Journal of Anthropological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Races, racism, and physical anthropology in Mexico.","authors":"Florencia Peña-Saint-Martin,&nbsp;José Luis Vera-Cortés","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"239-245"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36904280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two cognitive transitions underlying the capacity for cultural evolution.","authors":"Liane Gabora,&nbsp;Cameron Smith","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper proposes that the distinctively human capacity for cumulative, adaptive, open-ended cultural evolution came about through two temporally-distinct cognitive transitions. First, the origin of Homo-specific culture over two MYA was made possible by the onset of a finer-grained associative memory that allowed episodes to be encoded in greater detail. This in turn meant more overlap amongst the distributed representations of these episodes, such that they could more readily evoke one another through self-triggered recall (STR). STR enabled representational redescription, the chaining of thoughts and actions, and the capacity for a stream of thought. Second, fully cognitive modernity following the appearance of anatomical modernity after 200,000 BP, was made possible by the onset of contextual focus (CF): the ability to shift between an explicit convergent mode conducive to logic and refinement of ideas, and an implicit divergent mode conducive to free-association, viewing situations from radically new perspectives, concept combination, analogical thinking, and insight. This paved the way for an integrated, creative internal network of understandings, and behavioral modernity. We discuss feasible neural mechanisms for this two-stage proposal, and outline how STR and CF differ from other proposals. We provide computational evidence for the proposal obtained with an agent-based model of cultural evolution in which agents invent ideas for actions and imitate the fittest of their neighbors' actions. Mean fitness and diversity of actions across the artificial society increased with STR, and even more so with CF, but CF was only effective if STR was already in place. CF was most effective following a change in task, which supports its hypothesized role in escaping mental fixation. The proposal is discussed in the context of transition theory in the life sciences.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"27-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36796668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutral theory and the evolution of human physical form: an introduction to models and applications.","authors":"Timothy Weaver","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anthropologists have long been interested in explaining patterns of variation in human physical form, in both present-day and ancient humans. Starting in the 1950s, their explanations became more firmly rooted in evolutionary theory, but they have typically focused on adaptive accounts. Neutral explanations - those grounded in models of evolution by mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow rather than natural selection - provide an alternative to adaptive explanations, and in recent years, neutral models have become an important tool for researchers investigating the evolution of human physical form. Neutral models have implications for many areas of biological anthropology, including using morphology to reconstruct the histories and migrations of recent human populations, using morphology to infer the evolutionary relationships among hominin taxa, and clarifying how natural selection has acted on physical form throughout human evolution. Their application to anthropological questions has stimulated biological anthropologists to more seriously consider the roles of history and chance in human evolution. In light of the growing importance of neutral explanations in biological anthropology, the goal here is to provide an introduction to neutral models of phenotypic evolution and their application to human physical form.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"7-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36861319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problematizing miscegenation: the fact/fiction of race in contemporary Brazil.","authors":"Elena Calvo-González,&nbsp;Ricardo Ventura Santos","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"247-254"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36904279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure, project, process: anthropology, colonialism, and race in Africa.","authors":"Jemima Pierre","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"213-219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36861321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleo-oscillomics: inferring aspects of Neanderthal language abilities from gene regulation of neural oscillations.","authors":"Elliot Murphy,&nbsp;Antonio Benítez-Burraco","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Language seemingly evolved from changes in brain anatomy and wiring. We argue that language evolution can be better understood if particular changes in phasal and cross-frequency coupling properties of neural oscillations, resulting in core features of language, are considered. Because we cannot track the oscillatory activity of the brain from extinct hominins, we used our current understanding of the language oscillogenome (that is, the set of genes responsible for basic aspects of the oscillatory activity relevant for language) to infer some properties of the Neanderthal oscillome. We have found that several candidates for the language oscillogenome show differences in their methylation patterns between Neanderthals and humans. We argue that differences in their expression levels could be informative of differences in cognitive functions important for language.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"111-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36796669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conclusions: Race as social fact and scientific fiction.","authors":"Alan Goodman","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"255-256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36904281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Neanderthal land use and lithic raw material management in Discoid technology.","authors":"Davide Delpiano,&nbsp;Kristen Heasley,&nbsp;Marco Peresani","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neanderthal groups developed different models of mobility and exploitation of resources across their territory: these differences can be linked to various knapping methods and are probably related to adaptative strategies and responses at many ecological and cultural levels. Neanderthals associated with Discoid knapping are known to depend on an opportunistic exploitation of lithic raw materials for daily food procurement and be more mobile than others using different technologies. However, we have no defined data for most of the geographical contexts where this technocomplex was found. This study analyzes the southern Alpine site of Grotta di Fumane, where the final Mousterian is characterized by the succession of well defined cultural entities. Unit A9 presents with entirely Discoid technology and is embedded between fully Levallois levels. The level was recently extensively investigated for almost 68m² on 9,000 lithic pieces. To study the lithic assemblage of Unit A9 we applied a techno-economical analysis designed to infer the spatial fragmentation of the reduction sequences, and results were corroborated through the characterization of cortex and raw materials based on geological surveys and experimental comparisons. Results show that raw materials collected within a radius of 5km, by far the most frequently used, exhibit complete and ordinary reduction sequences, which were further attested by multiple refittings. Beyond this area, semi-local raw materials (5-10 km) are introduced to perform specific tasks, and are reduced according to their different physical qualities. These data, combined with the presence of lithotypes and fossils collected from longer distances (ten to hundreds of kilometers), and to the recycling of old patinated artifacts, indicate a complex and diversified behavior encompassing both: a) opportunistic and daily residential exploitation within a local territory; b) logistical planning of the economical organization in the semi-local to exotic territory according to quality and distance of available raw materials sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"89-110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36436956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is race in Australia?","authors":"Emma Kowal, Elizabeth Watt","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96015","DOIUrl":"10.4436/JASS.96015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"229-237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36861323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The science, race, ethnicity, and identity workshop.","authors":"Noa Sophie Kolher","doi":"10.4436/JASS.96011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"96 ","pages":"209-212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36861320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}