increases in PrEP use led to HIV incidence reductions, with incidence rate ratios of 0·89 (0·67-1·17) for DCP without cabotegravir and 0·64 (0·44-0·97) for DCP including cabotegravir, relative to no DCP. Across setting-scenarios, both DCP policies led to DALYs being averted: 18 400 DALYs per year (95% CI 16 700-20 100) for DCP including cabotegravir and 56 400 DALYs per year (52 300-60 500) for DCP without cabotegravir in 10 million adults. Compared with no DCP, there was a mean increase in annual discounted costs over 50 years: $8·6 million (7·7-9·4) for DCP without cabotegravir and $13·2 million (11·6-14·8) for DCP including cabotegravir. Addition of long-acting cabotegravir PrEP to DCP was cost-effective (vs DCP without cabotegravir); the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for DCP including cabotegravir (vs no DCP) was $234 per DALY averted. There was substantial variation across setting-scenarios and we found that DCP was more likely to be the cost-effective choice in settings with high prevalence ","PeriodicalId":48725,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Hiv","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lancet HivPub Date : 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00266-8
{"title":"Correction to Lancet HIV 2025; published online June 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00158-4.","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00266-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00266-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48725,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Hiv","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lancet HivPub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00163-8
Jayne Ellis,Elisabetta Groppelli,Ronan Doyle,David S Lawrence,David B Meya,David R Boulware,Henry C Mwandumba,Cecilia Kanyama,Mina C Hosseinipour,Graeme Meintjes,Conrad Muzoora,Mosepele Mosepele,Chiratidzo E Ndhlovu,Thomas S Harrison,Joseph N Jarvis,
{"title":"Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus co-infections and mortality risk in patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective nested cohort in the AMBITION-cm randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Jayne Ellis,Elisabetta Groppelli,Ronan Doyle,David S Lawrence,David B Meya,David R Boulware,Henry C Mwandumba,Cecilia Kanyama,Mina C Hosseinipour,Graeme Meintjes,Conrad Muzoora,Mosepele Mosepele,Chiratidzo E Ndhlovu,Thomas S Harrison,Joseph N Jarvis, ","doi":"10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00163-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00163-8","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDHIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis case fatality remains greater than 25%. Co-prevalent infections might contribute to poor outcomes. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence and the clinical significance of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus co-infections in patients with cryptococcal meningitis to guide potential therapeutic interventions.METHODSWe conducted a post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort using plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected in the AMBITION-cm randomised trial. AMBITION-cm was done at seven hospital sites across five African countries (Botswana, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe). The primary endpoint of the trial was all-cause mortality at 10 weeks. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to measure baseline cytomegalovirus and EBV viral loads in these samples. Baseline demographic and clinical data including antiretroviral therapy status, and laboratory data including CD4 cell count, CSF white cell count, protein, glucose, and quantitative cryptococcal culture were captured in real time via an electronic medical records system. We assessed the prevalence of cytomegalovirus plasma viraemia and EBV plasma viraemia, and CNS co-infections, associations between cytomegalovirus and EBV co-infection status and baseline covariates, and associations with 2-week and 10-week mortality.FINDINGSBetween Jan 31, 2018, and Feb 18, 2021, among 811 participants enrolled, 60% were male, median age was 37 years (IQR 32-43), and median baseline CD4 count was 27 cells per μL (IQR 10-58). Cytomegalovirus plasma viraemia was present in 395 (49%) of 804 participants and EBV plasma viraemia was present in 585 (73%) participants. 39 (5%) of 707 participants had detectable cytomegalovirus in the CSF and 191 (27%) of 708 participants had detectable EBV. Cytomegalovirus plasma viraemia was associated with lower CD4 cell counts, less CSF inflammation, and higher CSF fungal burdens. Conversely, EBV plasma viraemia was associated with higher CD4 cell counts and more CSF inflammation. At 2 and 10 weeks, the risk of mortality was two times higher in participants with high-level cytomegalovirus plasma viraemia (≥1000 copies per mL) than in participants without cytomegalovirus plasma viraemia (adjusted odds ratio 2·31 [95% CI 1·12-4·75] at 2 weeks; 2·44 [1·33-4·45] at 10 weeks). EBV coinfections were not associated with increased mortality.INTERPRETATIONThese data indicate that cytomegalovirus might be an important copathogen in this context, and that cytomegalovirus viraemia represents a potentially modifiable risk factor to reduce mortality among adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Interventional trials are now required and planned to determine whether treatment of cytomegalovirus viraemia improves outcomes in advanced HIV disease.FUNDINGNational Institute for Health and Care Research, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, Medical Research Council, and Wellcome Trust.","PeriodicalId":48725,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Hiv","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lancet HivPub Date : 2025-09-02DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00168-7
Jiawei He,Edmond Brewer,Amanda Novotney,Austin Carter,Hilary Paul,Magdalene K Walters,Kemal Sherefa Oumer,Reshma Kassanjee,Joycelyn Dame,Sophie Desmonde,Brian Eley,Azar Kariminia,Denis Nash,Peter F Rebeiro,Vanessa Rouzier,Tavitiya Sudjaritruk,Kara Wools-Kaloustian,Constantin T Yiannoutsos,Marcel Yotebieng,Reed J D Sorensen,Christopher J L Murray,Simon I Hay,Aleksandr Aravkin,Abraham Flaxman,Peng Zheng,Hmwe H Kyu
{"title":"HIV-related mortality time trends among children and young adolescents on antiretroviral therapy by age, treatment duration, and region: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.","authors":"Jiawei He,Edmond Brewer,Amanda Novotney,Austin Carter,Hilary Paul,Magdalene K Walters,Kemal Sherefa Oumer,Reshma Kassanjee,Joycelyn Dame,Sophie Desmonde,Brian Eley,Azar Kariminia,Denis Nash,Peter F Rebeiro,Vanessa Rouzier,Tavitiya Sudjaritruk,Kara Wools-Kaloustian,Constantin T Yiannoutsos,Marcel Yotebieng,Reed J D Sorensen,Christopher J L Murray,Simon I Hay,Aleksandr Aravkin,Abraham Flaxman,Peng Zheng,Hmwe H Kyu","doi":"10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00168-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(25)00168-7","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDPast cohort studies have examined mortality among children and young adolescents (aged 0-14 years) who have received antiretroviral therapy (ART), but no systematic reviews have been undertaken to synthesise these findings. Our study aims to provide the most comprehensive global estimates of paediatric mortality among children and adolescents receiving ART.METHODSFor this systematic review and meta-regression analysis, we searched PubMed and Embase from Jan 1, 1990 to July 31, 2024 for studies reporting mortality among children and young adolescents living with HIV who were on ART. We employed the meta-regression with Bayesian priors, regularisation, and trimming tool, developed for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, for meta-regression analysis to estimate on-ART mortality by region, CD4 cell count or percentage, age, sex, and treatment duration. We assessed the robustness of our results by doing a sensitivity analysis, restricting it to studies of good quality using the quality assessment tool adapted from the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. This study has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022382702).FINDINGSOur literature search identified 7588 records, of which 5853 were determined relevant for title and abstract review. Following screening, 1068 records were selected for full-text assessment. We included 84 studies in our systematic review, of which 66 were included in the meta-regression analysis. Our analysis indicated that HIV-related mortality for all children and young adolescents (aged 0-14 years) decreased over time, between 2000 and 2020 globally, after adjusting for region, baseline CD4 cell count, age, treatment duration, and sex. Additionally, HIV-related mortality decreased with increasing CD4 cell count at ART initiation and longer treatment duration. There have been considerable geographical variations in the risk of mortality. Among the high-mortality group in 2020 (ART duration <6 months, age <1 year, male, and the lowest CD4 cell counts), HIV-related mortality across regions ranged from 11·7 deaths (95% CI 8·3-15·4) per 100 person-years in eastern Sub-Saharan Africa to 72·0 deaths (47·1-98·1) per 100 person-years in Asia-Pacific. Among the low-mortality group in 2020 (ART duration ≥1 year, age 5-9 years, female, and the highest CD4 cell counts), HIV-related mortality ranged from 0·09 deaths (0·07-0·10) per 100 person-years in eastern Sub-Saharan Africa to 0·20 deaths (0·03-0·80) per 100 person-years in Latin America and the Caribbean.INTERPRETATIONA comprehensive approach to paediatric HIV care is essential to improving outcomes for children and young adolescents living with HIV. Clinically, this approach includes strengthening the prevention of vertical transmission, ensuring early diagnosis in infants, and initiating treatment promptly-ideally at higher CD4 cell counts. From a policy perspective, health systems need to address disparities in treatment access and o","PeriodicalId":48725,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Hiv","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lancet HivPub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-06-05DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00137-7
Marco Vitoria, Graeme Meintjes, Nathan Ford, Lisa Frigati, Nandita Sugandhi, Alexandra Calmy
{"title":"Retiring the language of first-line and second-line ART.","authors":"Marco Vitoria, Graeme Meintjes, Nathan Ford, Lisa Frigati, Nandita Sugandhi, Alexandra Calmy","doi":"10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00137-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00137-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48725,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Hiv","volume":" ","pages":"e608-e610"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7617779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lancet HivPub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-05-29DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00134-1
Roger Pebody
{"title":"Activists step in to deliver PEP and PrEP in Mexico.","authors":"Roger Pebody","doi":"10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00134-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00134-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48725,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Hiv","volume":" ","pages":"e614"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lancet HivPub Date : 2025-08-27DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00184-5
Melanie A Gasper, Anna-Ursula Happel, Sonwabile Dzanibe, Jennifer Slyker, Heather B Jaspan
{"title":"Immunology of infants who are HIV-exposed uninfected in the parental combination antiretroviral therapy era.","authors":"Melanie A Gasper, Anna-Ursula Happel, Sonwabile Dzanibe, Jennifer Slyker, Heather B Jaspan","doi":"10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00184-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00184-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The introduction and programmatic scale-up of universal antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy (option B and option B+) and the subsequent universal test-and-treat approaches have dramatically reduced infant HIV-1 acquisitions globally, with a parallel increase in the number of infants who are HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU). Although infants who are HEU have historically had higher risk of morbidity and mortality than infants who are HIV unexposed, effective parental viral suppression has enabled people living with HIV to carry healthier pregnancies and realise the benefits of optimised feeding practices that support the transfer of key nutrients and immune factors through their parent's own milk. However, residual, heightened inflammation, altered gut microbiome, and differences in innate and adaptive immunology in infants who are HEU remain, and might contribute to persistent, heightened infectious morbidity. Parental HIV infection continues to influence child health in the option B and option B+ era; future research is needed to uncover underlying mechanisms and long-term implications of these strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":48725,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Hiv","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144975015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}