International Soil and Water Conservation Research最新文献

{"title":"Novel deep learning algorithm in soil erodibility factor predicting at a continental scale","authors":"Ataollah Shirzadi ,&nbsp;Himan Shahabi ,&nbsp;Maryam Rahimzad ,&nbsp;Aryan Salvati ,&nbsp;Abolfazl Jaafari ,&nbsp;Victoria Kress ,&nbsp;Panos Panagos","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil erosion poses significant environmental and economic challenges, adversely affecting soil fertility and global agricultural productivity. We developed a novel model based on the Multi-Head Squeeze-and-Excitation Residual One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (MH-SE-Res1DNet) to predict the soil erodibility factor (<em>K</em>) across Europe, representing the first application of this model for such a purpose worldwide. We conducted a comparative analysis using five benchmark machine learning algorithms, i.e., Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Network–Multilayer Perceptron (ANN-MLP), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Alternating Model Tree (AMT), and Pace Regression (PR), to assess the efficacy of our model. The results showed that the MH-SE-Res1DNet deep learning model had an outstanding ability for the <em>K</em> prediction. The model's lowest error (MAE = 0.0025, RMSE = 0.0031) and highest coefficient of determination (<em>R</em>² = 0.943) were attained during the validation phase. Benchmark models demonstrated lower performance compared to the MH-SE-Res1DNet model, with <em>R</em>² values ranging from 0.880 to 0.912 and slightly higher errors across MAE and RMSE metrics. The sensitivity analysis of MH-SE-Res1DNet showed that its performance depends predominantly on key soil factors, particularly topsoil texture (M) and organic matter (OM) concentration. This model establishes a data-driven framework that significantly advances soil erodibility prediction by leveraging machine learning. It surpasses traditional methods and existing machine learning approaches in accuracy, efficiency, and scalability, setting a new benchmark for soil conservation planning and enabling adaptable, evidence-based land management strategies across Europe and worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"Article 100576"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convolutional neural networks-driven bias correction of satellite precipitation improves rainfall-runoff-inundation modeling","authors":"Oudom Satia Huong ,&nbsp;Xuan-Hien Le ,&nbsp;Linh Nguyen Van ,&nbsp;Giha Lee ,&nbsp;Ty Sok","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A convolutional neural network (CNN)-based framework is developed to address systematic biases inherent in satellite precipitation products. The CNN-based model generated a bias-corrected gridded precipitation dataset across Cambodia between 0.05° grid resolution from the Climate Hazards Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) for 24 years (1985–2008). Then, this study coupled these two datasets, the CHIRPS and Corrected-CHIRPS dataset, into the Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (RRI) model to replicate river discharge and flood inundation in the Tonle Sap Lake Basin (TSLB). With better spatial and temporal correlations, this study observed significant bias reduction with the KGE(RMSE) values from 0.04 (715.97 mm) in 2007 to 0.87 (170.03 mm) decreased by 76 %, and from 0.07 (510.06 mm) in 2008 to 0.87 (152.80 mm) decreased by 70 %. Additionally, the accuracy of the RRI model improved during the simulation period (2000–2008) at all five stations (S1-S5); on average, NSE, RSR, and <em>R</em>² were 0.73 (0.85), 51.69 (37.81), and 0.78 (0.88) for CHIRPS (Corrected CHIRPS), respectively. A CNN-based approach for a more accurate and contemporary precipitation dataset is presented to benefit Cambodia's hydrological modeling and flood response strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"Article 100571"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is pre-fire soil moisture an important factor affecting post-fire soil susceptibility to erosion?","authors":"Tingye Wu,&nbsp;Lunjiang Wang,&nbsp;Jiawei Wu,&nbsp;Cheng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pre-fire soil moisture may affect combustion, thus post-fire soil physicochemical properties and erosion. However, the effect of pre-fire soil moisture content on post-fire soil susceptibility to erosion is not clear. This study collected undisturbed soil samples from the field to conduct burning under different pre-fire soil moistures and burn severities. Post-fire soil physicochemical properties and soil susceptibility to erosion were analysed via soil detachment experiment and calculation. The results exhibited that: (1) Burning reduced soil organic matter, CEC, and roots by 10.7 %, 8.4 %, and 27.6 %. Variation in pre-fire soil moisture affected post-fire soil CEC and soil texture. (2) Soil detachment and soil erodibility increased, while the critical shear stress decreased markedly as burn severity increased. (3) Pre-fire soil moisture decrease led to more post-fire soil detachment for the low burn severity condition (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). However, the effect was not observed for higher fire severities. This study suggests that pre-fire soil moisture is important for establishing a more accurate post-fire soil erosion prediction model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"Article 100573"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon sequestration in Australian Vertisols under conservation agriculture – Facts and public perception","authors":"Bettina Faehnrich ,&nbsp;Gunnar Kirchhof ,&nbsp;Nilantha Hulugalle ,&nbsp;Bernhard Goebel","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.07.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.07.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conservation agriculture (CA) is a complex farming system that combines types of no-tillage with crop sequencing and harvest residue management. One of the main characteristics is an assumption of inevitable soil organic matter increase, which impacts carbon sequestration (CS) to mitigate climate change. This review aims to clarify the definitions of CA, and how CA Practices (CAPs) are implanted in real life farming. CS is discussed in relation to soil type, water availability, temperature, cropping duration/CAPs, and carbon and nitrogen inputs. With focus on Australian Vertisols, we show how CS is reported in research publications vs. in general communication channels which are more important for public perception, to clarify the controversy between actual effects and assumptions. The literature search included original studies and reviews from the last 30+ years as well as grey literature to shed light on public opinion. Research on Vertisols clearly showed low CS potential (max. 0.02–0.4 % SOC increase ha⁻¹ dependent on CAP type and duration) due to their high clay content (&gt;30 %) and intrinsic organic carbon. This is amplified by climatic conditions and low crop residue. Decomposition by microorganisms may exceed the carbon input from biomass production. Therefore, CAPs mostly just slow down humus depletion. We recommend working towards a standardized nomenclature, research under the defined terms and creating incentives for farmers to switch to \"real\" CA, especially in regions with high potential for CS. Furthermore, we want to raise awareness of the variability of impacts and adjust public perception accordingly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"Article 100557"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing soil structure and water dynamics through long-term mulched drip irrigation in arid reclaimed saline soils","authors":"Pengcheng Luo ,&nbsp;Rui Chen ,&nbsp;Juanjuan Yang ,&nbsp;Tehseen Javed ,&nbsp;Jinzhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengpeng Chen ,&nbsp;Haiqiang Li ,&nbsp;Qinggang Liu ,&nbsp;Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.08.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil salinization is a global environmental issue, and in the arid regions of Xinjiang, China, mulched drip irrigation (MDI) has been extensively implemented to combat drought and improve agricultural productivity on reclaimed saline wastelands. Despite its extensive use, the long-term impacts of MDI on soil physical properties and hydraulic characteristics remain underexplored. This study examines these long-term effects in cotton fields over 11, 16, 19, 21, and 26 years. Initial results showed significant improvements, including increases in soil moisture content (7.7 %–12.11 % to 8.1 %–14.58 %), a decrease in soil bulk density (1.66–1.79 g cm⁻³ to 1.34–1.49 g cm⁻³), and an increase in total soil porosity (34.80 %–38.49 % to 44.50 %–50.47 %). However, after 19 years of continuous MDI application, improvements in soil properties plateaued. The geometric mean diameter (GMD), macro-aggregate content, and mean weight diameter (MWD) initially decreased during the first 11 years but improved thereafter. The Soil Structural Stability Index (SI) significantly increased with ongoing MDI application. MDI also enhanced soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity, with saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) and saturated water content (θ_s) peaking during the initial and middle phases (11, 16, and 19 years), before diminishing in the later stages (21 and 26 years). Furthermore, MDI elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) levels and aggregate stability, bolstering soil resistance against degradation. Pearson correlation and principal component analyses underscored a positive relationship between SI, K_s, θ_s, SOC, and aggregate stability. This study confirms that MDI can effectively improve soil structure and dynamics, though its long-term sustainability requires periodic reassessment. These findings offer valuable insights into soil management strategies for achieving the UN's SDGs under similar environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"Article 100564"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of climate and land use change impacts on discharge variability in the Mekong River's largest tributary","authors":"Nantawoot Inseeyong ,&nbsp;Pavisorn Chuenchum ,&nbsp;Bofu Yu ,&nbsp;Mengzhen Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.09.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.09.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Mekong River Basin faces significant challenges in streamflow variability, driven by climate change and human activities. This study evaluates the climate and land use/cover (LULC) variation effects on discharge in the Mun River, the greatest branch of the Mekong River, utilizing advanced climate projections and accurated future LULC maps. MPI-ESM1-2-LR is recommended as the optimal Global Climate Model under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 for projecting discharge in the Mun River. An analysis reveals future LULC transformations, with the conversion of croplands into forests and urbanized areas. Annual discharge contributing to the Mekong River are projected to rise slightly up to 4 %, with temporal variations indicating wetter wet seasons and drier dry seasons. Wet-season discharge is projected to rise by 5 %–24 %, while the dry season may experience a reduction of 3 %–17 % between 2023 and 2050. These fluctuations are more pronounced in mountainous and upstream regions, highlighting potential risks of severe drought during dry periods and intensified flooding in wet periods. Such changes emphasize challenges for hydropower operations and water resource management in this basin and downstream countries. Therefore, effective and targeted LULC policies and water regulation are essential for ensuring the sustainable management of this catchment and the broader Mekong region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"Article 100583"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining hydrographs, sediment graphs, and rating loops of the Arda-Mignano Dam Watershed, Italy","authors":"Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi ,&nbsp;Manuel La Licata ,&nbsp;Azadeh Katebikord ,&nbsp;Andrea Terret ,&nbsp;Michael Maerker","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.09.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.09.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scrutinizing the temporal distribution pattern of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in relation to flow discharge (FD) is particularly important in watersheds with reservoirs. Accordingly, sediment graphs (SGs) and hydrographs were analyzed for the Arda-Mignano Dam watershed in the Apennines of Northern Italy. The study was conducted to recognize determinant factors on SGs, hydrographs, and corresponding rating loops using discharge and SSC data for five distinct storm events from Nov. 2022 to Feb. 2023. The cause-and-effect analytical approach was used to identify the controlling factors for the individual hydrological event. Analyzing these events shows that the SGs were mainly bimodal. Therefore, the peak with a lower SSC occurs first, typically 1–7 h before the runoff peak, resulting in clockwise sediment rating loops. Meanwhile, the higher SSC occurs some 4–7 h after the hydrograph peak, resulting in anti-clockwise hysteresis loops. The clockwise loops indicate the availability of sediment sources in the main channel and its vicinity, near the main outlet. In contrast, the anti-clockwise loops characterize the sediment supply upstream of the watershed and cause the second peaks of SGs with a higher SSC than the first peak. The results also show that the rating loops exhibited hysteresis with a higher SSC for a given discharge occurring on the falling limb rather than the rising limb. The results also indicated that during the events with higher Flushing Index (FI) values—ranging from 0.06 to 0.72—sediment concentrations on the rising limb exceeded those on the falling limb, indicating rapid sediment mobilization from surface sources. Moreover, a comparison between the highest and lowest rainfall intensity events revealed that sediment concentrations increased by up to 117 %, highlighting the sensitivity of sediment response to rainfall energy and runoff generation. These findings underscore the need for targeted soil conservation measures, particularly in areas prone to erosion on hillslopes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"Article 100580"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing plant soil water availability in drought conditions: A comparative analysis of conventional and minimum tillage, example from Slovenia","authors":"Matic Noč,&nbsp;Urša Pečan,&nbsp;Vesna Zupanc,&nbsp;Marina Pintar,&nbsp;Matjaž Glavan","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tillage systems, such as conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT), with reduced tillage and incorporation of surface crop residues, lead to changes in soil properties, including organic matter content and soil structure, and can alter water infiltration and water retention. This study aimed to assess plant soil water availability by observing soil water status and soil penetration resistance (SPR) in fields under CT and MT in two climate zones (Temperate Mediterranean and Humid Continental) and pedologically diverse river basins in Slovenia. Soil water content and matric potential were continuously measured throughout one growing season and SPR twice at all CT and MT fields with an identical crop rotation (maize - winter wheat - rapeseed/clover grass mixture) and tillage practice. Measurement indicates that, on average, matric potential between CT and MT in the study sites is not statistically different. The mean SPR was higher under MT in the first 30 cm soil layer. Soil matric potential categorised into four categories of plant-available water indicated severe drought conditions lasting for several months in most CT and MT fields. The findings suggest no statistically significant differences in plant soil water availability between the two evaluated tillage methods. Results indicate that a change in the tillage method alone did not substantially enhance plant water availability. Consequently, additional strategies, such as education, training, and support for farmers, alongside technological and technical measures advancements like irrigation and decision support systems, are necessary to adapt to climate change effectively and enhance plant water availability in agricultural soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"Article 100547"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing soil erosion trends and future predictions using the RUSLE model: A case study of the Dwarakeswar River Basin, West Bengal","authors":"Basudeb Pyne ,&nbsp;Sushobhan Majumdar ,&nbsp;Jaidul Islam ,&nbsp;Edris Alam ,&nbsp;Md Kamrul Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.08.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.08.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change and non-sustainable land use management are closely linked to soil erosion (SE), which poses the most significant threat worldwide. This paper aims to assess annual SE in Dwarakeswar River Basin (DRB) in terms of current and future climatic and land-use change in 2035 and 2050. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model was applied to obtain SE. Furthermore, land use has been simulated using an ANN and Markov chain model. Precipitation was projected using the General Circulation Model (GCM) of MIROC6 (Model for Interdisciplinary Climate Research) from CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6) under three Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios. Finally, this study examines the variations between forecasted and current erosion rates to identify the patterns of soil erosion change and the SE pockets. The average rainfall rate in future is expected to be lower than in the current period. Results revealed that the mean average estimated annual SE rate in the study area in 2022 approximately 7.74 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. In contrast to RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios in 2035 the mean SE 23.56 t ha⁻¹yr⁻¹, 22.95 t ha⁻¹yr⁻¹, and 22.84 t ha⁻¹yr⁻¹, and in 2050 the mean SE 25.16 t ha⁻¹yr⁻¹, 24.76 t ha⁻¹yr⁻¹, and 25.51 t ha⁻¹yr⁻¹ respectively, which represents a 3 to 4 times SE increase in the future. To mitigate this damage, a better management plan should be adopted, which could possibly address this issue, especially in those SE pockets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"Article 100568"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial variations in runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses induced by toposequence and biochar application in upland maize farming","authors":"Wanwisa Pansak ,&nbsp;Jean-Louis Janeau ,&nbsp;Suphannika Intanon ,&nbsp;Chanisara Rodprai ,&nbsp;Khwanrawee Anusorn ,&nbsp;Claude Hammecker ,&nbsp;Dorian Rumeau ,&nbsp;Séraphine Grellier","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil erosion is a natural process that can be intensified by inappropriate land use and agricultural practices. Therefore, it is essential to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of agro-ecological practices, such as biochar application, on soil erosion processes in upland areas, particularly in Southeast Asia. Moreover, understanding the variations in erosion characteristics across a toposequence is vital for sustaining upland agriculture. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of toposequence position and biochar application on sediment loss, runoff, and nutrient losses under natural rainfall conditions in Nan Province, Thailand. We installed 24 plots of 1 m² each, located at four positions within the toposequence. The biochar was incorporated into the soil at 5 cm depth. Over two rainy seasons, we regularly measured sediment loss, runoff, and nutrient losses on plots with and without biochar along the four positions of the toposequence. Our findings indicated that the addition of biochar amendments to the topsoil effectively reduced nutrient loss through runoff, particularly nitrogen. This practice also improved vegetation cover, increased soil moisture, and decreased the presence of free elements such as micro-aggregates, gravels, and carbon nodules (biochar) on the soil surface. During the study, we observed the re-emergence of previously integrated biochar on the soil surface after eight months under natural conditions, which manifested as a crust on the soil surface. Positions within the toposequence had a significant impact on various soil properties, including the amount of sediment loss, runoff, and nutrient losses. Therefore, considering the influence of toposequence position is essential for enhancing soil management and implementing suitable agroecological practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"Article 100551"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}