Urban Climate最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of diurnal variations of pre-summer extreme hourly rainfall between inland and coastal regions over the Greater Bay Area","authors":"Ting Fan ,&nbsp;Donghai Wang ,&nbsp;Pak Wai Chan ,&nbsp;Zhilin Zeng ,&nbsp;Lingdong Huang ,&nbsp;Yihao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research explores interdecadal variations in the diurnal cycle of rainfall (DCR) over both inland and coastal areas of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in pre-summer during 1979–2020. Analysis reveals that, over the past 42 years, trends in extreme rainfall during both day and night in GBA have escalated, driven by increased frequency and intensity. Inland rainfall shows a more pronounced trend during the daytime than nighttime; conversely, coastal rainfall exhibits a more significant increasing trend at night than during the day. Metropolitan influences have intensified these diurnal variations, with notably steeper increases in daytime rainfall observed in Guangzhou and its surroundings and in nocturnal rainfall along the eastern coastal regions of the Pearl River Estuary. Daytime inland rainfall is primarily influenced by temperature, humidity, and the direction of the southwesterly monsoon. These meteorological effects are significantly amplified in urban areas such as Guangzhou, as well as in northern Foshan and western Huizhou. Nocturnal coastal rainfall is mainly affected by sea-land differences; the western shores experience significant impacts from thermal contrasts, whereas wind speed in the monsoon flow contrasts notably influences the eastern shores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102427"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovering morphological impact discrepancies on thermal environment among urban functional zones using essential urban land use categories and machine learning","authors":"Minghao Zuo,&nbsp;Muhan Li,&nbsp;Hanyan Li,&nbsp;Tian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The urban heat island effect has undermined the livability of cities. Previous studies have shown that Urban Functional Zones (UFZs) exert impacts on the thermal environment. However, the classification methods of UFZs haven't been standardized, which limits the generation of universal conclusions. This study employs the essential urban land use categories (EULUC) mapping method to delineate UFZs in the central area of Tianjin, China, and utilized multiple regression methods to analyze the correlation between urban morphology indicators and land surface temperature (LST) in summer and winter, and explored the differences in LST and its influencing factors across UFZs. The principal findings are as follows: (1) The EULUC classification system represents an effective method for delineating UFZs, with a classification accuracy of up to 92.8 %. (2) Both in summer and winter, commercial zones demonstrate the highest levels of LST, while open space zones exhibit the lowest levels. (3) The impact of urban morphology indicators on LST varies across UFZs, and these indicators demonstrate threshold effects. LST in residential zones and commercial zones was found to be most strongly influenced by urban morphology indicators, among which building footprint density was the most significant indicator in both summer and winter. This study presents a methodological framework for associating UFZs with thermal environments based on the EULUC, aiming at providing a practical guide for the spatial configuration of UFZs and the urban morphology indicators setting of different UFZs in planning practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102423"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying human heat exchange modes and their impacts on thermal sensation across seasonal outdoor environments","authors":"Zhaosong Fang ,&nbsp;Jiafan Wu ,&nbsp;Naiping Gao ,&nbsp;Xiwen Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantifying human-environment heat exchange across different thermal transfer modes is critical for selecting effective interventions to improve outdoor thermal environments. This study investigates Guangzhou, a subtropical city, through field measurements and the Predicted Heat Strain (PHS) model to quantify time-series convective, radiative, and evaporative heat fluxes in shaded/unshaded environments across seasons, identify dominant heat gain/dissipation mechanisms, and analyze environmental parameter effects and their correlation with Mean Thermal Sensation Vote (MTSV). Key findings reveal that shading reduces radiant intensity, lowering skin temperature and total heat exchange. Convective cooling dominates mornings in transitional seasons, shifting to evaporative dissipation in afternoons; summer thermal discomfort primarily stems from radiant heat gain mitigated by evaporative cooling; winter cold perception arises mainly from convective heat loss with intermittent midday radiative gain. Parameter sensitivity shows a 5 °C increase in mean radiant temperature elevates radiant gain by 15.6–24.6 W/m²; 0.5 m/s wind speed augments convective cooling by 5.16–13.8 W/m²; evaporative efficiency declines sharply at RH &gt;70 % in summer. Net heat exchange exhibits strong linearity with MTSV in transitional (R² = 0.69) and summer seasons (R² = 0.85), while winter correlations weaken due to dynamic clothing insulation. These findings provide actionable insights for subtropical urban design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"XAI-driven assessment of urban circular carbon economy: Using China's pilot cities as a case study","authors":"Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhai ,&nbsp;Yubing Bai ,&nbsp;Yu Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The confluence of circular economy and carbon emission mitigation strategies has catalyzed the emergence of a concept called the Circular Carbon Economy (CCE). This study introduces a novel CCE evaluation framework targeting urban areas and employs Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) to bolster transparency and interpretability. Through the application of big data mining techniques, key indicators were extracted from literature and policy documents to construct a multi-dimensional CCE evaluation system. This system was integrated with the Explainable Boosting Machine (EBM) model-a key XAI technique-to resolve the precision-interpretability trade-off prevalent in traditional models. The EBM-based framework achieves black-box-level accuracy while providing transparent decision pathways through feature importance quantification. Empirical validation with China's Circular Economy pilot cities demonstrates its applicability, offering a transferable paradigm for global urban CCE assessments. Our findings show that industrial solid waste utilization and the promotion of green buildings are the most critical drivers for advancing CCE in urban areas. The city rankings generated by the EBM model bolster the scientific validity and reliability of our framework. Moreover, the study uncovers significant regional disparities, with cities located in eastern and central China generally exhibiting higher levels of CCE development compared to their western and northeastern counterparts. Based on these insights, we propose three key recommendations-targeted development strategies, differentiated evaluation frameworks, and balanced regional development-to lay the theoretical groundwork and offer practical guidance for urban-level CCE development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102407"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Projection of precipitation and temperature in major cities of Pakistan using multi-model ensembles","authors":"Fahad Shah ,&nbsp;Ayyoob Sharifi","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study projects future variations in monthly precipitation and average temperature in major cities of Pakistan. It constructs Multi-Model Ensembles (MMEs) by selecting 16 General Circulation Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). In this process, it utilizes an Artificial Neural Network-based statistical downscaling approach. The performance of these models was assessed using five statistical metrics: Correlation Coefficient, Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency, Root Mean Squared Error, Kling–Gupta Efficiency, and the Modified Index of Agreement. The results show that MMEs outperform individual GCMs in simulating historical temperature and precipitation trends across the cities. Projections for 2024–2100, based on four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, SSP3–7.0, and SSP5–8.5), reveal a decline in annual precipitation by 39.22 %, 48.79 %, 36.27 %, and 38.08 %, respectively. In terms of temperature, maximum temperature is projected to rise by 5.95 % (+1.85 °C), 12.79 % (+3.97 °C), 9.86 % (+3.06 °C), and 16.22 % (+5.04 °C), while minimum temperature is projected to decrease by 4.25 % (−0.76 °C) and 0.74 % (−0.13 °C) under SSP1–2.6 and SSP2–4.5, respectively. However, under SSP3–7.0 and SSP5–8.5, the results show that minimum temperature is expected to increase by 0.20 % (+0.04 °C) and 7.26 % (+1.30 °C), respectively. The greatest potential for precipitation decline is seen in Islamabad, Multan, and Sialkot. At the same time, higher increases in maximum temperature are expected in high-altitude cities like Quetta and Peshawar compared to low-altitude areas. This study provides essential insights to help urban policymakers and stakeholders develop targeted policies for addressing the impacts of climate change in cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102430"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local impact of trees on thermal comfort of pedestrians in streets","authors":"Adrien Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Sylvia Wood ,&nbsp;Jan Carmeliet ,&nbsp;Aytaç Kubilay ,&nbsp;Dominique Derome","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban thermal comfort can be improved by trees. A better understanding of the effects of trees on urban climate in streets can provide better guidelines on the optimized use of vegetation in cities to moderate temperatures. In this study, we explore and quantify both improvement and deterioration of urban thermal comfort due to street trees, modeled based on a common street tree in Montreal, by varying planting patterns, street orientation and wind direction. The impact of trees on outdoor thermal comfort is studied at street level and at balcony level for multistoried residential buildings over 24-hour cycles. The study is performed with a suite of urban climate models based on OpenFOAM, considering turbulent and buoyant air flow, heat and moisture transport in porous media and short- and long-wave radiative exchanges. Results are presented in terms of Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). To quantify zones and periods of impact of trees on thermal comfort during day and night, we introduce several new comfort indices: the cooling and heating indices, that describe the level of thermal comfort improvement or deterioration, respectively, and the cooling and heating areas, indicating which areas of the street are affected. We show that tree canopies can be strong assets during the day, as trees intercept solar radiation and provide shading. However, as a counterpoint, they may cause deterioration of thermal comfort during night, stretching sometimes into the morning. Street orientation is found to have a larger impact on thermal comfort than wind direction, while wind flow parallel to the street leads to more comfortable conditions than perpendicular wind. We identify street orientations and tree planting patterns that enhance thermal comfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102417"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of microclimatic and environmental interactions with visualcompensation for thermalcomfort: Case studies in Hangzhou's urban waterfronts","authors":"Rong Xia ,&nbsp;Zhixing Li ,&nbsp;Xiaowen Gao ,&nbsp;Siyi Luo ,&nbsp;Ruiyin Xiong ,&nbsp;Xuzhong Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many studies have demonstrated the regulatory function of urban blue-green spaces on urban climates, particularly by mitigating Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects and modulating environmental factors that affect microclimate and human thermal comfort. Yet, few have examined in detail the underlying mechanisms across multiple dimensions and scales. This study conducted field surveys along the four waterfront green spaces of the Hangzhou Canal. From a spatiotemporal perspective, we used semantic segmentation algorithms and multidimensional data from remote sensing and street views to explore the correlations between microclimates and environmental factors in urban waterfront green space, and examine how visual perceptions affect outdoor thermal comfort. Findings indicate that solar radiation is more closely correlated with small-scale 2D and 3D vegetation, while wind speed and direction are more significantly associated with broader areas of vegetation, water, and building proportions. Temperature shows a stronger correlation with small vegetation and large water bodies, and relative humidity is more closely related to medium to small water zones and extensive vegetation. The study identified optimal coverage ratios for vegetation (20 % being most efficient) and water (40 %–50 %) to regulate microclimates effectively. Additionally, the study proposed a predictive model for environmental thermal comfort by integrating thermal comfort voting data. After optimizing the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), it was found that visual environmental elements such as vegetation and water bodies have a significant compensatory effect on outdoor thermal comfort. This study not only provides a scientific basis for the planning of urban blue-green spaces but also offers urban planners a multidimensional spatiotemporal perspective to enhance the quality of life for residents and support the sustainable development of cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102428"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gustatory perception and its influence on emotional and psychological responses under outdoor thermal stress","authors":"Xiaoxi Wang ,&nbsp;Pei Deng ,&nbsp;Xinyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Meiheng Zhai ,&nbsp;Guanning Shang ,&nbsp;Bo Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the interaction between thermal and gustatory environments in three outdoor spaces in China's cold region: an open square (OS), a tree-shaded space (TS), and a landscape pavilion (LP). Three gustatory stimuli (<em>Lycopersicon esculentum</em> var. <em>cerasiforme</em> A. Gray, <em>Prunus persica</em> ‘<em>Compressa</em>’, and <em>Prunus avium</em> ‘Mei Zao’) and a control group (no stimulus) were used. The electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 72 subjects were monitored pre- and post-stimulation alongside meteorological data. Subjective questionnaire, state anxiety scale and restoration outcome scale were used to evaluate perceptual changes, emotional regulation, and psychological recovery. Factors influencing thermal-gustatory perception under varying physiological equivalent temperatures (PET) were analyzed. Results showed significant interactions between space and gustatory type on thermal sensation vote, gustatory sensation vote, and gustatory comfort vote (GCV), with GCV affecting thermal comfort vote. In OS, <em>L. esculentum</em> better alleviated anxiety than <em>P. avium</em>. In TS, <em>P. avium</em> was most effective for stress relief and cognitive enhancement, while <em>P. persica</em> in LP had the greatest psychological recovery impact. Gustatory stimuli's influence on β relative power increased and on θ relative power decreased from open to shaded spaces. Sour taste was optimal for relaxation in OS and LP, while crisp and slightly soft textures were preferred in TS and LP. As PET rose, thermal-gustatory interaction's effect on thermal perception strengthened, while its effect on gustatory perception initially reduced then augmented. All gustatory stimuli significantly affected EEG signals, with thermal-gustatory interaction most significant on psychological recovery at 31.79 °C ≤ PET &lt;47.49 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102416"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambient environmental exposures while cycling on a vegetated trail versus the road","authors":"Kevin Lanza ,&nbsp;Brendan Allison ,&nbsp;Baojiang Chen ,&nbsp;Preston S. Wilson ,&nbsp;Ethan T. Hunt ,&nbsp;Kathryn G. Burford ,&nbsp;Yuzi Zhang ,&nbsp;Leigh Ann Ganzar ,&nbsp;Timothy H. Keitt","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cycling can improve health, yet cyclists in cities may be exposed to hazardous conditions and have limited exposure to nature and its benefits. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare environmental exposures of urban cyclists on a vegetated, gravel trail route separated from cars and a fully paved route on local roads. In September 2021 in Austin, Texas, US, we cycled on the trail and road routes from 7:30–8:30 and 17:30–18:30 on one weekday and weekend day. While cycling, we wore sensors that measured fine particulate matter (PM2.5), total volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sounds, air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and geographic location. We used a neural network to distinguish anthropogenic and natural sounds. After time-matching all sensor data, we specified linear mixed effects models to test the association between route type and each environmental exposure, adjusting for afternoons and weekdays. We also used inverse distance weighting in GIS to map spatially continuous estimates of environmental exposures for each cycling trip. Compared to the road route, the trail was associated with higher levels of PM2.5, total VOCs, natural sounds, and relative humidity, and lower levels of anthropogenic sounds, temperature, and light intensity (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Mapping illustrated differences in environmental exposures within and between routes by time of day and day of week. Assessing exposures on existing and planned cycling routes may help inform the design of health interventions (e.g., tree planting along routes) in the face of increasing climate-related hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102429"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the intricate dynamics of PM2.5 sulfate aerosols in the urban boundary layer: A pioneering two-year vertical profiling and machine learning-enhanced analysis in global Mega-City","authors":"Hongyi Li ,&nbsp;Ting Yang ,&nbsp;Yifan Song ,&nbsp;Ping Tian ,&nbsp;Jiancun He ,&nbsp;Yining Tan ,&nbsp;Yutong Tian ,&nbsp;Yele Sun ,&nbsp;Zifa Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfate (SO₄²⁻) aerosols, a predominant chemical constituent of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), wield profound influences on urban atmospheric environments, climate dynamics, and public health. While advancements have been made in understanding the formation mechanisms of ground-level SO₄²⁻, the scarcity of long-term, continuous vertical measurements has limited our understanding of SO₄²⁻ production across the entire boundary layer. This study bridges this gap by integrating two-year vertical profiles of aerosol components, derived from ground-based remote sensing data, with an advanced, interpretable machine learning model. We quantified the contributions of meteorological parameters and chemical species to SO₄²⁻ concentrations within 150–1500 m altitudes. The contributions of meteorological parameters in the boundary layer (54.87 %-65.29 %) exceed those of chemical species (34.71 %-45.13 %), with relative humidity and temperature as the main driving factors. Regional transport driven by southwest winds also increases SO₄²⁻ concentrations. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) serves as the primary oxidizing agent, and the acid-buffering capability of ammonia must not be disregarded. A substantial rise in the proportion of summertime SO₄²⁻ in PM_2.5 has been observed, with its proportion in the upper boundary layer reaching 30.29 %. This phenomenon mainly results from intensified photochemical reactions in the afternoon, whereby SO₂ oxidation facilitated by ozone, H₂O₂, and nitrogen dioxide promotes SO₄²⁻ production in the upper boundary layer. Our findings highlight that ground-based remote sensing retrieval can interpret the long-term continuous vertical distribution of aerosol components, thus providing a new perspective on elucidating the complex formation mechanisms of aerosol components within the boundary layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102424"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}