Journal of Anthropological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"What is race today? Scientific, legal, and social appraisals from around the globe.","authors":"Alan Goodman","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95016","url":null,"abstract":"Race is a core concept in science and society. Yet, the meaning of the concept is constantly changing and varies by language and country. In science, race was once an unchallenged concept that was used to describe human biological or genetic variation, but we now know that dividing individuals into races is typological and explains a small fraction of variation. In this sense, race is an outdated idea and a myth. Yet, race continues to be used as a scientific term in many publications and fields such as medicine and forensic anthropology. In society, race has also changed in many complex ways, and varies by language, history, culture, and national tradition. Race is a global concept with profoundly local dynamics. Race in law, society and the public sphere is so salient today because racism is. The purpose of this forum is to provide a basis for comparing the “state of the art” of debates around race, human biological variation and racism in science and society in different countries. The first set of articles that follows are from European countries and the United States. How is race used in science, law and other intersecting domains such as everyday and political discourse? Giovanni Destro Bisol, JASs Editor, suggested the idea for this forum and I have been honored to work with him. We hoped that others would contribute their own analyses on the state of race in countries they are most familiar with. While each author has been free to take the topic in directions that make the more senses to them, we provided some guiding questions.","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35366701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ambiguities of \"race\" in UK science, social policy and political discourse.","authors":"George Ellison, Peter Aspinall, Andrew Smart, Sarah Salway","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35384411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How different are the Kebara 2 ribs to modern humans?","authors":"Tara Chapman,&nbsp;Benoît Beyer,&nbsp;Victor Sholukha,&nbsp;Patrick Semal,&nbsp;Veronique Feipel,&nbsp;Stéphane Louryan,&nbsp;Serge Van Sint Jan","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study analyses rib geometric parameters of individual ribs of 14 modern human subjects (7 males and 7 females) in comparison to the reconstructed ribs of the Kebara 2 skeleton which was taken from the reconstruction of a Neandertal thorax by Sawyer & Maley (2005). Three-dimensional (3D) models were segmented from CT scans and each rib vertex cloud was placed into a local coordinate system defined from the rib principal axes. Rib clouds were then analysed using best fitting ellipses of the external contours of the cross-section areas. The centroid of each ellipse was then used to measure the centroidal pathway between each slice (rib midline). Curvature of the ribs was measured from the mid-line of the ribs as the sum of angles between successive centroids in adjacent cross sections. Distinct common patterns were noted in all rib geometric parameters for modern humans. The Kebara 2 reconstructed ribs also followed the same patterns. This study demonstrated that there are differences between the sexes in rib geometrical parameters, with females showing smaller rib width, chord length and arc length, but greater curvature (rib torsion, rib axial curvature, rib anterior-posterior bending) than males. The Kebara 2 reconstructed ribs were within the modern human range for the majority of geometrical parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34803157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple selective events at the PRDM16 functional pathway shaped adaptation of western European populations to different climate conditions.","authors":"Andrea Quagliariello,&nbsp;Sara De Fanti,&nbsp;Cristina Giuliani,&nbsp;Paolo Abondio,&nbsp;Patrizia Serventi,&nbsp;Stefania Sarno,&nbsp;Marco Sazzini,&nbsp;Donata Luiselli","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several studies highlighted the role of climate in shaping many human evolutionary processes. This occurred even in relatively recent times, having affected various human phenotypic traits, among which metabolic processes that orchestrate absorption and accumulation of substances to maintain energy homeostasis, that is critical for the survival of individuals in high energy-expenditure environments. To date, most researches have focalized on detection of climatic influence on SNPs' frequency in populations exposed to extreme environmental conditions or by comparing variation patterns between populations from different continents. In this study, we instead explored the genetic background of distinct western European human groups at loci involved in nutritional and thermoregulation processes, to test whether patterns of differential local adaptation to environmental conditions could be appreciated also at a lower geographical scale. Taking advantage from the 1000 Genomes Project data, genetic information for 21 genes involved in nutritional and thermoregulation processes was analysed for three western European populations. The applied Anthropological Genetics methods pointed to appreciable differentiation between the examined groups especially for the PRDM16 gene. Moreover, several neutrality tests suggested that balancing selection has acted on different regions of the gene in people from Great Britain, as well as that more recent positive selection could have also targeted some PRDM16 SNPs in Finn and Italian populations. These series of adaptive footprints are plausibly related to climate variability in both ancient and relatively recent times. Since this locus is involved in thermoregulation mechanisms and adipogenesis, local adaptations mediated by a pathway related to the brown adipose tissue activity could have evolved in response to changing cold temperature exposures of such populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35159287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflections on \"race\" in science and society in the United States.","authors":"Alan Goodman","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95008","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary on the discourses, use, and salience of “race” in the United States has two linked purposes. First, I would like to provide readers with a glimpse of the “state of race” in science in America, focusing on both the current relationship among studies of race, racism, and human variation and the relationship of these studies to “race” in society. I will reflect on how race is discussed, the underlying ideology of race, and how the word race is intended and used in science and society. Second, the editors would like to initiate a thoughtful forum on the current state of race, racism, and human biological variation. The hope is to provide an opportunity to compare current discussions and debates that center on race, human biological variation, and racism in science, law, and other intersecting domains, such as in popular culture (race in media and public forums, for example) in different countries within and beyond Europe. This essay is the first in the forum. I begin by summarizing the state of race in the United States, the country in which I live, was trained, and work. Subsequently, others will contribute their own analyses of the state of race in the country or countries they are most familiar with. Among the guiding questions are the following.","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35159288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflections on \"race\" in science and society in Germany.","authors":"Ulrich Kattmann","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95010","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to show how race and racism are treated in Germany in science as well as in the public discourse. It will be demonstrated that these debates are influenced by the history of biological anthropology (on the one hand) and (on the other hand) the history of Germany up to the current political situation there is influenced by the immigration of refugees mainly from Asia Minor and Africa. In the article, I will consider the central questions Alan Goodman put in his survey of the reflections on “race” in the US:","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35158269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations on race and racism in Greece.","authors":"Ageliki Lefkaditou","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35168484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From surnames to linguistic and genetic diversity: five centuries of internal migrations in Spain.","authors":"Roberto Rodríguez-Díaz,&nbsp;María José Blanco-Villegas,&nbsp;Franz Manni","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a previous study concerning 33,753 single Spanish surnames (considered as tokens) occurring 51,419,788 times we have shown that the present-day geography of contemporary surname variability in Spain still corresponds to the political geography of the country at the end of the Middle Ages. Here we reprocess the same database, by clustering surnames with Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) according to their geographic distribution, to identify the monophyletic surnames showing a geo-historical origin in one of the 47 provinces of continental Spain. They are 25,714, and they occur 12,348,109 times, meaning that about 75% of the Spanish population bears a surname that had a polyphyletic origin. From monophyletic surnames we compute migration matrices accounting for the internal migrations that took place since five centuries ago, when Spanish surnames started to be patrilineally inherited. The mono/ polyphyletic classification we obtain fits ancient census data and is compatible with published molecular diversity of the Y-chromosomes associated to selected Spanish surnames. Monophyletic surnames indicate that i) the provinces exhibiting a higher percentage of autochthonous surnames are also ii) those from which emigration corresponds to a local isolation-by-distance model of diffusion and iii) those that attracted a lower number of immigrants. These are also the provinces where languages other than Castilian are spoken. We suggest that demographic stability explains linguistic resilience, as people prefer to move to areas in which the linguistic variety is more similar to their own. So far the reciprocal influence of migration and language has been investigated at local scales, here we outline how to investigate it at national scales and for time-depths of centuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35337487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropologists, Italians and \"human races\".","authors":"Giovanni Destro Bisol,&nbsp;Maria Enrica Danubio,&nbsp;Stefano Allovio,&nbsp;Cristina Papa","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35337488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cover Story for a Nature cover: genetic signature of human expansions into Eurasia revealed by a panel of worldwide high coverage genomes.","authors":"Luca Pagani","doi":"10.4436/JASS.95019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.95019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35250567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}