Health Policy and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination during COVID-19 in Canada: Implications for COVID and non-COVID outcomes","authors":"Mehdi Ammi ,&nbsp;Zachary W. Desson ,&nbsp;Maeva Z. Doumbia","doi":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>As a federal country where health prerogatives are primarily at the subnational level (provinces), Canada has implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) of differing stringency and attained varied COVID-19 vaccination coverage across the different vaccination campaigns. NPIs and vaccination may have thus interacted in different ways.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A mixed-methods design combining a regression analysis and a comparative case study. The regression analysis focuses on COVID-19 outcomes such as COVID-19 cases, deaths, hospitalizations, and admissions in intensive care units. The case study centers on three provinces and explores outcomes beyond COVID-19, such as spillover on the healthcare system and the economy.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>While more stringent NPIs are associated with lower COVID outcomes, their interaction with vaccination coverage depends on the vaccination campaign. Increasing the vaccination coverage with more stringent NPIs was not associated with a decrease in COVID cases growth rate during the primary campaign (two-doses), however it was associated with a decrease in COVID hospitalizations during the booster campaign. For non-COVID outcomes, having less stringent restrictions and lower initial vaccination coverage did not help prevent longer wait times for healthcare nor higher initial unemployment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The differing interaction between NPIs and vaccination coverage suggests that the interaction was more effective when the vaccine uptake was primarily from high-risk populations. Confirming this finding would require further detailed microdata analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48672,"journal":{"name":"Health Policy and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883723000771/pdfft?md5=632a501c6062c435f2af6e2dd0e9acde&pid=1-s2.0-S2211883723000771-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135200207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public preferences for vaccination campaigns in the COVID-19 endemic phase: insights from the VaxPref database","authors":"Marcello Antonini ,&nbsp;Mesfin G. Genie ,&nbsp;Arthur E. Attema ,&nbsp;Katie Attwell ,&nbsp;Zsolt J. Balogh ,&nbsp;Daiga Behmane ,&nbsp;Chiara Berardi ,&nbsp;Shuli Brammli-Greenberg ,&nbsp;Andrew Greenland ,&nbsp;Terje P. Hagen ,&nbsp;Madeleine Hinwood ,&nbsp;Carole James ,&nbsp;Adrian Kellner ,&nbsp;Brian Kelly ,&nbsp;Liubovė Murauskienė ,&nbsp;Neil McGregor ,&nbsp;Alessia Melegaro ,&nbsp;Naomi Moy ,&nbsp;Ana Rita Sequeira ,&nbsp;Renu Singh ,&nbsp;Francesco Paolucci","doi":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2024.100849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2024.100849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Despite widespread perceptions that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is no longer a significant threat, the virus continues to loom, and new variants may require renewed efforts to control its spread. Understanding how individual preferences and attitudes influence vaccination behaviour and policy compliance in light of the endemic phase is crucial in preparation for this scenario.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>This paper presents descriptive data from a global stated choice survey conducted in 22 countries across 6 different continents between July 2022 and August 2023, and reports the methodological work developed to address the need for comparable data.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>This study included 50,242 respondents. Findings indicated significant heterogeneity across countries in terms of vaccination status and willingness to accept boosters. Vaccine hesitancy and refusal were driven by lower trust in public health bodies, younger age, and lower educational levels. Refusers and hesitant people reported lower willingness to take risks compared to those fully vaccinated (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05). Lower mental health levels were found for the hesitant cohort (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Insights from this database can help public health authorities to gain a new understanding of the vaccine hesitancy phenomenon, support them in managing the transition from the pandemic to the endemic phase, and favour a new stream of research to maximise behavioural response to vaccination programs in preparation of future pandemics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48672,"journal":{"name":"Health Policy and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883724000121/pdfft?md5=d967c5b8e8fa95ed709179851ee893c3&pid=1-s2.0-S2211883724000121-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139815892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning to live with COVID-19 in Norway: Moving from a pandemic to an endemic state","authors":"Ingunn Skjesol ,&nbsp;Gøril Ursin ,&nbsp;Jonathan Tritter","doi":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To analyze the relationship between the stringency of policies that focus on containment, mitigation and elimination and practices to change behavior implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic and apparent impacts in the Norwegian population and society. In particular, to consider how the escalation and de-escalation of policy stringency relates to both health and non-health societal factors.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Observational analysis of publicly available statistics, government documents and media sources.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The stringency of policies relating to social containment, mitigation and elimination and practices to change behaviour were linked to infection rates and pressures on the health system until the endemic phase of COVID-19. In the endemic phase all restrictions were removed despite high levels of infection justified on the basis of the success of the vaccination programme.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In the Norwegian context containment policies were highly effective in limiting both infections and deaths from COVID-19 and more so than reliance on vaccinations alone despite high levels of public participation. In part this is due to the significant trust in the state apparent in Norway that leads to compliance with even highly restrictive policies. Therefore compliance may be more important than the level of stringency in explaining the consequence of public policies on pandemic outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48672,"journal":{"name":"Health Policy and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883723000916/pdfft?md5=f29a69c237bc2c035d52ae2ce19fe3a4&pid=1-s2.0-S2211883723000916-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135607313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Change in self-perceived vaccine confidence in France after the COVID-19 vaccination campaign: A cross-sectional survey in the French general population","authors":"Amandine Gagneux-Brunon ,&nbsp;Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers ,&nbsp;Pierre Verger ,&nbsp;Fatima Gauna ,&nbsp;Odile Launay ,&nbsp;Jeremy K. Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>High COVID-19 vaccine coverage was obtained in France after theCOVID-19 vaccination campaign, in part due to the implementation of a COVID-19 vaccination pass, a kind of vaccine mandate. Vaccine mandates could lead to reactance and may affect confidence in vaccines. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign on self-perceived vaccine confidence in France.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Between the 25th of April and the 9th of May 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey among a representative sample of the French population aged 18 and over. The primary outcome was the perceived change in vaccine confidence after the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. We performed a multinomial regression analysis to identify factors associated with perceived decrease and increase in vaccine confidence in reference to no change.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among the 1,928 respondents, decrease in vaccine confidence was reported by 579 (30 %) and increase in vaccine confidence by 259 (13.4%). Among the 1,711 vaccinated individuals, 693 (40.5%), 404 (23.6%) respectively reported that they felt strongly and a little coerced into getting vaccinated against COVID-19. Younger age, feeling coerced to get vaccinated, low confidence in health authorities, fears about vaccine side effects, and not considering vaccination as a collective responsibility were associated with perceived decrease in vaccine confidence in multivariable analysis. Men were more prone than women to report a gain in vaccine confidence.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Vaccination campaign that included coercive measures to raise high COVID-19 vaccine coverage could have led to reactance and with an impact on vaccine confidence in general.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48672,"journal":{"name":"Health Policy and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883723000886/pdfft?md5=44853f25041fe0f42751f5fcce8a8b81&pid=1-s2.0-S2211883723000886-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135638485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are we past the COVID-19 Pandemic? Insights from Singapore","authors":"Angela Wong ,&nbsp;Claudia Zoller ,&nbsp;Ayman Fouda ,&nbsp;Francesco Paolucci","doi":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study aims to examine the interplay between high policy stringency, vaccination rates and epidemiological outcomes to develop insights on COVID-19 policy transition in Singapore</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The CPTI (Categorising Policy &amp; Technology Interventions) framework was used to classify reported interventions from January 2021 to October 2022. To analyse the impact of vaccine measures, an additional category was created. The highest monthly proportion of de-escalated measures was used as a basis to define the periods that mark the policy transition in Singapore i.e. Phase 2 and 3. Proportions of significantly escalated measures were calculated and analysed against full and booster vaccination rates, alongside epidemiological indicators – monthly total number of infections and deaths, and monthly average active hospitalisation and ICU cases.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Implementation of highly stringent policies were observed to have reduced in intensity as vaccination rates picked up from Phase 2 to 3. Containment measures were the most frequently and consistently adopted beside vaccine policies. Epidemiological indicators appeared to be generally lower in Phase 3 than Phase 2. Specifically, despite reduced intensity of stringent polices, hospitalisation and ICU cases were observed to remain relatively low when vaccination rates were correspondingly higher in Phase 3 compared to Phase 2.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The descriptive analysis of COVID-19 policy shift in Singapore based on selected indicators preliminarily suggested its successful transition from the pandemic to endemic phase in its response strategies. A policy transition plan should consider the significance of vaccination rates in an exit strategy that protects the population against worse health outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48672,"journal":{"name":"Health Policy and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883723000552/pdfft?md5=89c380f51b12f1cd14ee67d4a79ffb64&pid=1-s2.0-S2211883723000552-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43887302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Government policies in Portugal and Brazil: A three-year retrospective analysis","authors":"Ana Rita Sousa Sequeira ,&nbsp;Marta Estrela ,&nbsp;Kelsey DeWit","doi":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Countries have adopted different COVID-19 policies to contain the transmission of the disease and to prepare for vaccination rollout. Countries’ political context, vaccine policy history, and health systems’ responses impacted COVID-19 health outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study focused on synthesizing and examining COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions in Brazil and Portugal, understanding the enablers and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination access and distribution, and health and non-health outcomes across three time-points: before vaccination, during mass vaccination, and after the declaration of endemicity.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Extensive qualitative document analysis of secondary sources published in Portuguese and English over the past three years, and examination of primary publicly available epidemiological data since the beginning of the pandemic.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In the first year of the pandemic, the COVID-19 government response between the two countries was dissimilar; effective coordination, trust in the government response and political alignment in Portugal contrasted the political denial of the pandemic, lack of coordination between the various levels of government, at the same time the Brazilian population engaged in protective behaviours and distrusted the government. The COVID-19 vaccination had a good response from the public, associated with a primary care level network of distribution, low vaccine hesitancy, and strong childhood immunization programs before the pandemic in both countries. Vaccine manufacturing in Brazil and the strong support from the European Union to Portugal on vaccine acquisition have also aided these countries in achieving high COVID-19 vaccination coverage.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Future policies to promote a well-functioning and resilient health system should consider medical and nursing workforce sustainability, equity in all policies, building public trust, strengthening health system governance, and improving preparedness and surveillance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48672,"journal":{"name":"Health Policy and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883723000850/pdfft?md5=bfb85ba953c7fd3c1d8b33778fddcd7c&pid=1-s2.0-S2211883723000850-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135427895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19: Impact on health and non-health outcomes in the US","authors":"Asmita P. Khatiwada ,&nbsp;Mesfin G. Genie ,&nbsp;Aregawi G. Gebremariam ,&nbsp;Tim C. Lai ,&nbsp;Nabin Poudel ,&nbsp;Surachat Ngorsuraches","doi":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Little is known about the relative effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination and its interaction with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in reducing infections, deaths, COVID-19 reproduction rate, and job losses. This study examined the relative effectiveness of vaccination and NPIs on COVID-19 infection, deaths, reproduction rate, and unemployment rate in the US.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Retrospective US data at the national level were obtained from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT dataset). Unemployment rate data were obtained from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Time-trend analyses of the policy variables and epidemiological outcomes were performed. A regression discontinuity in time was used to investigate the effects of policy variables on health outcomes and unemployment rate.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Based on time-trend analyses, the number of people vaccinated increased starting in March 2021, while the stringency index had steadily declined since early January 2021. A decrease in new COVID-19 cases and deaths was observed during this period. However, despite higher vaccination coverage, new COVID-19 cases and deaths peaked in late 2021 and early 2022. We found that the interaction between treatment effects (vaccinations) and stringency measures was negatively associated with total COVID-19 cases and deaths, implying that some restrictions might be required to reduce rising infections during vaccination campaigns. We also found a negative association between vaccinations and the unemployment rate.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The study findings suggested that vaccinations alone were insufficient to reduce virus spread and deaths, and that some NPIs might be required during the vaccination campaigns.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48672,"journal":{"name":"Health Policy and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883723000680/pdfft?md5=692402b6a561e3282d83f2f039f7c768&pid=1-s2.0-S2211883723000680-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49564409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interplay between global health policy and vaccination strategies in the shift towards COVID-19 endemicity","authors":"Marcello Antonini ,&nbsp;Ayman Fouda ,&nbsp;Madeleine Hinwood ,&nbsp;Adrian Melia ,&nbsp;Francesco Paolucci","doi":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2024.100854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2024.100854","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48672,"journal":{"name":"Health Policy and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883724000170/pdfft?md5=4fcbe34afc1cf0ab64a3f366cd71fc01&pid=1-s2.0-S2211883724000170-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139883744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 in the Netherlands: A three-phase analysis","authors":"Anouk van Amerongen ,&nbsp;Claudia Zoller ,&nbsp;Ayman Fouda","doi":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has presented global challenges in the health, economy, society, and political sector for the past three years. For the Netherlands, the dynamic nature of the pandemic can be divided into three phases. The initial phase exclusively relied on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). The second phase was characterized by the introduction of vaccines alongside the continuation of stringent NPIs. Finally, the third phase marks the post-vaccine and booster stage, characterized by minimal or absent NPIs. This paper examines the interplay between the mitigation policies, the vaccination rollout, health outcomes, and economic indicators in the Netherlands in these three phases.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This analysis used national real-time data on COVID-19-related health outcomes, health service utilization, vaccination rollout, and economic indicators. Our descriptive analysis applied the “Categorising Policy &amp; Technology Interventions (CPTI)” framework.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The number of daily deaths, hospital admission and ICU admission experienced the highest peak in the first phase, while the number of daily cases first spiked in the third phase. The containment measures reached a very significant level twice, resulting in a full lockdown twice. In the first two phases, the peak in stringency of the CPTI containment category was parallel with the peaks in health outcomes. Conversely, in the third phase, the containment measures were scaled down prior to the peak in daily cases.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings suggest that the Dutch three-phased COVID-19 mitigation strategy managed to fulfil its aim and protect vulnerable individuals, prevent healthcare institutions from overload, and move from the pandemic to the endemic phase.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48672,"journal":{"name":"Health Policy and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221188372300059X/pdfft?md5=5bda2b559d9531a5cbdb9d7cbaab7ac1&pid=1-s2.0-S221188372300059X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47607647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating economic turmoil: Chilean businesses during COVID-19 lockdowns and vaccine rollouts","authors":"Julio A. Pertuze ,&nbsp;José Pablo Montégu ,&nbsp;Cecilia González ,&nbsp;Rafael Araos ,&nbsp;Paula Daza","doi":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study evaluates the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns, differentiated by their stringency, on the sales of Chilean businesses across various size categories and industries throughout 2020 and 2021. It also explores the role of the vaccination campaign and the implementation of the Mobility Pass in mitigating the negative economic effects of stringent containment measures.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study uses administrative data from the Chilean Internal Revenue Service (SII), examining sales across different business sizes and industries, from March 2020 to December 2021. Through an econometric analysis, we estimate the effects of lockdowns on business sales during two distinct periods: initial reliance on dynamic non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) pre-vaccine, and a subsequent stage characterized by high vaccine uptake and reduced NPI stringency.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Lockdowns significantly reduced sales across all business sizes and most industries during the first period, with microenterprises and certain service sectors experiencing the highest decline. The national vaccination campaign and the introduction of the Mobility Pass in the second period appears to have mitigated the negative effects of lockdowns, primarily benefiting micro and small firms.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The study highlights the trade-offs between health and economic outcomes during the pandemic, stressing the importance to alleviate mobility restrictions post-vaccine rollout to ease the economic strain on businesses. The findings call for targeted support measures for MSMEs and vulnerable industries affected by NPIs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48672,"journal":{"name":"Health Policy and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883723000898/pdfft?md5=f9c5f0284ed129531c147f26758177de&pid=1-s2.0-S2211883723000898-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134995166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}