Sustainable Production and Consumption最新文献

{"title":"Transitioning towards circular households: Exploring influential factors and constraints","authors":"Alexandre Rodrigues da Silva,&nbsp;Tomás B. Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adoption of household circular economy practices is fundamental for sustainable consumption, yet this area remains underexplored, with individuals unaware of the societal impact they can make. While previous research has examined the drivers and barriers linked with the implementation of circular strategies in organizations, eco-industrial parks, and cities, there is limited understanding of the factors influencing household circular economy activities. Thus, the present work aims to identify what drives and inhibits individuals from fostering circular economy progress at the household level. This study is supported by a triangulation approach, combining an integrative literature review with the results derived from semi-structured interviews with householders. The literature review helped categorize the data obtained through the interviews, while outlining the existing theories. The findings of the interviews indicate that the drivers and barriers could vary between consumer stages – i.e., customer, user, end of life product holder. The householders can be negatively influenced by the lack of awareness, poor reputation, and a circular market offer with insufficient quality. The adoption process of circular economy-related practices depends on the attitude of each individual and can be driven by the possibility to reduce the cost of living, and the ability of the product to include digestible information, regarding its sustainability performance. Householders identified several recommendations that could promote circularity, such as implementing subsidies with reduced bureaucracy to alleviate initial financial pressures and improving transparency and disclosure of product sustainability (e.g., through a sustainability score). This research can capacitate policymakers and practitioners with insights into the factors that foster circular economic progress at the household level, outlining a structure tailored towards the desired consumer role.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48619,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Production and Consumption","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 404-419"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining life cycle assessment and dynamic qualitative comparative analysis to analyze the environmental impacts of urban development across different provinces in China","authors":"Xinxin Wang ,&nbsp;Bingbing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yong Qin ,&nbsp;Zeshui Xu ,&nbsp;Marinko Skare","doi":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Examining the environmental pollution landscape is a vital link for urban development. Across production, distribution, and usage stages of 24 provinces in China between 2010 and 2019, this study conducts Life Cycle Assessment and Dynamic Qualitative Comparative Analysis to explore the effects of conditional combination on environmental impact assessment indicators including Photochemical Oxidation, Eutrophication, Global Warming Potential, Human Toxicity, and Acidification. The results reveal that: (1) Shandong contributes most significantly to environmental impact assessment indicators in the production and distribution stages, while Inner Mongolia dominates the usage stage. In contrast, Beijing, Hainan, and Shanghai show lower contributions, though Hainan exhibits a rising trend in the Global Warming Potential index across all stages; (2) The production stage consistently accounts for the largest environmental impact, with notable differences in contributions from Beijing, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, and Shanghai across the three stages; (3) Environmental impact is not driven by individual factors alone; rather, it is the combination of factors that proves influential. Complex nonlinear relationships are revealed between energy consumption patterns and environmental impacts in the production stage. The combination of transport operating distance and traffic volume has an interaction during the distribution stage. The usage stage leads only to the environmental impact of Eutrophication, which is caused by the resident population and ecological water consumption excluding residential water use. These findings present a new strategy for optimizing energy structure and water resource utilization, and emphasize the synergies to reduce the environmental impacts, providing instrumental implications for policymakers and government managers in environmental management and urbanization development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48619,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Production and Consumption","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 457-473"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating embodied carbon transfer and sequestration service flows into regional carbon neutrality assessment in China","authors":"Henghui Xi ,&nbsp;Xiaodan Liu ,&nbsp;Xue Ding ,&nbsp;Conghong Huang ,&nbsp;Yu Tao ,&nbsp;Qin Tao ,&nbsp;Jiman Li ,&nbsp;Xianbo Cheng ,&nbsp;Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Weixin Ou","doi":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable and effective carbon neutrality assessments are crucial prerequisites for implementing various low-carbon policies and achieving carbon neutrality goals. Although the impact of embodied carbon transfer and carbon sequestration service flows on regional carbon neutrality is becoming increasingly significant, these factors are not effectively incorporated into current carbon neutrality assessments. Based on a thorough review of the literature and theoretical analysis, this study attempts to construct a regional carbon neutrality assessment framework that incorporates embodied carbon transfer and carbon sequestration service flows. This framework is then applied to assess carbon neutrality and its influencing factors in China's provinces. Our findings reveal that carbon emissions and sequestration capacities have increased across Chinese provinces, with the highest emissions in North and East China, and the highest sequestration in Southwest China. Economically developed provinces like Beijing, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu transfer substantial embodied carbon to provinces such as Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Hebei, while Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Qinghai are major providers of carbon sequestration services. Carbon neutrality levels in Chinese provinces show a ring-shaped distribution, increasing from the inner to outer rings. Higher levels are found in Southwest and Northwest provinces (e.g., Yunnan, Qinghai, Guangxi), and lower levels in North and East provinces (e.g., Shanxi, Beijing, Zhejiang). Factors like urbanization rate, population density, per capita GDP, and energy consumption structure negatively impact carbon neutrality levels, whereas ecological land area and annual precipitation have positive impacts. In summary, incorporating embodied carbon transfer and carbon sequestration service flows into the regional carbon neutrality assessment framework facilitates a more comprehensive analysis of regional carbon neutrality levels and their influencing factors. This approach broadens the theoretical and methodological scope of regional carbon neutrality assessments and provides scientific references for the implementation of low-carbon policies and the advancement of carbon neutrality goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48619,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Production and Consumption","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 432-444"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A composite indicator for evaluating safety and sustainability by design and circularity in emerging technologies","authors":"Ana Arias ,&nbsp;Marco Cinelli ,&nbsp;Maria Teresa Moreira ,&nbsp;Stefano Cucurachi","doi":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of the Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design (SSbD) framework to emerging technologies (i.e. chemicals, bio-based products and other related materials manufacturing processes) faces significant challenges due to the limited data availability of these processes and because their level of optimization and implementation is less developed compared to traditional production models. However, the transition to the circular economy must be based on safer, more efficient and sustainable production models. In this research article, a robust methodology that accurately assesses the sustainable and circular potential of these processes is developed. This methodology proposes a new composite indicator (CI-SSbDC) based on the European Commission SSbD (EC-SSbD) framework guidelines. CI-SSbDC assesses safety, sustainability and circularity, and can be applied to bio-based and fossil-based products and technologies. The CI-SSbDC indicator ranges from 0.01 to 1, where “0.01” indicates the least promising option and “1” the most promising one. To examine how different levels of compensation influence the composite indicator value, several aggregation methods were used, including additive, geometric and harmonic means. The composite indicator was applied to three production variants for the same product, to demonstrate its effectiveness and potential, including also sensitivity analysis to test the influence of the assumptions made in the methodology. Despite the ongoing development of the EC-SSbD framework, the proposed composite indicator serves as a practical initial approach to put it into practice, integrating the critical circularity pillar essential for the bioeconomy and aligning with waste management strategies and life cycle analysis methodologies. Also, it could serve as a first guide to highlight where to focus efforts on for an effective implementation of SSbD and circularity frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48619,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Production and Consumption","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 385-403"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the impact range of circular economy actions for buildings on basic material demand in the European Union: A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches","authors":"Meta Thurid Lotz ,&nbsp;Jesús Rosales Carreón ,&nbsp;Ernst Worrell ,&nbsp;Andrea Herbst ,&nbsp;Maksymilian Kochański ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Korczak","doi":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A circular economy in buildings can contribute to reduce the demand for emission-intensive basic materials and thus, to achieve the climate targets of the European Union. However, quantifying the impact on material demand is challenged by the unpredictability of the future. We combined qualitative and quantitative approaches to improve the understanding of such future developments. In detail, expert interviews were conducted to identify influencing factors and to collect estimates for modelling prospective material demand. The results indicate that the adaption is driven by existing and new policies, climate change as well as demographics. This is contrasted by barriers, such as the economic non-viability, the limited availability of substitutes, and the mismatch of supply and demand as well as building regulations. Moreover, the type of influencing factor reflects the maturity of individual strategies related to a circular economy. The estimated impact of circular economy actions on annual material demand for buildings varies between −42 % and +25 % in 2050 compared to a reference development. However, there are not only differences between but also within individual actions. In brief, the maturity of the circular economy actions is reflected by the range of impact on material demand. The novel combination of the qualitative influencing factors and the quantitative modelling results reveals an interrelationship between the drivers and barriers and the impact on material demand. This underlines that the prospective exploitation of these potentials can be actively influenced by adapting the policy framework conditions. This is particularly relevant for less renowned circular economy strategies and actions that are characterized by high potential and high unpredictability. The presented results lay the foundation for a more systematic consideration of material reduction potentials related to a circular economy in prospective scenarios of buildings in the European Union.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48619,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Production and Consumption","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 532-544"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions aligned with global energy transition: Scenarios of elements use","authors":"Atieh Fahimi Bandpey ,&nbsp;Saeed Rahimpour ,&nbsp;Andrzej Kraslawski","doi":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several proposed technologies (e.g., renewables and carbon capture and storage (CCS)) to reduce GHG emissions face significant challenges like accessing critical raw materials. This study assesses the demand for 29 mineral elements in technologies. A dynamic material flow analysis model was applied to examine five global climate change mitigation scenarios to 2050. The scenarios selected are the Net Zero Emission (NZE), 1.5 °C, Announced Pledges (AP) and Stated Policy (STEP) for the year 2022, and the Sustainable Development (SD) for the year 2021. The results show that demand for tellurium will increase and cumulatively exceed current reserves in the AP, SD, NZE and 1.5 °C scenarios from 2022 to 2050, and demand for indium and cobalt will exceed reserves in NZE and 1.5 °C scenarios. In the STEP scenario, elements will not face shortages. The findings indicate that specific technology choices, such as the high use of thin-film solar photovoltaic (PV), can significantly impact demand for particular elements like tellurium. The results demonstrate that the selection of the technology and scenario for GHG mitigation considerably impacts element consumption. The novelty of this work consists of its supply-efficient approach to the element demand for technology in different energy sectors including in the energy generation, distribution, storage, and consumption sectors in each recent scenario. The results presented in this study could assist policymakers in the selection of technological solutions for climate change mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48619,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Production and Consumption","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 345-358"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Income-based environmental effects of family food consumption and the affordability towards healthy diets","authors":"Jingwen Kou ,&nbsp;Weijing Ma ,&nbsp;Xiaoya Wang ,&nbsp;Chengyi Li ,&nbsp;Tingting Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmentally sustainable diets are attracting increasing attention, but the environmental impact of diets with different income residents is still poorly understood. Based on the environmental footprint method, we explored the environmental impact of food consumption in China from 2000 to 2020, and used the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model to investigate its driving factors. Furthermore, we constructed a multi-objective optimization model, incorporating the affordability indicator, to optimize a healthy diet pattern. The results show that: (1) The food diversity index (FDI) was directly proportional to income, and geographically, the FDIs of economically developed provinces were higher than that of economically developing provinces. (2) The environmental footprint caused by food consumption was gradually increasing, with 60 % of the carbon footprint of low-income residents coming from grain and pork. (3) Dietary affordability was a major factor in increasing environmental footprint. High-income residents had greater access to milk, meat, etc., which had a greater negative environmental impact. We put forward suggestions on dietary optimization and affordability for different income residents, with a view to achieving nutritional and healthy diets of Chinese while generating minimum resource and environmental load, and promoting the transformation of the agro-food system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48619,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Production and Consumption","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 371-384"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circular economy and the separated yet inseparable social dimension: Views from European circular city experts","authors":"Kang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Circular economy has received significant attention worldwide for its potential to reconcile ecological limits and economic development. Europe, in particular, has made it a policy focus for achieving its climate ambitions. However, to date, the circular economy remains a loosely defined concept with competing discourses of technocentrism and holistic societal transformation. As the former prevails, its neglect of the social dimension raises concerns about the circular economy's social sustainability and feasibility. Therefore, this study explores how the relationship between the circular economy and the social dimension is perceived by experts directly engaged in the current circular transition process. By uncovering their experiences and perceptions, this study aims to offer empirical insights for the future development of the circular economy. Through qualitatively exploring the views of 14 experts across 11 European cities with a clear circular vision, this study found that although the social dimension is not a primary focus or fundamentally connected with the circular economy, it plays a fundamental role in the transition process and is simultaneously an impacted area. However, there is a significant gap between the ideal social environment required for circular transition and what the current transition can facilitate. As such, the future of the circular economy may be precarious unless it shifts from a technocentric tendency to more holistic, transformational approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48619,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Production and Consumption","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 474-483"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global synthesis of nitrous oxide emissions across cotton-planted soils","authors":"Zhanlei Pan ,&nbsp;Zhenggui Zhang ,&nbsp;Junhong Li ,&nbsp;Yaopeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Menghua Zhai ,&nbsp;Wenqi Zhao ,&nbsp;Lizhi Wang ,&nbsp;Ao Li ,&nbsp;Kunfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Zhanbiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Globally, acquiring information on region- and crop-specific nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions is vital for establishing effective N₂O mitigation strategies. Soil cultivated with cotton (<em>Gossypium hirsutum</em> L.) is an important source of N₂O in agricultural production. However, little is known about the magnitudes and main drivers of soil N₂O emissions from cotton fields worldwide. In this meta-analysis, we were the first to synthesize 34 peer-reviewed papers (298 observational datasets) to quantify the magnitudes and controlling factors of area-scaled N₂O emissions (N₂O_area), direct N₂O emission factors (EF_d), and yield-scaled N₂O emissions (N₂O_yield) from the soils of cotton fields and to explore associated potential mitigation strategies. On average, the N₂O_area from global cotton-planted soils was 2.10 kg N ha⁻¹, with a mean EF_d of 0.92 %, which is comparable to those reported for cereal crops (e.g., maize, 1.02 %) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default value of 1 % for global croplands. The global mean N₂O_yield estimated here was 622 g N Mg⁻¹. At the global scale, the variations in all N₂O-related indices in the soils of cotton fields were demonstrated to be primarily controlled by climatic conditions (e.g. climate type) and soil properties (e.g., bulk density, pH, C/N or soil texture) rather than by well-recognized management practices (e.g., N fertilization rate). Furthermore, our analysis showed that the application of urease and/or nitrification inhibitors significantly reduced soil N₂O emissions while maintaining seed cotton yields. These findings emphasize that cotton production has an obvious climate footprint and provide potential N₂O mitigation options for the sustainable intensification of cotton production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48619,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Production and Consumption","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 315-326"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing dietary habits for climate benefits in China: Greenhouse gas emissions and sustainable substitution strategies","authors":"Yiqiong Du ,&nbsp;Zhe Zhao ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziqiang Du","doi":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition in dietary patterns will impact future food consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). In this study, we employed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) coefficient method to evaluate the GHGs associated with dietary consumption across 31 provinces in China from 1978 to 2022. Additionally, we simulated the greenhouse gas emission reduction potential and the spatio-temporal changes under five food substitution scenarios for the period 2022–2050. The results indicated that GHGs from animal-based foods increased the most, rising from 1673.1 Mt. CO₂eq in 1978 to 6660.3 Mt. CO₂eq in 2022, with pork being the largest source of emissions, accounting for approximately 44 %. The grain-based food substitution scenario resulted in the lowest GHG emissions, about 533.88 Mt. CO₂eq. Conversely, the plant-based food substitution scenario had the highest emissions, reaching 635.49 Mt. CO₂eq. This study provides a benchmark for improving regional dietary structures and formulating policies aimed at reducing GHGs through dietary consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48619,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Production and Consumption","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 292-302"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}