Urban Climate最新文献

{"title":"Dynamics of water-soluble inorganic ions in Qinhuangdao: Particle size association and influences of environmental conditions","authors":"Ruihe Lyu ,&nbsp;Ye Mu ,&nbsp;Wenhua Wang ,&nbsp;Xuefang Wu ,&nbsp;Yao Ma ,&nbsp;Roy M. Harrison","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of water-soluble inorganic ions in particulate matter (PM) in Qinhuangdao (1 km from the sea) are studied, with a focus on particle size association and the influence of marine conditions. In <span><math><msub><mi>PM</mi><mn>2.5</mn></msub></math></span>, sulfate (<span><math><msubsup><mi>SO</mi><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span>) and nitrate (<span><math><msubsup><mi>NO</mi><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></math></span>) were the predominant ions, while in <span><math><msub><mi>PM</mi><mrow><mn>2.5</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msubsup><mi>NO</mi><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></math></span> concentrations were substantially higher than sulphate, and exceeded those in PM_2.5. Marine atmosphere conditions were found to significantly impact the concentration and distribution of these ions. Concentrations were generally higher in southerly air, reflective of air mass trajectories which start over land, but approach the coast from the sea. The contribution of nitrate is much increased on the days of higher pollution. Nitrogen Oxidation Ratios are higher for predominantly southerly wind conditions and for coarse than fine particles, and for coarse particles are higher for nitrate than sulphate. The highest Sulfur Oxidation Ratios are for predominantly northerly winds and fine particles, reflecting the very different precursor sources and/or mechanism of formation. Other key findings are that air from the marine sector is frequently more polluted than that approaching directly over land, with a significant contribution of regional transport to pollutant concentrations. Secondary pollutant formation in maritime air has a major influence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102390"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing the mechanism of prolonged ozone pollution in arid and semi-arid urban areas","authors":"Xin Song ,&nbsp;Pengfei Tian ,&nbsp;Zeren Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaoxue Liu ,&nbsp;Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Min Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiayun Li ,&nbsp;Xianjie Cao ,&nbsp;Jiening Liang ,&nbsp;Yan Ren ,&nbsp;Min Chen ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropospheric ozone has significant impacts on human health, atmospheric oxidizing capacity and global climate change. Despite stringent control measures, summer ozone pollution in the arid and semi-arid regions of China has increased. The average ozone (90th percentile of the daily maximum 8-h sliding average) concentration in Lanzhou increased by 53 μg m⁻³ from 2013 to 2021. The primary factors driving changes in ozone are not clear, hampering the implementation of effective control strategies. This study aims to address the above issue by using the WRF-Chem model, as well as observational data in three arid and semi-arid urban stations (Lanzhou, Yinchuan, and Xining) from 2013 to 2021. The results indicated that changes in anthropogenic emissions such as NO_X (nitrogen oxides), VOC_S (volatile organic compounds), and particulate matter, led to a 0.98 ppb increase while meteorological variations contributed to a 1.68 ppb increase in summer daytime ozone concentration in Lanzhou from 2013 to 2021. Anthropogenic emissions primarily affect ozone levels by influencing the chemical and vertical mixing processes in the atmosphere. Changes in ozone concentration in Lanzhou from 2013 to 2021 were primarily influenced by meteorological variations rather than changes in anthropogenic emissions. Observational data in Lanzhou, Yinchuan, and Xining showed that summer ozone concentration exhibited stronger correlation with relative humidity than with temperature, which is a unique phenomenon compared to those cities in humid regions in eastern China. This study enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ozone pollution in industrial cities located in arid and semi-arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102399"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental and health impacts of potentially toxic elements in urban areas in the eastern Amazon","authors":"Adriele Laena Ferreira de Moraes ,&nbsp;Wendel Valter da Silveira Pereira ,&nbsp;Yan Nunes Dias ,&nbsp;Sílvio Junio Ramos ,&nbsp;Nilbia Abreu Ramos ,&nbsp;Gerson Moreira Barros ,&nbsp;Antonio Rodrigues Fernandes","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the Amazon, the expansion of urbanization and industrialization may be increasing the levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in densely populated areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the total, bioavailable, and bioaccessible concentrations of PTEs, as well as to assess their environmental and human health risks in soil and road dust in the metropolitan region of Belém (MRB), eastern Amazon. For this purpose, eighty-one samples were collected in five municipalities: Belém, Ananindeua, Marituba, Benevides, and Santa Bárbara do Pará. The concentrations of PTEs were extracted via acid digestion and used to calculate contamination and risk indices. The contamination factors varied from moderate (2.7) to very high (19.5) for Al, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn in both matrices, except for Ba (1.0) and Mn (0.9) in the soil. The potential ecological risk was moderate for As (risk factor of 60.7) and the combined effect of PTEs in dust (risk index of 161.4). Potential carcinogenic risks of As and Cr were identified (hazard index &gt; 0.0001) for adults and children, with the exception of Cr for adults. However, the bioavailable and bioaccessible (oral and pulmonary) concentrations of all PTEs indicate low current risks. The findings of this study can be used to protect the health of the environment and the inhabitants of the MRB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102392"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geo-spatial distribution of air pollutants in urban area and its potential health risk analysis solutions","authors":"Fajar Waheed ,&nbsp;Nusrat Ehsan ,&nbsp;Rabiya Nasir ,&nbsp;Waqas Ahmed Khan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Fahim Khokhar ,&nbsp;Laila Shahzad ,&nbsp;Aqil Tariq ,&nbsp;Hira Afzal ,&nbsp;Qamar uz Zaman","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air quality degradation poses significant risks to human health and contributes to climate change. Unplanned urbanization, rapid population growth, reduced vegetation cover, and emissions from industries and vehicles, particularly in urban areas, have led to a considerable increase in air pollutants and emission sources which has greatly increased the prevalence of respiratory disease. For estimating the spatiotemporal burden of criteria air pollutants on community health, we monitored the seasonal variation in ambient air quality of nine administrative divisions in the northeastern regions of Pakistan from June to December 2021 from road sides. HAZ-SCANNER was used for five major air pollutants including Particulate Matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5), nitrogen dioxides (NO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO), and a Mobile Van was used for sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Overall results showed higher concentrations of air pollutants as compared to Punjab Environmental Quality Standards (PEQs). The concentration of PM_2.5 ranged from 282.21 ± 35.19 μg/m³ to 350.38 ± 21.32 μg/m³. PM₁₀ levels varied from 150.8 μg/m³ to 404.5 μg/m³. Additionally, NO₂, SO₂ and CO concentrations ranged from 128.30 ± 14.24 μg/m³ to 254.96 ± 12.86 μg/m³, 259.08 ± 5.44 μg/m³ to 137.02 ± 6.10 μg/m³ and 23.15 ± 3.92 mg/m³ to 15.77 ± 2.17 mg/m³, respectively. The results showed that the concentration of criteria air pollutants varied with the meteorological conditions in the study area. Pearson correlation showed a significant negative correlation with atmospheric temperature and solar radiation indicating that with an increase in temperature and solar radiation, the ambient air pollutants decreased. The PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio was 0.74. Health risk assessment revealed a higher health quotient for PM compared to other pollutants. This research accentuates the urgent need to address air pollution in Lahore and advocates for effective interventions to mitigate the impact on human health and promote sustainable air quality management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102380"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of pavement watering on the thermal environment above an impermeable pavement in a hot and humid area","authors":"Qiong Li ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Lu ,&nbsp;Peijie Tang ,&nbsp;Zining Qiu ,&nbsp;Qi Li ,&nbsp;Qinglin Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pavement watering is an effective evaporative cooling strategy for alleviating the heat of pavements, but its effectiveness on impermeable pavements in hot and humid areas needs to be verified. This study both qualitatively and quantitatively investigated the effect of pavement watering on the thermal environment above an impermeable pavement in Guangzhou. The results showed that pavement watering reduced the upward shortwave and longwave radiation, resulting in an increase in net radiation that could be offset by the latent heat (<em>Q</em>_<em>E</em>) of water evaporation, thereby reducing the surface temperature (<em>T</em>_<em>s</em>), sensible heat and heat storage of the pavement. The reduction in <em>T</em>_<em>s</em> was a significant factor contributing to the improvement of thermal environment parameters. High humidity levels are not favorable for the reduction in <em>T</em>_<em>s</em> and evaporative cooling in hot and humid regions. However, the exponential function between <em>Q</em>_<em>E</em> and relative humidity (<em>RH</em>) indicated when <em>RH</em> approached 100 %, the <em>Q</em>_<em>E</em> value could converge to approximately 178 W/m². Bowen ratio revealed that the pavement was able to imitate a highly evaporative environment by pavement watering. Furthermore, the biometeorological indices in hot and humid area were moderated by the synergistic effect of reduced <em>T</em>_<em>s</em> and increased wind speed, which was benefit from evaporative cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102387"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale impacts of urban nature on land surface temperature over two decades in a city with cloudy and foggy climates","authors":"Yuxin Cao ,&nbsp;Sheng Liu ,&nbsp;Yi Lu ,&nbsp;Hongtai Yang ,&nbsp;Linchuan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization intensifies the urban heat island (UHI) effect and increases the frequency of extreme heat events, posing significant risks to urban environments and residents' well-being. While previous research has demonstrated that urban nature, particularly urban green spaces (UGS) and urban blue spaces (UBS), helps mitigate UHI, there is still a limited understanding of the spatiotemporal relationships between urban nature and land surface temperature (LST, an indicator of UHI) in cities with cloudy and foggy climates over many decades. This study leverages remote sensing data and applies the multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model to analyze the multiscale impacts of urban nature on LST in Chengdu, China, from 2000 to 2020. Our results show a consistent rise in LST levels over this period, alongside a reduction in UGS in both the city center and its surrounding areas. Additionally, urban nature consistently mitigates UHI at local scales over time. The mean coefficients of UGS were − 0.33, −0.28, −0.25, and ‐0.37 across four periods, while those of UBS were − 0.26, −0.30, −0.28, and − 0.21. These findings provide valuable insights into the multiscale role of urban nature in mitigating UHI, offering evidence to support policymakers in developing nature-based solutions to enhance thermal comfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102389"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and cooling effect analysis of urban ventilation corridors in coastal hilly cities: A case study of Shenzhen","authors":"Qijin Guo,&nbsp;Yaoyu Lin,&nbsp;Xiaojun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban ventilation corridors (UVCs) play a key role in promoting cold air circulation and mitigating the urban heat island effect. This study explores methods to identify UVCs in coastal hilly cities and assess their cooling effects, using Shenzhen as a case study. Based on prevailing wind direction variations, the study area was divided into 14 local ventilation zones. The inverse of the current values derived from the circuit-based approach was classified into 5 levels and used as cost parameters in the least-cost path analysis to identify UVCs. Their cooling effects were evaluated by comparing land surface temperature differences between corridors and surrounding areas. The results show that: (1) The circuit-based current exhibits a stronger correlation with CFD-simulated wind speed (<em>R</em> = 0.756) compared to frontal area density (<em>R</em> = −0.530); (2) UVC cooling effects vary by corridor type and diurnal cycle; (3) during the day, distance from the coastline and mountains enhances cooling in some UVC types, while at night, the opposite trend is observed. This study establishes a framework for UVC identification in coastal hilly cities and deepens understanding of their cooling mechanisms, providing scientific support for urban climate planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102393"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of urban morphology in a city with a tropical continental climate in the context of heat islands","authors":"Diana Carolina Jesus de Paula ,&nbsp;Marcos De Oliveira Valin Jr. ,&nbsp;Flavia Maria De Moura Santos ,&nbsp;Jonathan Willian Zangeski Novais ,&nbsp;Thiago Meirelles Ventura ,&nbsp;Natallia Sanches Souza","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on the relevance of considering climate change in urban centers, especially in tropical cities affected by extreme events such as heat waves and droughts, such as Cuiabá-MT-Brazil, the aim of this research was to simulate future UHI scenarios and assess the impact of possible changes in urban morphology on micro-scale warming. The results showed that, in terms of microclimate, during the period from 2011 to 2020, urban areas with an urban canyon configuration are those that favor the intensification of the heat island more expressively in the hot-dry period. On the other hand, regions characterized by low-rise buildings in a compact arrangement expressed a cooling island during the winter, spring and summer, ranging from −0.013 °C to −0.53 °C. In addition, the regions identified as having dense tree vegetation stand out as true oases, as they have milder temperatures in all seasons throughout the period studied. As far as the prognosis is concerned, the worst UHI scenarios are observed in the probable transformation of dense tree vegetation into built-up areas, with up to 2.25 °C in winter, up to 1.80 °C in spring and up to 0.95 °C in summer. Estimated and equally relevant changes are observed when switching from low-rise typologies to high SVF and low H/W urban canyon typologies (LCZ2 and 5) and low SVF and high H/W urban canyons (LCZ 4), causing local warming in fall of up to 2.77 °C, winter of up to 1.88 °C, spring of up to 1.37 °C and summer of up to 1 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102381"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrotechnic impact of Diwali 2023 on black carbon and aerosol levels in Taj City, India: Relative endangerments and meteorological influences","authors":"Vaishnav Bartaria ,&nbsp;Ashok Jangid ,&nbsp;Ranjit Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black carbon (BC) is a potent climate forcer that has severe effects on air quality and human health. This study investigates black carbon dynamics during Diwali 2023 in Agra, a city in the heavily polluted Indo-Gangetic Basin. Using an integrated approach that includes AE-33 Aethalometer, Air Q+ model, HYSPLIT back trajectory models, and FESEM-EDX analysis, the study monitors BC concentrations, health risks, pollution sources, and morphological and elemental changes. During Diwali, BC levels surged from 15.6 to 31.7 μg m⁻³, with PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM_1.0 concentrations peaking at 496, 461, and 341 μg m⁻³, respectively, due to fireworks and vehicular emissions. Elemental analysis highlighted increased magnesium, potassium, barium, and sulfur levels, linked to pyrotechnics and combustion processes. One-way ANOVA revealed wind speed and direction significantly affect BC dispersion. Post-Diwali aerosol particles showed crystalline formations linked to sulfuric acid and sulfate aerosols. Health implications are severe, with 84.22 % of effects attributed to BC and an Attributable Relative Risk (ARR) of 819.97. The study calls for stricter regulations on firework use, addressing transboundary pollution, and enhanced public awareness to mitigate BC's harmful health and environmental impacts during Diwali.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102386"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The independent and joint effects of meteorological factors on influenza: A nationwide time series study in China","authors":"Mengen Guo ,&nbsp;Yunfei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianxiong Hu ,&nbsp;Aga Zheng ,&nbsp;Guanhao He ,&nbsp;Xiaokun Yang ,&nbsp;Hongting Zhao ,&nbsp;Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Fengrui Jing ,&nbsp;Ziqiang Lin ,&nbsp;Yanping Zhang ,&nbsp;Maigen Zhou ,&nbsp;Wenjun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although many studies have examined the effects of temperature or humidity on influenza, few studies investigated other meteorological factors, let alone their joint effects. This study aimed to investigate the joint effects of meteorological factors on influenza in China and identified main factors contributing to the joint effect.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Influenza cases data during 2015–2019 in 324 prefectures of China were collected from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Meteorological data were obtained from the Land-ERA5 dataset of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. We adopted a two-stage analysis strategy. In the first stage, distributed hysteresis nonlinear model (DLNM) was used to study the exposure response relationship between temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure and influenza, and in the second stage, meta-analysis was used to obtain the exposure response relationship at the national level. Then, a quantile g-computation (qgcomp) model was employed to assess the joint effects of mixture exposure to the four meteorological factors on influenza.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were 5,093,710 influenza cases included in the study. There were U-shaped relationships between temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and influenza, while wind speed showed a negative effect on influenza. It was also a U-shaped association of mixture exposure to all the four meteorological factors with influenza. The highest risk was observed at the fourth quantile of the mixture exposure (RR 1.21; 95 % CI[1.11–1.32]) in total population, and temperature was the most important contributor (54.15 %) to the joint effect, followed by atmospheric pressure (24.46 %), wind speed (16.52 %) and relative humidity (4.87 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study found that mixture exposure to meteorological factors associated with influenza, and temperature contributed most to the combined effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48626,"journal":{"name":"Urban Climate","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102388"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}