International Soil and Water Conservation Research最新文献

{"title":"Visible, near-infrared, and shortwave-infrared spectra as an input variable for digital mapping of soil organic carbon","authors":"Vahid Khosravi ,&nbsp;Asa Gholizadeh ,&nbsp;Radka Kodešová ,&nbsp;Prince Chapman Agyeman ,&nbsp;Mohammadmehdi Saberioon ,&nbsp;Luboš Borůvka","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel methodology to employ discrete point spectra as input variable for digital mapping of soil organic carbon (SOC). Accordingly, two SOC modeling approaches were used in three agricultural sites in Czech Republic: i) machine learning (ML) including partial least squares regression (PLSR), cubist, random forest (RF), and support vector regression (SVR), and ii) regression kriging (RK) by the combination of ordinary kriging (OK) and PLSR (PLSR-K), cubist (cubist-K), RF (RF-K), and SVR (SVR-K). Models were developed on environmental predictor covariates (EPCs) and thirty genetic algorithms (GA)-selected visible, near-infrared, and shortwave-infrared (VNIR–SWIR) wavelengths spectra, individually and combined. Thirty rasters were then created using interpolation of the selected spectra and served as the input variables – with and without EPCs – to test and compare the developed models and SOC predictive maps with each other and with those retrieved from the third approach: iii) kriging using OK of the measured and ML-predicted SOC. The impact of employing selected wavelengths’ spectra and EPCs on models' performance was investigated using independent test samples and the uncertainty associated with the produced maps. Using interpolated spectra as the only input variable yielded a relatively acceptable accuracy (Nová Ves: RMSE = 0.19%, Údrnice: RMSE = 0.12%, Klučov: RMSE = 0.13%). In comparison, the interpolated spectra coupled with EPCs enhanced the results. Regarding the uncertainty, however, the ML-based SOC maps were more reliable, than RK-based ones. Furthermore, maps produced using both spectra and EPCs showed less uncertainty than those constructed on the individual datasets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 203-214"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of initial soil moisture on rill erodibility and critical shear stress factors in the WEPP model across diverse soil types","authors":"Fikret Ari ,&nbsp;Selen Deviren Saygin ,&nbsp;Cagla Temiz ,&nbsp;Sefika Arslan ,&nbsp;Mehmet Altay Unal ,&nbsp;Gunay Erpul ,&nbsp;Dennis C. Flanagan","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rill erosion, a significant issue in agricultural regions, is intricately linked to initial soil moisture conditions, affecting the development of concentrated flow erosion processes. However, understanding its dynamics amidst varying soil moisture conditions remain challenging. This study aimed to assess the impact of different soil moisture levels on rill erodibility parameters in the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model and to evaluate soil cohesion across a spectrum of soils. Through laboratory experiments employing a small V-shaped rill channel, we investigated rill erodibility (<em>K</em>_<em>r</em>) and critical hydraulic shear stress (<em>τ</em>_<em>cr</em>), under three soil moisture scenarios: initially dry, saturated, and drainage, with incremental surface inflow rates. Additionally, we examined the efficiency of soil cohesion obtained from an Automated Soil Cohesion Measurement Apparatus in predicting K_r and τ_cr across various soil textures. Our analysis encompassed twenty soils representing nine texture classes, revealing significant correlations between basic soil properties, cohesion parameters, and WEPP model rill erodibility. Notably, initial soil moisture conditions exerted substantial influence on erodibility potentials. Soils with higher silt contents demonstrated better fits in terms of Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency, particularly under initially dry and saturated conditions. However, predictions for initially drained soils yielded poor fits, emphasizing the intricate interplay between soil properties and hydrological conditions. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the critical role of topsoil water dynamics in rill erodibility. We propose that soil cohesion serves as a valuable predictor, complementing friction forces within the soil and enhancing simulations of rill erodibility under shallow flow conditions in rills, particularly in next-generation process-based modeling approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maize crop residue cover mapping using Sentinel-2 MSI data and random forest algorithms","authors":"Jia Du ,&nbsp;Pierre-Andre Jacinthe ,&nbsp;Kaishan Song ,&nbsp;Longlong Zhang ,&nbsp;Boyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Hua Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Weijian Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhi Zheng ,&nbsp;Weilin Yu ,&nbsp;Yiwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Dapeng Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The return of crop residues to cultivated fields has numerous agronomic and soil quality benefits and, therefore, the areal extent of crop residue cover (CRC) could provide a rapid measure of the sustainability of agricultural production systems in a region. Recognizing the limitations of traditional CRC methods, a new method is proposed for estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of maize residue cover (MRC) in the Jilin Province, NE China. The method used random forest (RF) algorithms, 13 tillage indices and 9 textural feature indicators derived from Sentinel-2 data. The tillage indices with the best predictive performance were STI and NDTI (R² of 0.85 and 0.84, respectively). Among the texture features, the best-fitting was Band8AMean-5∗5 (R² of 0.56 and 0.54 for the line-transect and photographic methods, respectively). Based on MSE and InNodePurity, the optimal combination of RF algorithm for the line-transect method was STI, NDTI, NDI7, NDRI5, SRNDI, NDRI6, NDRI7 and Band3Mean-3∗3. Likewise, the optimal combination of RF algorithm for the photographic method was STI, NDTI, NDI7, SRNDI, NDRI6, NDRI5, NDRI9 and Band3Mean-3∗3. Regional distribution of MRC in the Jilin Province, estimated using the RF prediction model, was higher in the central and southeast sections than in the northwest. That distribution was in line with the spatial heterogeneity of maize yield in the region. These findings showed that the RF algorithm can be used to map regional MRC and, therefore, represents a useful tool for monitoring regional-scale adoption of conservation agricultural practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 189-202"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of an expressway sand protection system in a gobi region—case study of the Ceke–Ejina expressway, Ejina banner, China","authors":"Zhengyi Yao ,&nbsp;Jianhua Xiao ,&nbsp;Xixi Ma ,&nbsp;Jianjun Qu ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sand protection systems are widely used to shelter roads from blowing sand. Therefore, it's very important to evaluate their effectiveness. To provide some insights, we used field investigations, measurements of accumulated sand, work logs from sand-removal workers, and wind speed data to analyze a system's performance using China's Ceke–Ejina expressway as a case study. Our results demonstrated that the critical wind speed required to deposit sand on the expressway was 8.6 m s^-1 (cumulative frequency 12.1%) before implementing the sand protection system. After implementing the system, the critical wind speed required to deposit sand on the road increased to 14.8 m s^-1 (0.3%). However, the critical wind speed decreased to 11.1 m s^-1 (3.5%) the next year. Additional work, such as digging ditches, increasing the fence height, and planting shrubs, would help the sand protection system retain its function. Nonetheless, the system continued to function well. The volume of sand removed decreased from ca. 10,000 m³ in 2015 to ca. 100 m³ in 2020. Our results quantify the effectiveness of the sand protection system and reveal how its effectiveness decreases over time. They therefore provide an empirical basis for improving the design and maintenance of sand protection systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 177-188"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of vegetation greening on soil erosion needs more attention","authors":"Xuchao Zhu,&nbsp;Huiyun Xu,&nbsp;Longxi Cao,&nbsp;Pasquale Borrelli","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 215-216"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring coupling effects of rainfall and surface roughness on the sheet flow velocity","authors":"Enshuai Shen ,&nbsp;Gang Liu ,&nbsp;Qiong Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenxi Dan ,&nbsp;Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Hairu Li ,&nbsp;Ya Liu ,&nbsp;Xueming Qu ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Xia ,&nbsp;Dandan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhen Guo ,&nbsp;Xining Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately describing the path of sheet flow (SF) is crucial in soil erosion. Raindrop impact and underlying surface conditions can affect the SF velocity by changing the velocity profile. However, since this information is rarely known, the estimation of SF velocity is inaccurate. A series of upstream inflow and rainfall experiments were carried out on an impermeable flume to determine the coupling effects of rainfall and rough bed surfaces on the SF velocity and correction factor (<em>α</em>). The results showed that the roughness of the bed surface had a more pronounced effect on reducing the mean velocity compared to the surface velocity in both cases with and without raindrop impact. The raindrop impact notably reduced the flow velocity near the water surface, while the mean velocity slightly decreased or remained almost constant with increasing rainfall intensity. The reduction in SF velocity can be explained by the combined effects of the roughness reducing the mean velocity (up to 33.52%) and the raindrop impact reducing the surface velocity (up to 25.43%). In addition, <em>α</em> was not a constant when the SF was subjected to raindrop impact. The rainfall was found to increase <em>α</em>, while the roughness of the bed surface reduced <em>α</em> for all cases. Finally, a model was created to forecast <em>α</em> based on the ratio of water depth to roughness height, hydraulic slope, and rain Reynolds number. The results are valuable in soil erosion by providing accurate <em>α</em> for estimating the surface and mean velocities of SF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 164-176"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing geodetectors to identify conditioning factors for gully erosion risk in the black soil region of northeast China","authors":"Donghao Huang ,&nbsp;Xinrui Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhe Yin ,&nbsp;Wei Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the black soil region of Northeast China, the issue of gully erosion persists as a significant threat, resulting in extensive damage to farmland, severe degradation of the black soil, and decreased productivity. It is therefore of utmost importance to accurately identify areas that are susceptible to gully erosion to effectively prevent and control its negative impact. This study tried to utilize geographical detectors (geodetectors) as a means to identify the factors that contribute to the distribution of gullies and assess the risk of gully erosion (GER) in five catchments within the region, with areas ranging from approximately 80 km²–200 km². By employing the geodetectors method, fourteen geo-environmental factors were analyzed, including topographic attributes (such as aspect, catchment area, convergence index, elevation, plan curvature, profile curvature, slope length, slope, stream power index, and topographic wetness index), channel network distance, vegetation index (NDVI and EVI), as well as land use/land cover (LULC). The modeling of GER was conducted using the random forest algorithm (RFA). Out of the fourteen examined geo-environmental factors, only a subset, comprising less than or equal to 50%, demonstrated a significant (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) influence on the spatial distribution of gullies. These selected factors were sufficient in assessing GER, with LULC (mean q-value = 0.270) and elevation (mean q-value = 0.113) identified as the two most important factors. Furthermore, the RFA exhibited satisfactory performance across all catchments, achieving AUC values ranging from 0.712 to 0.933 (mean = 0.863) in predicting GER. Overall, the catchment areas were classified into high, moderate, low, and very low-risk levels, representing 9.67%–15.95%, 19.28%–26.08%, 24.59%–30.55%, and 30.54%–39.08% of the total area, respectively. Importantly, a significant positive linear relationship (r² = 0.722, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) was observed between the proportion of cropland area and the occurrence of high-level GER. Although the primary risk levels were categorized as low and very low, the proportion of high-risk levels exceeded the existing gully coverage (0.34%–3.69%). These findings highlight the substantial potential for gully erosion and underscore the necessity for intensified efforts in the prevention and control of gully erosion within the black soil region of Northeast China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"12 4","pages":"Pages 808-827"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feedback mechanism between gully landforms and sediment trapping efficiency in a check dam","authors":"Jiangang Chen ,&nbsp;Xi'an Wang ,&nbsp;Huayong Chen ,&nbsp;Wanyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Chenyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Check dams have been used worldwide for a variety of purposes. With increasing age, check dams gradually lose their sediment trapping function via the continuous deposition of material carried by debris flows and flash floods, and eventually, check dams become unable to perform the designed mitigation function. In this paper, the sediment deposit evolution in a dam with multiple debris flow surges and its influence on the sediment trapping effect were investigated. The results showed that the debris flow deposition process can be divided into three phases: the backwater-controlled deposition phase, landform-controlled deposition phase, and quasi-equilibrium phase. The sediment trapping ratio of the check dam gradually decreased as the deposit volume increased and was linearly negatively correlated with the sediment deposition rate. Moreover, a mathematical model describing the negative feedback between deposit volume and sediment trapping ratio was established, and the physical meanings of the coefficients in the model and their empirical values were clarified. Furthermore, the deposit distribution, which satisfied the Weibull distribution in the longitudinal direction, was revealed. In the cross-sectional direction, the distribution of deposition gradually became uneven with increasing sediment filling rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 134-144"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141843800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated quantification of contouring as support practice for improved soil erosion estimation considering ridges","authors":"Dominik Scholand,&nbsp;Britta Schmalz","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using soil conservation practices such as contouring are able to reduce soil loss on arable land parcels. In the empirical model of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), these measures are taken into account by the P-factor for support practice management. In the context of application, there is usually a lack of sufficient data or suitable methodology to accurately determine the P-factor within a plot-specific analysis. In this study, we demonstrate the effort and benefit of deriving an individual P-factor for each land parcel within a typical application scale. For this purpose, we apply the Fast Line Detector algorithm to open remote sensing data of Google Earth from May 2016 in German low mountain range. The algorithm detects lines from tire tracks and seed rows, which allows to determine an individual main cultivation direction for each land parcel. The success rate was 94.9 % for 2495 land parcels with 26 different crops. The results show a major time advantage for the automated method when considering a large number of parcels. Subsequently, we used the detailed information obtained to calculate the P-factor under regional German conditions using the German standard DIN 19708 and, secondly, an approach based on revised USLE. It is apparent that the current German standard cannot be applied with the necessary level of detail for 78.1 % of all land parcels in this low mountain range study due to unsuitable equations and validity ranges for slope steepness and length and a non-consideration of ridges and off-grade contouring and therefore needs to be revised to avoid being restricted in its application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"12 4","pages":"Pages 761-774"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141845838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effectiveness of alluvial gully remediation in Great Barrier Reef catchments","authors":"Andrew P. Brooks ,&nbsp;John Spencer ,&nbsp;Nicholas J.C. Doriean ,&nbsp;Robin Thwaites ,&nbsp;James Daley ,&nbsp;Tim Pietsch ,&nbsp;Jorg Hacker ,&nbsp;Justin Stout","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents data from a large-scale Before After Control Impact (BACI) design field experiment that measured the sediment reduction achieved by remediating large alluvial gullies. The study was carried out on Bonnie Doon Creek on the lower Burdekin River, in Queensland Australia. Prior to remediation, the four large alluvial gully complexes (active area of ∼17ha) were conservatively estimated to be delivering 5800 ± 1500 t of fine sediment (&lt;20 μm) per year (20 year average). The experiment demonstrated that the average remediation effectiveness across 10 different treatments was a 96%–99% reduction in fine sediment yield (or an annualised reduction of ∼5500t). High resolution lidar DEM of Difference (DoD) derived sediment yields in the unremediated gullies were found to be, on average, 58% lower than yields derived from monitored suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data, albeit with some uncertainty. These data support the notion that even high resolution (0.1m) lidar DoD yields are missing erosion driven by rainfall driven downwearing across all internal gully surfaces that is below the limit of detection (LOD) of the lidar. The results highlight that the greatest uncertainty in predicting the sediment abatement from gully remediation is associated with the determination of the baseline sediment yield of each gully. Future research effort should be focused on improving our understanding of baseline (multi-decadal) sediment yields, and monitored (annual) yields in different types of unremediated gullies. This is dependent on developing a detailed understanding of how these gullies evolve through time, and what the processes are that drive ongoing gully growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 102-121"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}