Journal of Anthropological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Paleo-oscillomics: inferring aspects of Neanderthal language abilities from gene regulation of neural oscillations.","authors":"Elliot Murphy,&nbsp;Antonio Benítez-Burraco","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Language seemingly evolved from changes in brain anatomy and wiring. We argue that language evolution can be better understood if particular changes in phasal and cross-frequency coupling properties of neural oscillations, resulting in core features of language, are considered. Because we cannot track the oscillatory activity of the brain from extinct hominins, we used our current understanding of the language oscillogenome (that is, the set of genes responsible for basic aspects of the oscillatory activity relevant for language) to infer some properties of the Neanderthal oscillome. We have found that several candidates for the language oscillogenome show differences in their methylation patterns between Neanderthals and humans. We argue that differences in their expression levels could be informative of differences in cognitive functions important for language.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"111-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36796669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conclusions: Race as social fact and scientific fiction.","authors":"Alan Goodman","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"255-256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36904281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Neanderthal land use and lithic raw material management in Discoid technology.","authors":"Davide Delpiano,&nbsp;Kristen Heasley,&nbsp;Marco Peresani","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neanderthal groups developed different models of mobility and exploitation of resources across their territory: these differences can be linked to various knapping methods and are probably related to adaptative strategies and responses at many ecological and cultural levels. Neanderthals associated with Discoid knapping are known to depend on an opportunistic exploitation of lithic raw materials for daily food procurement and be more mobile than others using different technologies. However, we have no defined data for most of the geographical contexts where this technocomplex was found. This study analyzes the southern Alpine site of Grotta di Fumane, where the final Mousterian is characterized by the succession of well defined cultural entities. Unit A9 presents with entirely Discoid technology and is embedded between fully Levallois levels. The level was recently extensively investigated for almost 68m² on 9,000 lithic pieces. To study the lithic assemblage of Unit A9 we applied a techno-economical analysis designed to infer the spatial fragmentation of the reduction sequences, and results were corroborated through the characterization of cortex and raw materials based on geological surveys and experimental comparisons. Results show that raw materials collected within a radius of 5km, by far the most frequently used, exhibit complete and ordinary reduction sequences, which were further attested by multiple refittings. Beyond this area, semi-local raw materials (5-10 km) are introduced to perform specific tasks, and are reduced according to their different physical qualities. These data, combined with the presence of lithotypes and fossils collected from longer distances (ten to hundreds of kilometers), and to the recycling of old patinated artifacts, indicate a complex and diversified behavior encompassing both: a) opportunistic and daily residential exploitation within a local territory; b) logistical planning of the economical organization in the semi-local to exotic territory according to quality and distance of available raw materials sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"89-110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36436956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is race in Australia?","authors":"Emma Kowal, Elizabeth Watt","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96015","DOIUrl":"10.4436/JASS.96015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"229-237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36861323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The science, race, ethnicity, and identity workshop.","authors":"Noa Sophie Kolher","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"209-212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36861320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human deciduous teeth from the Middle Stone Age layers of Sibudu Cave (South Africa).","authors":"Alessandro Riga,&nbsp;Gregorio Oxilia,&nbsp;Daniele Panetta,&nbsp;Piero Salvadori,&nbsp;Stefano Benazzi,&nbsp;Lyn Wadley,&nbsp;Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the African Pleistocene, the fossil evidence for early Homo sapiens populations is still relatively limited. Here we present two additional specimens (two deciduous teeth) recovered from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) deposits of Sibudu Cave (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa). We describe their morphology and metrics, using three-dimensional models of the teeth obtained from high-resolution micro-CT images. The first specimen is a Ldm₁ (HUM. TO 1) recovered in the BS5 layer dated 77.3±2.7 ka, and associated with stone tools assigned to the \"pre-Still Bay\" assemblage. The other specimen is a Rdi₁ (HUM. TO 2) coming from the Pinkish Grey Sand (PGS) layer, dated 64.7±2.3 ka, and associated with a Howieson's Poort industry. Both teeth are well preserved, with minor post mortem cracks not affecting the overall morphology, and they comprise the intact, worn crown and the remnants of the roots, naturally resorbed. A large carious lesion occupies most of the distal face and part of the occlusal surface in the Ldm₁; also a chip of enamel is missing from the disto-buccal corner. For both teeth, we compared mesio-distal (MD) and bucco-lingual (BL) diameters with those of other Late Pleistocene deciduous teeth and extant Homo sapiens. The analysis has shown that the teeth are comparable in size with the other MSA specimens described in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"75-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36436955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender balance in the scientific production of the Atapuerca archaeological and palaeontological research project.","authors":"Xosé-Pedro Rodríguez-Álvarez,&nbsp;Sergi Lozano","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"201-208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36063027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acheulean without handaxes? Assemblage variability at FLK West (Lowermost Bed II, Olduvai, Tanzania).","authors":"Policarpo Sánchez-Yustos,&nbsp;Fernando Diez-Martín,&nbsp;Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo,&nbsp;Cristina Fraile,&nbsp;Javier Duque,&nbsp;Isabel Díaz,&nbsp;Sara de Francisco,&nbsp;Enrique Baquedano,&nbsp;Audax Mabulla","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The FLK West sequence is divided into six fluvial stratigraphic levels, each of which provided archaeological materials. In the present paper we outline the major similarities and differences displayed by the lithic assemblages in FLK W, particularly the lower assemblages, which have yielded more objects than the upper ones. The differences noted in the absence-presence and frequency of LCTs may be explained in occupational terms, while the similarities in raw material selection, core reduction and flake retouching patterns indicate homogeneous cultural decisions and cognitive skills. We conclude that these assemblages were likely formed by the same hominin group or taxon and, therefore, the assemblage variability registered would correspond to different expressions of the same economic structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"53-73"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36585876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vestiges of colonial anthropology and race in nigerian higher education.","authors":"Kamela Heyward-Rotimi,&nbsp;Omotayo Owoeye","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"221-227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36861322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanics of microliths manufacture: a preliminary approach to Neanderthal's motor constrains in the frame of embodied cognition.","authors":"Francia Patiño,&nbsp;Manuel Luque,&nbsp;Marcos Terradillos-Bernal,&nbsp;Manuel Martín-Loeches","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The systems of perception and action of the brain appear as important constraining factors in human evolution under current models of embodied cognition. In this view, the emergence of certain items in the archeological record is not necessarily subsequent to the emergence of a 'symbolic' mind, but instead to the appearance of the sensory-motor systems enabling that behavior. One of the products normally absent in pre- Homo sapiens species is the standardized microlith, whose production seems very demanding for the hand due to their small size and need for fine craft. In the present study, we provide preliminary empirical evidence that the biomechanical requirements of microliths manufacture made this industry difficult to achieve by Neanderthals. The biomechanical parameters of the human hand in the manufacture of microliths are here explored in two individuals with different degrees of expertise. The figures obtained in this manner are subsequently contrasted and extrapolated to Neanderthal's hand anthropometric data, as obtained from the available literature. Results indicate that Neanderthals would exhibit lower efficiency than modern humans as a consequence of their smaller hands and shorter arms, resulting in a smaller area to distribute forces and an increased mechanical stress in the microlith manufacturing processes. This might be a plausibly contributing factor for precluding microlith production in Neanderthals on noticeable scales, in consonance with the archeological record.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"95 ","pages":"203-217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34904314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}